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Li S, Liu W, Xia XF. Silver-catalyzed nitrosation and nitration of aromatic amides using NOBF 4. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9428-9432. [PMID: 37990946 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Divergent aromatic ring nitrosation and nitration of aromatic amides are reported using NOBF4 as the electrophile under silver-catalyzed conditions. The reactions proceed efficiently with a wide range of compatible functionalities providing ortho-position nitrosation products, deacylation nitrosation products, and nitration products from different tertiary and secondary aromatic amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wentao Liu
- Industry and Information Technology Development Center of Yinan County, Linyi, Shandong, 276300, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Zhang C, Ding Y, Zhou M, Tang Y, Chen R, Chen Y, Wen Y, Wang S. RNAi-mediated CHS-2 silencing affects the synthesis of chitin and the formation of the peritrophic membrane in the midgut of Aedes albopictus larvae. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:259. [PMID: 37533099 PMCID: PMC10394979 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are an important vector of viral transmission, and due to the complexity of the pathogens they transmit, vector control may be the most effective strategy to control mosquito-borne diseases. Chitin is required for insect growth and development and is absent in higher animals and plants, so regulating the chitin synthesis pathway can serve as a potentially effective means to control vector insects. Most of the current research on the chitin synthase (CHS) gene is focused on chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1), while relatively little is known about chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2). RESULTS The CHS-2 gene of Ae. albopictus is highly conserved and closely related to that of Aedes aegypti. The expression of CHS-2 in the third-instar larvae and pupal stage of Ae. albopictus was relatively high, and CHS-2 expression in adult mosquitoes reached the highest value 24 h after blood-feeding. In the fourth-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus, CHS-2 expression was significantly higher in the midgut than in the epidermis. Silencing CHS-2 in Ae. albopictus larvae had no effect on larval survival and emergence. The expression of four genes related to chitin synthesis enzymes was significantly upregulated, the expression level of three genes was unchanged, and only the expression level of GFAT was significantly downregulated. The expression of chitin metabolism-related genes was also upregulated after silencing. The level of chitin in the midgut of Ae. albopictus larvae was significantly decreased, while the chitinase activity was unchanged. The epithelium of the midgut showed vacuolization, cell invagination and partial cell rupture, and the structure of the peritrophic membrane was destroyed or even absent. METHODS The expression of CHS-2 in different developmental stages and tissues of Aedes albopictus was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). After silencing CHS-2 of the fourth-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus by RNA interference (RNAi), the expression levels of genes related to chitin metabolism, chitin content and chitinase activity in the larvae were detected. The structure of peritrophic membrane in the midgut of the fourth-instar larvae after silencing was observed by paraffin section and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. CONCLUSION CHS-2 can affect midgut chitin synthesis and breakdown by regulating chitin metabolic pathway-related genes and is involved in the formation of the midgut peritrophic membrane in Ae. albopictus, playing an important role in growth and development. It may be a potential target for enhancing other control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Min Zhou
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Tang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rufei Chen
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yating Wen
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Wang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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Ding X, Zahid E, Unruh DK, Hutchins KM. Differences in thermal expansion and motion ability for herringbone and face-to-face π-stacked solids. IUCRJ 2022; 9:31-42. [PMID: 35059207 PMCID: PMC8733877 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521009593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of aromatic organic molecules functionalized with different halogen atoms (I/ Br), motion-capable groups (olefin, azo or imine) and molecular length were designed and synthesized. The molecules self-assemble in the solid state through halogen bonding and exhibit molecular packing sustained by either herringbone or face-to-face π-stacking, two common motifs in organic semiconductor molecules. Interestingly, dynamic pedal motion is only achieved in solids with herringbone packing. On average, solids with herringbone packing exhibit larger thermal expansion within the halogen-bonded sheets due to motion occurrence and molecular twisting, whereas molecules with face-to-face π-stacking do not undergo motion or twisting. Thermal expansion along the π-stacked direction is surprisingly similar, but slightly larger for the face-to-face π-stacked solids due to larger changes in π-stacking distances with temperature changes. The results speak to the importance of crystal packing and intermolecular interaction strength when designing aromatic-based solids for organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ethan Zahid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Daniel K. Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kristin M. Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Du Y, Shao Z, Xu Q, Li Z, Shao X. Azobenzene-Avermectin B1a Derivatives for Optical Modulation of Insect Behaviors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15530-15537. [PMID: 34914386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring avermectins are allosteric modulators of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) and possess exceptionally potent anthelmintic, acaricidal, and insecticidal activities. Here, we develop photoswitchable azobenzene-avermectin (ABAVM) derivatives, which can be photoactivated upon ultraviolet irradiation. After illumination, the best compound p-AB4″AVM had a 1.88-fold and 2.74-fold insecticidal activity enhancement toward Culex pipiens pallens and Mythimna separata larvae, respectively. p-AB4″AVM allows for optical regulation of dorsal unpaired median neuron membrane potential with a 2.15-fold fluorescence intensity decrease after illumination. p-AB4″AVM and p-AB5AVM enable optical modulation of the behavioral response of Culex pipiens pallens larvae with 1- and 4-fold reduced mobility upon irradiation, respectively. The ABAVMs could be used to reversibly manipulate GluCls with light and may be useful for the mechanistic study of macrocyclic lactone insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhongli Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xusheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Taha I, Keshk EM, Khalil AGM, Fekri A. Benzocaine as a precursor of promising derivatives: synthesis, reactions, and biological activity. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Physiological characterization of chitin synthase A responsible for the biosynthesis of cuticle chitin in Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:234. [PMID: 33933137 PMCID: PMC8088658 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes to humans and animals cause several emerging and resurgent infectious diseases. Increasing insecticide resistance requires rational action to control the target vector population. Chitin is indispensable for insect growth and development and absent from vertebrates and higher plants. Chitin synthase A (CHSA) is a crucial enzyme in chitin synthesis; therefore, identifying and characterizing how CHSA determines chitin content may contribute to the development of novel vector control strategies. Results The injection of small interfering RNA targeting CHSA (siCHSA) to knockdown CHSA transcripts in larval, pupal and adult stages of Culex pipiens pallens resulted in the appearance of different lethal phenotypes. When larval and pupal stages were injected with siCHSA, CHSA knockdown prevented larval molting, pupation and adult eclosion, and affected the production of chitin and chitin degradation, which resulted in an ecdysis defect phenotype of mosquitoes. When siCHSA was injected into mosquitoes in the adult stage, CHSA knockdown also affected the laminar organization of the mesoderm and the formation of pseudo-orthogonal patterns of the large fibers of the endoderm. Conclusion We provide a systematic and comprehensive description of the effects of CHSA on morphogenesis and metamorphosis. The results show that CHSA not only affects chitin synthesis during molting, but also might be involved in chitin degradation. Our results further show that CHSA is important for the structural integrity of the adult mosquito cuticle. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04741-2.
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Xu CD, Liu YK, Qiu LY, Wang SS, Pan BY, Li Y, Wang SG, Tang B. GFAT and PFK genes show contrasting regulation of chitin metabolism in Nilaparvata lugens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5246. [PMID: 33664411 PMCID: PMC7933274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) are enzymes related to chitin metabolism. RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to explore the role of these two enzyme genes in chitin metabolism. In this study, we found that GFAT and PFK were highly expressed in the wing bud of Nilaparvata lugens and were increased significantly during molting. RNAi of GFAT and PFK both caused severe malformation rates and mortality rates in N. lugens. GFAT inhibition also downregulated GFAT, GNPNA, PGM1, PGM2, UAP, CHS1, CHS1a, CHS1b, Cht1-10, and ENGase. PFK inhibition significantly downregulated GFAT; upregulated GNPNA, PGM2, UAP, Cht2-4, Cht6-7 at 48 h and then downregulated them at 72 h; upregulated Cht5, Cht8, Cht10, and ENGase; downregulated Cht9 at 48 h and then upregulated it at 72 h; and upregulated CHS1, CHS1a, and CHS1b. In conclusion, GFAT and PFK regulated chitin degradation and remodeling by regulating the expression of genes related to the chitin metabolism and exert opposite effects on these genes. These results may be beneficial to develop new chitin synthesis inhibitors for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Di Xu
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kang Liu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Qiu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Ying Pan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Chen M, Xia S, Xu Z, Li Y, Shao X. Azobenzene-diamides as Photopharmacological Ligands for Insect Ryanodine Receptor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14409-14416. [PMID: 33252227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive ligands are powerful tool compounds for studying receptor function with spatiotemporal resolution. However, to the best of our knowledge, such a ligand is not available for the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Herein, we present a photochromic ligand (PCL) for insect RyR by decorating chlorantraniliprole (CHL) with photoswitchable azobenzene (AB). We demonstrated that one potent ligand, named ABCHL13, shows light-induced reversible trans-cis isomerization and 3.5-fold insecticidal activity decrease toward oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata) after UV-light irradiation, that is, trans-ABCH13 has higher activity than the cis-ABCH13. ABCHL13 enables optical control over intracellular Ca2+ release in dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons of M. separata and American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and cardiac function of P. americana. Our results provide a first photopharmacological toolkit that is applicable to light-dependent regulation of RyR and heart beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shanshan Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xusheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Yu X, Metz P, Hartmann H. Preparation and characterization of (het)arene condensed 2-(het)aryl-1,2,4-triazinium and 2-(het)aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrazinium salts. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhou C, Ji Y, Ren L, Shao X. Photochromic meta-diamides for optical modulation of ligand activity and neuron function†. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:854-857. [PMID: 33856679 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00045k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Photopharmacology offers facile solutions for spatiotemporal control over ligand activity and receptor function. The meta-diamide insecticide acts on insect GABA receptors (GABARs) as an antagonist that causes firing of a neuron. We present here photochromic GABAR ligands azobenzene-meta-diamides (ABMDAs) by incorporating photoswitchable azobenzene with meta-diamides. ABMDAs showed good isomerization efficiency and fatigue resistance. Among them, ABMDA7 shows a 1.5-fold insecticidal activity difference towards mosquito larvae (Aedes albopictus) before and after UV illumination. We translated this light-dependent activity difference to the optical modulation of the membrane potential of American cockroach (Periptaneta americana) DUM neurons. This light-responsive meta-diamide-based GABAR ligand allows for optical regulation of insecticidal activity and DUM neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncun Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yunfan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liping Ren
- Sinochem Agro Co., Ltd, Sinochem International Plaza, NO. 233 North Changqing Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200126, China
| | - Xusheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Yang X, Yin Q, Xu Y, Li X, Sun Y, Ma L, Zhou D, Shen B. Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:614. [PMID: 31888727 PMCID: PMC6937787 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth and development of insects is strictly dependent on the precise regulation of chitin synthase (CHS), which is absent in vertebrates and plants. Therefore, CHS represents an attractive target for insecticides. At present, the research on the CHS gene in mosquitoes, especially its biological functions, remains limited. RESULTS The full-length cDNA of the chitin synthase B gene in Culex pipiens pallens (CpCHSB) was prepared and consists of 5158 nucleotides with an open reading frame (ORF) of 4722 nucleotides encoding a protein of 1573 amino acid residues. Among different tissues, CpCHSB gene is mainly expressed in the midgut tissue with the highest expression in adult mosquitoes. Knockdown of CpCHSB in the larval stage significantly lowered the chitin content (16.5%) decreased body size (reduced by 25.6% in the larval stage and by 25.6% in the adult stage), and diminished reproduction (20%). Injecting siCHSB into adult mosquito mainly decreased reproduction (27%). CONCLUSIONS CpCHSB plays essential roles in growth and development, by severely reducing larval chitin content, midgut permeability, and reducing the number of female mosquito offspring. These results indicate that CHSB may serve as a potential novel target for exploring biosafe insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Yin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüll
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
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Kohlmeyer C, Klüppel M, Hilt G. Synthesis of Nitrosobenzene Derivatives via Nitrosodesilylation Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3915-3920. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kohlmeyer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Klüppel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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