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Chang L, Wang S, An Q, Liu L, Wang H, Li Y, Feng K, Zuo Z. Resurgence and advancement of photochemical hydrogen atom transfer processes in selective alkane functionalizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6841-6859. [PMID: 37389263 PMCID: PMC10306100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective functionalization of alkanes has long been recognized as a prominent challenge and an arduous task in organic synthesis. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes enable the direct generation of reactive alkyl radicals from feedstock alkanes and have been successfully employed in industrial applications such as the methane chlorination process, etc. Nevertheless, challenges in the regulation of radical generation and reaction pathways have created substantial obstacles in the development of diversified alkane functionalizations. In recent years, the application of photoredox catalysis has provided exciting opportunities for alkane C-H functionalization under extremely mild conditions to trigger HAT processes and achieve radical-mediated functionalizations in a more selective manner. Considerable efforts have been devoted to building more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for sustainable transformations. In this perspective, we highlight the recent development of photocatalytic systems and provide our views on current challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Linxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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2
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Sharma N, Lee Y, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Photoinduced Generation of Superoxidants for the Oxidation of Substrates with High C−H Bond Dissociation Energies. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Nano ScienceEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Yong‐Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano ScienceEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano ScienceEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano ScienceEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringMeijo University, Nagoya Aichi 468-8502 Japan
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4
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Sterckx H, Morel B, Maes BUW. Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7946-7970. [PMID: 30052305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation reactions are a key technology to transform hydrocarbons from petroleum feedstock into chemicals of a higher oxidation state, allowing further chemical transformations. These bulk-scale oxidation processes usually employ molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant as at this scale it is typically the only economically viable oxidant. The produced commodity chemicals possess limited functionality and usually show a high degree of symmetry thereby avoiding selectivity issues. In sharp contrast, in the production of fine chemicals preference is still given to classical oxidants. Considering the strive for greener production processes, the use of O2 , the most abundant and greenest oxidant, is a logical choice. Given the rich functionality and complexity of fine chemicals, achieving regio/chemoselectivity is a major challenge. This review presents an overview of the most important catalytic systems recently described for aerobic oxidation, and the current insight in their reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Morel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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5
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Sterckx H, Morel B, Maes BUW. Katalytische, aerobe Oxidation von C(sp
3
)‐H‐Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerpen Belgien
| | - Bénédicte Morel
- Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerpen Belgien
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerpen Belgien
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6
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Photooxidation of Cyclohexane by Visible and Near-UV Light Catalyzed by Tetraethylammonium Tetrachloroferrate. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8090403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraethylammonium tetrachloroferrate catalyzes the photooxidation of cyclohexane heterogeneously, exhibiting significant photocatalysis even in the visible portion of the spectrum. The photoproducts, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, initially develop at constant rates, implying that the ketone and the alcohol are both primary products. The yield is improved by the inclusion of 1% acetic acid in the cyclohexane. With small amounts of catalyst, the reaction rate increases with the amount of catalyst employed, but then passes through a maximum and decreases, due to increased reflection of the incident light. The reaction rate also passes through a maximum as the percentage of dioxygen above the sample is increased. This behavior is due to quenching by oxygen, which at the same time is a reactant. Under one set of reaction conditions, the photonic efficiency at 365 nm was 0.018 mol/Einstein. Compared to TiO2 as a catalyst, Et4N[FeCl4] generates lower yields at wavelengths below about 380 nm, but higher yields at longer wavelengths. Selectivity for cyclohexanol is considerably greater with Et4N[FeCl4], and oxidation does not proceed past cyclohexanone.
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7
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Sankaralingam M, Lee YM, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Selective Oxygenation of Cyclohexene by Dioxygen via an Iron(V)-Oxo Complex-Autocatalyzed Reaction. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5096-5104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry
and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry
and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry
and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D. Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT): A Versatile Strategy for Substrate Activation in Photocatalyzed Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2017; 2017:2056-2071. [PMID: 30147436 PMCID: PMC6099384 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) in a photocatalytic approach, in which an excited catalyst is responsible for substrate activation, offers unique opportunities in organic synthesis, enabling the straightforward activation of R-H (R = C, Si, S) bonds in desired reagents. Either a direct strategy, based on the intrinsic reactivity of a limited number of photocatalysts in the excited state, or an indirect one, in which a photocatalytic cycle is used for the generation of a thermal hydrogen abstractor, can be exploited. This microreview summarizes the most recent advances (mainly from the last two years) in this rapidly developing area of research, collecting the selected examples according to the nature of the species promoting the HAT process. From the synthetic point of view, this area has led to the development of a plethora of strategies for C-C, C-Si, C-N, C-S, and C-halogen (particularly, fluorine) bond formation, as well as for oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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9
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Cheng X, Yang B, Hu X, Xu Q, Lu Z. Visible-Light-Promoted Metal-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Amines to Acids and Lactones. Chemistry 2016; 22:17566-17570. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310058 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310058 P. R. China
| | - Xingen Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310058 P. R. China
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Ohkubo K, Hirose K, Fukuzumi S. Solvent-Free Photooxidation of Alkanes by Dioxygen with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone via Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2255-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University, Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University and SENTAN Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Kensaku Hirose
- Department of Material and Life Science; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University and SENTAN Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita; Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
- Faculty of Science and Technology; Meijo University, SENTAN Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Nagoya; Aichi 468-8502 Japan
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