1
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Wang P, Ge M, Luo X, Zhai Y, Meckbach N, Strehmel V, Li S, Chen Z, Strehmel B. Confinement of Sustainable Carbon Dots Results in Long Afterglow Emitters and Photocatalyst for Radical Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202402915. [PMID: 38569128 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable carbon dots based on cellulose, particularly carboxymethyl cellulose carbon dots (CMCCDs), were confined in an inorganic network resulting in CMCCDs@SiO2. This resulted in a material exhibiting long afterglow covering a time frame of several seconds also under air. Temperature-dependent emission spectra gave information on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) while photocurrent experiments provided a deeper understanding of charge availability in the dark period, and therefore, its availability on the photocatalyst surface. The photo-ATRP initiator, ethyl α-bromophenylacetate (EBPA), quenched the emission from the millisecond to the nanosecond time frame indicating participation of the triplet state in photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Both free radical and controlled radical polymerization based on photo-ATRP protocol worked successfully. Metal-free photo-ATRP resulted in chain extendable macroinitiators based on a reductive mechanism with either MMA or in combination with styrene. Addition of 9 ppm Cu2+ resulted in Mw/Mn of 1.4 while an increase to 72 ppm improved uniformity of the polymers; that is Mw/Mn=1.03. Complementary experiments with kerria laca carbon dots confined materials, namely KCDs@SiO2, provided similar results. Deposition of Cu2+ (9 ppm) on the photocatalyst surface explains better uniformity of the polymers formed in the ATRP protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Min Ge
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Xiongfei Luo
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Yingxiang Zhai
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Nicolai Meckbach
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Shujun Li
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang International Joint Lab of Advanced Biomass Materials, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
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2
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Weick F, Hagmeyer N, Giraud M, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Wagenknecht HA. Reductive Activation of Aryl Chlorides by Tuning the Radical Cation Properties of N-Phenylphenothiazines as Organophotoredox Catalysts. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302347. [PMID: 37589486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Aryl chlorides as substrates for arylations present a particular challenge for photoredox catalytic activation due to their strong C(sp2 )-Cl bond and their strong reduction potential. Electron-rich N-phenylphenothiazines, as organophotoredox catalysts, are capable of cleaving aryl chlorides simply by photoinduced electron transfer without the need for an additional electrochemical activation setup or any other advanced photocatalysis technique. Due to the extremely strong reduction potential in the excited state of the N-phenylphenothiazines the substrate scope is high and includes aryl chlorides both with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents. We evidence this reactivity for photocatalytic borylations and phosphonylations. Advanced time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with electrochemistry was the key to elucidating and comparing the unusual photophysical properties not only of the N-phenylphenothiazines, but also of their cation radicals as the central intermediates in the photocatalytic cycle. The revealed photophysics allowed the excited-state and radical-cation properties to be fine-tuned by the molecular design of the N-phenylphenothiazines; this improved the photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Weick
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nina Hagmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Madeleine Giraud
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Dumur F. Recent Advances in Monocomponent Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems Based on Sulfonium Salts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4202. [PMID: 37959882 PMCID: PMC10649563 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, multicomponent photoinitiating systems have been the focus of intense research efforts, especially for the design of visible light photoinitiating systems. Although highly reactive three-component and even four-component photoinitiating systems have been designed, the complexity to elaborate such mixtures has incited researchers to design monocomponent Type II photoinitiators. Using this approach, the photosensitizer and the radical/cation generator can be combined within a unique molecule, greatly simplifying the elaboration of the photocurable resins. In this field, sulfonium salts are remarkable photoinitiators but these structures lack absorption in the visible range. Over the years, various structural modifications have been carried out in order to redshift their absorptions in the visible region. In this work, an overview of the different sulfonium salts activable under visible light and reported to date is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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4
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Förster C, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Recent developments in visible light induced polymerization towards its application to nanopores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1554-1568. [PMID: 36655782 PMCID: PMC9904278 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Visible light induced polymerizations are a strongly emerging field in recent years. Besides the often mild reaction conditions, visible light offers advantages of spatial and temporal control over chain growth, which makes visible light ideal for functionalization of surfaces and more specifically of nanoscale pores. Current challenges in nanopore functionalization include, in particular, local and highly controlled polymer functionalizations. Using spatially limited light sources such as lasers or near field modes for light-induced polymer functionalization is envisioned to allow local functionalization of nanopores and thereby improve nanoporous material performance. These light sources are usually providing visible light while classical photopolymerizations are mostly based on UV-irradiation. In this review, we highlight developments in visible light induced polymerizations and especially in visible light induced controlled polymerizations as well as their potential for nanopore functionalization. Existing examples of visible light induced polymerizations in nanopores are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Förster
- Macromolecular Chemistry – Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermanyannette.andrieu-brunsen@.tu-darmstadt.de
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Macromolecular Chemistry – Smart Membranes, Technische Universität Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermanyannette.andrieu-brunsen@.tu-darmstadt.de
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5
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Noto N, Saito S. Arylamines as More Strongly Reducing Organic Photoredox Catalysts than fac-[Ir(ppy) 3]. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Noto
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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6
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Aydogan C, Yilmaz G, Shegiwal A, Haddleton DM, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117377. [PMID: 35128771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemistry in polymer synthesis is of interest due to the unique possibilities offered compared to thermochemistry, including topological and temporal control, rapid polymerization, sustainable low-energy processes, and environmentally benign features leading to established and emerging applications in adhesives, coatings, adaptive manufacturing, etc. In particular, the utilization of photochemistry in controlled/living polymerizations often offers the capability for precise control over the macromolecular structure and chain length in addition to the associated advantages of photochemistry. Herein, the latest developments in photocontrolled living radical and cationic polymerizations and their combinations for application in polymer syntheses are discussed. This Review summarizes and highlights recent studies in the emerging area of photoinduced controlled/living polymerizations. A discussion of mechanistic details highlights differences as well as parallels between different systems for different polymerization methods and monomer applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Corbin DA, Cremer C, Newell BS, Patureau FW, Miyake G, Puffer KO. Effects of the Chalcogenide Identity in N‐Aryl Phenochalcogenazine Photoredox Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200485. [PMID: 36245968 PMCID: PMC9541587 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phenochalcogenazines such as phenoxazines and phenothiazines have been widely employed as photoredox catalysts (PCs) in small molecule and polymer synthesis. However, the effect of the chalcogenide in these catalysts has not been fully investigated. In this work, a series of four phenochalcogenazines is synthesized to understand how the chalcogenide impacts catalyst properties and performance. Increasing the size of the chalcogenide is found to distort the PC structure, ultimately impacting the properties of each PC. For example, larger chalcogenides destabilize the PC radical cation, possibly resulting in catalyst degradation. In addition, PCs with larger chalcogenides experience increased reorganization during electron transfer, leading to slower electron transfer. Ultimately, catalyst performance is evaluated in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization and a photooxidation reaction for C(sp2)−N coupling. Results from these experiments highlight that a balance of PC properties is most beneficial for catalysis, including a long‐lived excited state, a stable radical cation, and a low reorganization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Cremer
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Brian S. Newell
- Colorado State University Analytical Resources Core UNITED STATES
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Instit GERMANY
| | - Garret Miyake
- Colorado State University Chemistry and Biochemistry 301 W. Pitkin Street215 UCB80523United States 80523 Fort Collins UNITED STATES
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8
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Aydogan C, Yilmaz G, Shegiwal A, Haddleton DM, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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9
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Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Photoinduced Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (O-ATRP): Precision Polymer Synthesis Using Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1830-1874. [PMID: 34842426 PMCID: PMC9815475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of photoinduced organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) has received considerable attention since its introduction in 2014. Expanding on many of the advantages of traditional ATRP, O-ATRP allows well-defined polymers to be produced under mild reaction conditions using organic photoredox catalysts. As a result, O-ATRP has opened access to a range of sensitive applications where the use of a metal catalyst could be of concern, such as electronics, certain biological applications, and the polymerization of coordinating monomers. However, key limitations of this method remain and necessitate further investigation to continue the development of this field. As such, this review details the achievements made to-date as well as future research directions that will continue to expand the capabilities and application landscape of O-ATRP.
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10
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Qiao X, Wang Q, shi G, He Y, Pang X. Silicon quantum dot (SQD)-catalyzed visible-light-induced ATRP and its application in controlled surface modification. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00826b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SiQD-catalyzed visible light induced ATRP provides not only good control of polymerization, but also has the potential for application in controlled surface modification through surface grafting photoATRP (SG-ATRP) with the assistance of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Qiao
- College of Materials Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Materials, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Fiber Preparation and Modification, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, P. R. China
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ge shi
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanjie He
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Zhou J, Mao L, Wu MX, Peng Z, Yang Y, Zhou M, Zhao XL, Shi X, Yang HB. Extended phenothiazines: synthesis, photophysical and redox properties, and efficient photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5252-5260. [PMID: 35655566 PMCID: PMC9093200 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01086k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we successfully developed a ring-fusion approach to extend the conjugation length of phenothiazines that were demonstrated to be efficient photocatalysts for visible-light-driven oxidative coupling reactions of amines under an air atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Mao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Xiang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Manfei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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12
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Soly S, Mistry B, Murthy CN. Photo‐mediated metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization: recent advances in organocatalysts and perfection towards polymer synthesis. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soly
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - Bhavita Mistry
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - CN Murthy
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
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13
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Wang K, Kang X, Yuan C, Han X, Liu Y, Cui Y. Porous 2D and 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with Dimensionality-Dependent Photocatalytic Activity in Promoting Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19466-19476. [PMID: 34164891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dimensionality is a fundamental parameter to modulate the properties of solid materials by tuning electronic structures. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a prominent class of porous crystalline materials, but the study of dimensional dependence on their physicochemical properties is still lacking. Herein we illustrate photocatalytic performances of N,N-diaryl dihydrophenazine (PN)-based COFs are heavily dependent on the structural dimensionality. Six isostructural imine-bonded 2D-PN COFs and one 3D-PN COF were prepared. All can be heterogeneous photocatalysts to promote radical ring-opening polymerization of vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs), which typically produces polymers with a combination of linear (l) and cyclic (c) repeat units. The 2D-PN COFs have much higher catalytic activity than the 3D-PN COF, allowing the efficient synthesis of poly(VCPs) with controlled molecular weight, low dispersity and high l/c selectivity (up to 97 %). The improved performance can be ascribed to the 2D structure which has a larger internal surface area, more catalytically active sites, higher photosensitizing ability and photoinduced electron transfer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xing Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xing Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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14
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Wang K, Kang X, Yuan C, Han X, Liu Y, Cui Y. Porous 2D and 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with Dimensionality‐Dependent Photocatalytic Activity in Promoting Radical Ring‐Opening Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xing Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chen Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xing Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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15
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Zhu Y, Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yagci Y, Liu R. Phenacyl Phenothiazinium Salt as a New Broad-Wavelength-Absorbing Photoinitiator for Cationic and Free Radical Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16917-16921. [PMID: 34048634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel broad-wavelength-absorbing photoinitiator based on phenacyl phenothiazinium hexafluroantimonate (P-PTh) possessing both phenacyl and phenothiazine chromophoric groups was reported. P-PTh absorbs light at UV, Visible and Near-IR region. Photophysical, photochemical, and computational investigations revealed that P-PTh in solution decomposes at all wavelengths by homolytic and heterolytic cleavages and generates cationic and radical species, which could efficiently initiate cationic and free radical polymerizations. It is anticipated that the photoinitiator with such wavelength flexibility may open up new pathways in curing applications of formulations of pigment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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16
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Zhu Y, Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yagci Y, Liu R. Phenacyl Phenothiazinium Salt as a New Broad‐Wavelength‐Absorbing Photoinitiator for Cationic and Free Radical Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 210023 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
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17
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Amorati R, Valgimigli L, Baschieri A, Guo Y, Mollica F, Menichetti S, Lupi M, Viglianisi C. SET and HAT/PCET acid-mediated oxidation processes in helical shaped fused bis-phenothiazines. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1446-1454. [PMID: 34033195 PMCID: PMC8361695 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helical shaped fused bis-phenothiazines 1-9 have been prepared and their red-ox behaviour quantitatively studied. Helicene radical cations (Hel.+ ) can be obtained either by UV-irradiation in the presence of PhCl or by chemical oxidation. The latter process is extremely sensitive to the presence of acids in the medium with molecular oxygen becoming a good single electron transfer (SET) oxidant. The reaction of hydroxy substituted helicenes 5-9 with peroxyl radicals (ROO. ) occurs with a 'classical' HAT process giving HelO. radicals with kinetics depending upon the substitution pattern of the aromatic rings. In the presence of acetic acid, a fast medium-promoted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process takes place with formation of HelO. radicals possibly also via a helicene radical cation intermediate. Remarkably, also helicenes 1-4, lacking phenoxyl groups, in the presence of acetic acid react with peroxyl radicals through a medium-promoted PCET mechanism with formation of the radical cations Hel.+ . Along with the synthesis, EPR studies of radicals and radical cations, BDE of Hel-OH group (BDEOH ), and kinetic constants (kinh ) of the reactions with ROO. species of helicenes 1-9 have been measured and calculated to afford a complete rationalization of the redox behaviour of these appealing chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”University of BolognaVia S. Giacomo 1140126BolognaItaly
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”University of BolognaVia S. Giacomo 1140126BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”University of BolognaVia S. Giacomo 1140126BolognaItaly
| | - Yafang Guo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”University of BolognaVia S. Giacomo 1140126BolognaItaly
| | - Fabio Mollica
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”University of BolognaVia S. Giacomo 1140126BolognaItaly
| | - Stefano Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”University of FlorenceVia Della Lastruccia 3–13, Sesto Fiorentino50019FirenzeItaly
| | - Michela Lupi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”University of FlorenceVia Della Lastruccia 3–13, Sesto Fiorentino50019FirenzeItaly
| | - Caterina Viglianisi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”University of FlorenceVia Della Lastruccia 3–13, Sesto Fiorentino50019FirenzeItaly
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18
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Kütahya C, Meckbach N, Strehmel V, Strehmel B. Cyanines comprising barbiturate group facilitate
NIR‐light
assisted
ATRP
under anaerobic and aerobic conditions at two wavelengths using Fe(
III
) catalyst. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kütahya
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences Krefeld Germany
| | - Nicolai Meckbach
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences Krefeld Germany
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences Krefeld Germany
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences Krefeld Germany
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19
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Sneha M, Bhattacherjee A, Lewis-Borrell L, Clark IP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Structure-Dependent Electron Transfer Rates for Dihydrophenazine, Phenoxazine, and Phenothiazine Photoredox Catalysts Employed in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7840-7854. [PMID: 34237215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts (PCs) are gaining popularity in applications of photoredox catalysis, but few studies have explored their modus operandi. We report a detailed mechanistic investigation of the electron transfer activation step of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) involving electronically excited organic PCs and a radical initiator, methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBP). This study compares nine N-aryl modified PCs possessing dihydrophenazine, phenoxazine, or phenothiazine core chromophores. Transient electronic and vibrational absorption spectroscopies over subpicosecond to nanosecond and microsecond time intervals, respectively, track spectroscopic signatures of both the reactants and products of photoinduced electron transfer in N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, and toluene solutions. The rate coefficients for electron transfer exhibit a range of values up to ∼1010 M-1 s-1 influenced systematically by the PC structures. These rate coefficients are an order of magnitude smaller for catalysts with charge transfer character in their first excited singlet (S1) or triplet (T1) states than for photocatalysts with locally excited character. The latter species show nearly diffusion-limited rate coefficients for the electron transfer to MBP. The derived kinetic parameters are used to model the contributions to electron transfer from the S1 state of each PC for different concentrations of MBP. Comparisons of singlet and triplet reactivity for one of the phenoxazine PCs reveal that the rate coefficient kET(T1) = (2.7 ± 0.3) × 107 M-1 s-1 for electron transfer from the T1 state is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that from the S1 state, kET(S1) = (2.6 ± 0.4) × 109 M-1 s-1. The trends in bimolecular electron transfer rate coefficients are accounted for using a modified Marcus theory for dissociative electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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20
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de Ávila Gonçalves S, R Rodrigues P, Pioli Vieira R. Metal-Free Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100221. [PMID: 34223686 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) is a class of powerful techniques capable of synthesizing polymers with a well-defined structure, properties, and functionalities. Among the available RDRPs, ATRP is the most investigated. However, the necessity of a metal catalyst represents a drawback and limits its use for some applications. O-ATRP emerged as an alternative to traditional ATRP that uses organic compounds that catalyze polymerization under light irradiation instead of metal. The friendly nature and the robustness of O-ATRP allow its use in the synthesis of tailorable advanced materials with unique properties. In this review, the fundamental aspects of the reductive and oxidative quenching mechanism of O-ATRP are provided, as well as insights into each component and its role in the reaction. Besides, the breakthrough recent studies that applied O-ATRP for the synthesis of functional materials are presented, which illustrate the significant potential and impact of this technique across diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeny de Ávila Gonçalves
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Plínio R Rodrigues
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Department of Bioprocess and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
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21
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Dadashi-Silab S, Lorandi F, DiTucci MJ, Sun M, Szczepaniak G, Liu T, Matyjaszewski K. Conjugated Cross-linked Phenothiazines as Green or Red Light Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Copper-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9630-9638. [PMID: 34152140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using the power of light to drive controlled radical polymerizations has provided significant advances in synthesis of well-defined polymers. Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) systems often employ UV light to regenerate copper activator species to mediate the polymerization. Taking full advantage of long-wavelength visible light for ATRP would require developing appropriate photocatalytic systems that engage in photoinduced electron transfer processes with the ATRP components to generate activating species. Herein, we developed conjugated microporous polymers (CMP) as heterogeneous photocatalysts to exploit the power of visible light in promoting copper-catalyzed ATRP. The photocatalyst was designed by cross-linking phenothiazine (PTZ) as a photoactive core in the presence of dimethoxybenzene as a cross-linker via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. The resulting PTZ-CMP network showed photoactivity in the visible region due to the extended conjugation throughout the network because of the aromatic groups connecting the PTZ units. Therefore, photoinduced copper-catalyzed ATRP was performed with CMPs that regenerated activator species under green or red light irradiation to start the ATRP process. This resulted in efficient polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate monomers with high conversion and well-controlled molecular weight. The heterogeneous nature of the photocatalyst enabled easy separation and efficient reusability in subsequent polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Matthew J DiTucci
- PPG Coatings Innovation Center, 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101, United States
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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22
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Zhang Z, Chen W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tian Y, Fang L, Ba X. Photoredox Organocatalysts with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Visible-Light-Driven Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuelan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Liping Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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23
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Corbin DA, McCarthy BG, van de Lindt Z, Miyake GM. Radical Cations of Phenoxazine and Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts and Their Role as Deactivators in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021; 54:4726-4738. [PMID: 34483367 PMCID: PMC8411649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of photoredox catalysts used in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) have been synthesized and investigated to gain insight into deactivation in O-ATRP. The stability and reactivity of these compounds were studied in two solvents, N,N-dimethylacetamide and ethyl acetate, to identify possible side reactions in O-ATRP and to investigate the ability of these radical cations to deactivate alkyl radicals. A number of other factors that could influence deactivation in O-ATRP were also probed, such as ion pairing with the radical cations, radical cation oxidation potential, and halide oxidation potential. Ultimately, these studies enabled radical cations to be employed as reagents during O-ATRP to demonstrate improvements in polymerization control with increasing radical cation concentrations. In the polymerization of acrylates, this approach enabled superior molecular weight control, a decrease in polymer dispersity from 1.90 to 1.44, and an increase in initiator efficiency from 78 to 102%. This work highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism and side reactions of O-ATRP, as well as the importance of catalyst radical cations for successful O-ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zach van de Lindt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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24
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Lattke YM, Corbin DA, Sartor SM, McCarthy BG, Miyake GM, Damrauer NH. Interrogation of O-ATRP Activation Conducted by Singlet and Triplet Excited States of Phenoxazine Photocatalysts. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3109-3121. [PMID: 33826326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed ATRP (O-ATRP) is a growing field exploiting organic chromophores as photoredox catalysts (PCs) that engage in dissociative electron-transfer (DET) activation of alkyl-halide initiators following absorption of light. Characterizing DET rate coefficients (kact) and photochemical yields across various reaction conditions and PC photophysical properties will inform catalyst design and efficient use during polymerization. The studies described herein consider a class of phenoxazine PCs, where synthetic handles of core substitution and N-aryl substitution enable tunability of the electronic and spin characters of the catalyst excited state as well as DET reaction driving force (ΔGET0). Using Stern-Volmer quenching experiments through variation of the diethyl 2-bromo-2-methylmalonate (DBMM) initiator concentration, collisional quenching is observed. Eight independent measurements of kact are reported as a function of ΔGET0 for four PCs: four triplet reactants and four singlets with kact values ranging from 1.1 × 108 M-1 s-1, where DET itself controls the rate, to 4.8 × 109 M-1 s-1, where diffusion is rate-limiting. This overall data set, as well as a second one inclusive of five literature values from related systems, is readily modeled with only a single parameter of reorganization energy under the frameworks of the adiabatic Marcus electron-transfer theory and Marcus-Savéant theory of DET. The results provide a predictive map where kact can be estimated if ΔGET0 is known and highlight that DET in these systems appears insensitive to PC reactant electronic and spin properties outside of their impact on the driving force. Next, on the basis of measured kact values in selected PC systems and knowledge of their photophysics, we also consider activation yields specific to the reactant spin states as the DBMM initiator concentration is varied. In N-naphthyl-containing PCs characterized by near-unity intersystem crossing, the T1 is certainly an important driver for efficient DET. However, at DBMM concentrations common to polymer synthesis, the S1 is also active and drives 33% of DET reaction events. Even in systems with low yields of ISC, such as in N-phenyl-containing PCs, reaction yields can be driven to useful values by exploiting the S1 under high DBMM concentration conditions. Finally, we have quantified photochemical reaction quantum yields, which take into account potential product loss processes after electron-transfer quenching events. Both S1 and T1 reactant states produce the PC•+ radical cation with a common yield of 71%, thus offering no evidence for spin selectivity in deleterious back electron transfer. The subunity PC•+ yields suggest that some combination of solvent (DMAc) oxidation and energy-wasting back electron transfer is likely at play and these pathways should be factored in subsequent mechanistic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisrael M Lattke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Steven M Sartor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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25
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Bhattacherjee A, Sneha M, Lewis-Borrell L, Amoruso G, Oliver TAA, Tyler J, Clark IP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Singlet and Triplet Contributions to the Excited-State Activities of Dihydrophenazine, Phenoxazine, and Phenothiazine Organocatalysts Used in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3613-3627. [PMID: 33629835 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical dynamics of three classes of organic photoredox catalysts employed in organocatalyzed atom-transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) are studied using time-resolved optical transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The nine catalysts selected for study are examples of N-aryl and core-substituted dihydrophenazine, phenoxazine and phenothiazine compounds with varying propensities for control of polymerization outcomes. Excited singlet-state lifetimes extracted from the spectroscopic measurements are reported in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), and toluene. Ultrafast (<200 fs to 3 ps) electronic relaxation of the photocatalysts after photoexcitation at near-UV wavelengths (318-390 nm) populates the first singlet excited state (S1). The S1-state lifetimes range from 130 ps to 40 ns with a considerable dependence on the photocatalyst structure and the solvent. The competition between ground electronic state recovery and intersystem crossing controls triplet state populations and is a minor pathway in the dihydrophenazine derivatives but is of greater importance for phenoxazine and phenothiazine catalysts. A comparison of our results with previously reported O-ATRP performances of the various photoredox catalysts shows that high triplet-state quantum yields are not a prerequisite for controlling polymer dispersity. For example, the photocatalyst 5,10-bis(4-cyanophenyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine, shown previously to exert good polymerization control, possesses the shortest S1-state lifetime (135 ps in DMF and 180 ps in N,N-dimethylacetamide) among the nine examples reported here and a negligible triplet-state quantum yield. The results call for a re-evaluation of the excited-state properties of most significance in governing the photocatalytic behavior of organic photoredox catalysts in O-ATRP reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Giordano Amoruso
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Thomas A A Oliver
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jasper Tyler
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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26
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Aklujkar PS, Rao AR. Developments in the Components of Metal‐Free Photoinitiated Organocatalyzed‐Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (O‐ATRP). ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritish. S. Aklujkar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga East Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Adarsh. R. Rao
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga East Mumbai 400019 India
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27
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McCarthy B, Sartor S, Cole J, Damrauer N, Miyake GM. Solvent Effects and Side Reactions in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Enabling the Controlled Polymerization of Acrylates Catalyzed by Diaryl Dihydrophenazines. Macromolecules 2020; 53:9208-9219. [PMID: 34267405 PMCID: PMC8276882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the effects of a solvent on the photophysical and redox properties of the photoredox catalyst (PC), N,N-di(2-naphthyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine (PC 1), revealed the opportunity to use tetrahydrofuran (THF) to modulate the reactivity of PC 1 toward achieving a controlled organocatalyzed atom transfer radial polymerization (O-ATRP) of acrylates. Compared with dimethylacetamide (DMAc), in tetrahydrofuran (THF), PC 1 exhibits a higher quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ΦISC = 0.02 in DMAc, 0.30 in THF), a longer singlet excited-state lifetime (τ Singlet = 3.81 ns in DMAc, 21.5 ns in THF), and a longer triplet excited-state lifetime (τ Triplet = 4.3 μs in DMAc, 15.2 μs in THF). Destabilization of 1 •+, the proposed polymerization deactivator, in THF leads to an increase in the oxidation potential of this species by 120 mV (E 1/2 0 = 0.22 V vs SCE in DMAc, 0.34 V vs SCE in THF). The O-ATRP of n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) catalyzed by PC 1 proceeds in a more controlled fashion in THF than in DMAc, producing P(n-BA) with low dispersity, Đ (Đ < 1.2). Model reactions and spectroscopic experiments revealed that two initiator-derived alkyl radicals add to the core of PC 1 to form an alkyl-substituted photocatalyst (2) during the polymerization. PC 2 accesses a polar CT excited state that is ~40 meV higher in energy than PC 1 and forms a slightly more oxidizing radical cation (E 1/2 0 = 0.22 V for 1 •+ and 0.25 V for 2 •+ in DMAc). A new O-ATRP procedure was developed wherein PC 1 is converted to 2 in situ. The application of this method enabled the O-ATRP of a number of acrylates to proceed with moderate to good control (Đ = 1.15-1.45 and I* = 83-127%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Steven Sartor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Justin Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Niels Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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28
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Corbin DA, McCarthy BG, Miyake GM. Impacts of Performing Electrolysis During Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Polym Chem 2020; 11:4978-4985. [PMID: 33456501 PMCID: PMC7805480 DOI: 10.1039/d0py00643b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical variant of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is developed and investigated. Inspired by electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP), potentiostatic electrolysis is used to manipulate the catalyst's redox states in O-ATRP to understand whether deactivation in O-ATRP can be enhanced to improve polymerization control. During the course of this work, several possible side reactions are investigated, and the electrochemical apparatus is optimized to reduce side reactions at the counter electrode. This electrochemically modified O-ATRP method (eO-ATRP) is then studied at different applied potentials, under different irradiation conditions, and with two photoredox catalysts to understand the impact of electrolysis on polymerization control. Ultimately, although electrolysis was successfully used to improve polymerization control in O-ATRP, some additional challenges have been identified. Several key questions are postulated to guide future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
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29
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Sneha M, Lewis-Borrell L, Shchepanovska D, Bhattacherjee A, Tyler J, Orr-Ewing AJ. Solvent-dependent photochemical dynamics of a phenoxazine-based photoredox catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic substitutes for ruthenium and iridium complexes are increasingly finding applications in chemical syntheses involving photoredox catalysis. However, the performance of these organic compounds as electron-transfer photocatalysts depends on their accessible photochemical pathways and excited state lifetimes. Here, the UV-induced dynamics of N-phenyl phenoxazine, chosen as a prototypical N-aryl phenoxazine organic photoredox catalyst, are explored in three solvents, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dichloromethane and toluene, using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Quantum chemistry calculations reveal the locally excited or charge-transfer electronic character of the excited states, and are used to assign the transient electronic and vibrational bands observed. In toluene-d8, complete ground-state recovery is (31 ± 3) % by internal conversion (IC) from the photo-excited state (or from S1 after IC but before complete vibrational relaxation), (13 ± 2) % via direct decay from vibrationally relaxed S1 (most likely radiative decay, with an estimated radiative lifetime of 13 ns) and (56 ± 3) % via the T1 state (with intersystem crossing (ISC) rate coefficient k
ISC = (3.3 ± 0.2) × 108 s−1). In dichloromethane, we find evidence for excited state N-phenyl phenoxazine reaction with the solvent. Excited state lifetimes, ISC rates, and ground-state recovery show only modest variation with changes to the solvent environment because of the locally excited character of the S1 and T1 states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Darya Shchepanovska
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Jasper Tyler
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
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30
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Strehmel B, Schmitz C, Kütahya C, Pang Y, Drewitz A, Mustroph H. Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:415-444. [PMID: 32273905 PMCID: PMC7113544 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanines derived from heptamethines were mainly discussed regarding their functionalization to broaden the solubility in different surroundings exhibiting either hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties and to tailor made the ΔG et photopysical properties with respect to absorption and fluorescence. Electrochemical properties were additionally considered for some selected examples. The cyanines chosen comprised as end groups either indolenine, benzo[e]- or benzo[cd]indolium pattern, which facilitated to shift the absorption between 750-1000 nm. This enabled their use in applications with light sources emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region selected from high power LEDs or lasers with line-shaped focus. The absorbers considered were discussed regarding their function as sensitizer for applications related to Chemistry 4.0 standards. These were mainly photopolymer coatings, which can be found for applications in the graphic industry or to protect selected substrates. The huge release of heat on demand upon turning ON or OFF the NIR light source enables them for photothermal treatment in processes requesting heat to initiate either chemical (activated reactions) or physical (melting, evaporation) events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Schmitz
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Ceren Kütahya
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Yulian Pang
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Anke Drewitz
- GMBU e.V., Felsbachstraße 7, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinz Mustroph
- formerly at FEW Chemicals GmbH, Technikumstraße 1, D-06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
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31
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Yang L, Huang Y, Peng Y, Liu F, Zhang Q, He H, Wang J, Jiang L, Zhou Y. Pyridine-Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Novel Metal-Free Visible-Light Organophotoredox Catalyst for Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1068-1075. [PMID: 31958227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the field of electronics, organocatalysts are in high demand for use in the synthesis of clean polymers using solar radiation rather than potentially contaminating metals. Combining theoretical design, simulation, and experiments, this work presents a novel, pyridine-diketopyrrolopyrrole (P-DPP)-based metal-free visible-light organophotoredox catalyst (P-DPP). It is effective in the photocontrolled organocatalytic atom-transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene. The use of this catalyst and white light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation produces polymers with a cross-linked feature. In O-ATRP, the P-DPP catalyst has an oxidative quenching catalytic mechanism with an excited-state reductive potential of -1.8 V, fluorescence lifetime of 7.5 ns, and radical-cation oxidative potential of 0.45 V. Through molecular simulation, we found that the adjacent pyridine group is key to reducing the alkyl halide initiator and generating radicals, while the diketopyrrolopyrrole core stabilizes the triplet state of the catalyst through intramolecular charge transfer. The findings related to this novel photoredox catalyst will aid in the search for much more effective organophotoredox catalysts for use in controlled radical polymerization. They will also be of value in the fields of polymer chemistry and physics and in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Yujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Yuting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University) , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Huichao He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest University of Science and Technology , Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan , China
| | - Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University) , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 211102 , Jiangsu , China
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32
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Yilmaz G. One-Pot Synthesis of Star Copolymers by the Combination of Metal-Free ATRP and ROP Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1577. [PMID: 31569688 PMCID: PMC6835264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A completely metal-free strategy is demonstrated for the preparation of star copolymers by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) for the syntheses of block copolymers. These two different metal-free controlled/living polymerizations are simultaneously realized in one reaction medium in an orthogonal manner. For this purpose, a specific core with functional groups capable of initiating both polymerization types is synthesized. Next, vinyl and lactone monomers are simultaneously polymerized under visible light irradiation using specific catalysts. Spectral and chromatographic evidence demonstrates the success of the strategy as star copolymers are synthesized with controlled molecular weights and narrow distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
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33
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Chen D, Chen Y, Wu C, Chen Y, Chen M, Lin J, Huang C, Su J, Tian H, Chou P. Phenothiazine Scope: Steric Strain Induced Planarization and Excimer Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng‐Gao Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science & Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Cheng‐Ham Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi‐An Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng‐Chi Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia‐An Lin
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun‐Ying Huang
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jianhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science & Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science & Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
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34
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Chen DG, Chen Y, Wu CH, Chen YA, Chen MC, Lin JA, Huang CY, Su J, Tian H, Chou PT. Phenothiazine Scope: Steric Strain Induced Planarization and Excimer Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13297-13301. [PMID: 31334586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine derivatives based on the 10-phenyl-10H-phenothiazine (NAS) chromophore, namely 7-phenyl-7H-benzo[c]phenothiazine (NAS-1) and 12-phenyl-12H-benzo[a]phenothiazine (NAS-2), were designed and synthesized. NAS-1 and NAS-2 are constitutional isomers with different steric strains imposed on the phenothiazine core moiety. In solution, the more-strained NAS-2 possesses a bent structure and undergoes photoinduced structural planarization (PISP). In the crystal, despite the absence of PISP, bent NAS-2 exhibits prominent excimer emission as well as emission mechanochromism, which is not observed in the planar-like NAS and NAS-1. This unconventional observation results from the bent core structure facilitating π-π stacking of the peripheral naphthalene moieties. Two-photon-coupled depth-dependent emission shows spectral differences between the surface and kernel of the NAS-2 crystal, and is believed to be a general phenomenon, at least in part, for materials exhibiting emission mechanochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Gao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Ham Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-An Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Ying Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jianhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
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35
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Orr-Ewing AJ. Perspective: How can ultrafast laser spectroscopy inform the design of new organic photoredox catalysts for chemical and materials synthesis? STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:010901. [PMID: 30868082 PMCID: PMC6404927 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis of chemical reactions, using light-activated molecules which serve as electron donors or acceptors to initiate chemical transformations under mild conditions, is finding widespread use in the synthesis of organic compounds and materials. The transition-metal-centred complexes first developed for these photoredox-catalysed applications are steadily being superseded by more sustainable and lower toxicity organic photocatalysts. While the diversity of possible structures for photoredox-active organic molecules brings benefits of design flexibility, it also presents considerable challenges for optimization of the photocatalyst molecular architecture. Transient absorption spectroscopy over timescales from the femtosecond to microsecond domains can explore the detailed mechanisms of activation and reaction of these organic photocatalysts in solution and, by linking their dynamical properties to their structures, has the potential to establish reliable design principles for future development of improved photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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36
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Xue T, Zhao D, Hao T, Li X, Wang T, Nie J. Synthesis, one/two-photon optical and electrochemical properties and the photopolymerization-sensitizing effect of anthracene-based dyes: influence of the donor groups. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthracene-based dyes with different donor groups: optical and electrochemical properties and their application in dye-sensitized photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanlong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Tingting Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xiuyan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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37
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Discekici EH, Anastasaki A, Read de Alaniz J, Hawker CJ. Evolution and Future Directions of Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre H. Discekici
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Department, and Materials Research Laboratory University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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38
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Liu L, Yi Y. Photo-mediated metal free atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylamide in water. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Liu
- Department of Cosmetic Science; Hoseo University; Asan 31499 Korea
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Hunan Province; Yueyang 414006 China
| | - Yongsub Yi
- Department of Cosmetic Science; Hoseo University; Asan 31499 Korea
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39
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Buss BL, Miyake GM. Photoinduced Controlled Radical Polymerizations Performed in Flow: Methods, Products, and Opportunities. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:3931-3942. [PMID: 30559577 PMCID: PMC6293981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced controlled radical polymerizations (CRPs) have provided a variety of approaches for the synthesis of polymers possessing targeted structures, compositions, and functionalities with the added capability for spatial and temporal control, presenting the potential for new materials development. However, the scalability and reliability of these systems can be limited as a consequence of dependence on uniform irradiation of the reaction to produce well-defined products. In this perspective, we highlight the utility and promise of photo-CRP approaches through an overview of the adaptation of these methodologies to photo-flow reactor systems. Special emphasis is placed on the current state-of-the-art in polymerization scalability, reactor design, and polymer scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L. Buss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1101, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1101, United States
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40
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Sang W, Yan Q. Electro-Controlled Living Cationic Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4907-4911. [PMID: 29508512 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymerizations have long been industrialized; however, stimulus-regulated cationic polymerization remains to be developed. An electrochemically controlled living cationic polymerization is presented for the first time. In the presence of external potential and organic-based electrocatalyst, a series of monomers can be polymerized under a cationic chain-transfer mechanism. The resulting polymers exhibit well-defined molecular mass, narrow dispersity, and good chain-end fidelity. By controlling the external potential to switch the electrocatalyst between its oxidized and reduced states, ON/OFF polymerization can be achieved. This method is a versatile way to a large range of monomers, including vinyl ether-type and p-substituted styrene-type monomers. Given the sustainability feature and broad interest of electrochemical synthetic techniques, we envisaged that this method would lead a new direction of external regulated living ionic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Department of Macromolecular Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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42
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Shanmugam S, Xu S, Adnan NNM, Boyer C. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Means for Improving Recyclability of Organocatalyst in “Living” Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Engineering, and ‡Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sihao Xu
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Engineering, and ‡Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Engineering, and ‡Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Engineering, and ‡Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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43
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Koyama D, Dale HJA, Orr-Ewing AJ. Ultrafast Observation of a Photoredox Reaction Mechanism: Photoinitiation in Organocatalyzed Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1285-1293. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Koyama
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Harvey J. A. Dale
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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44
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Yilmaz G, Yagci Y. Photoinduced metal-free atom transfer radical polymerizations: state-of-the-art, mechanistic aspects and applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization has recently been the center of intensive research in synthetic polymer chemistry because of the unique possibility of topological and temporal control in addition to precise control of macromolecular structure offered by conventional ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry
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45
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Pan X, Fantin M, Yuan F, Matyjaszewski K. Externally controlled atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5457-5490. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00259b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATRP can be externally controlled by electrical current, light, mechanical forces and various chemical reducing agents. The mechanistic aspects and preparation of polymers with complex functional architectures and their applications are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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46
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Shanmugam S, Matyjaszewski K. Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art in 2017. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1284.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Kreutzer J, Yagci Y. Metal Free Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerizations: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E35. [PMID: 30966069 PMCID: PMC6415071 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of the worldwide industrial production of synthetic polymers is currently based on radical polymerization methods. The steadily increasing demand on high performance plastics and tailored polymers which serve specialized applications is driven by the development of new techniques to enable control of polymerization reactions on a molecular level. Contrary to conventional radical polymerization, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques provide the possibility to prepare polymers with well-defined structures and functionalities. The review provides a comprehensive summary over the development of the three most important RDRP methods, which are nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The focus thereby is set on the newest developments in transition metal free systems, which allow using these techniques for biological or biomedical applications. After each section selected examples from materials synthesis and application to biomedical materials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kreutzer
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Aydogan C, Yilmaz G, Yagci Y. Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymers by Photoinduced Metal-Free ATRP. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey 34469
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey 34469
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey 34469
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Taskin OS, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. An efficient, heterogeneous, reusable atom transfer radical polymerization catalyst. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Suat Taskin
- Istanbul Technical University; Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Turkey
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management; Chemical Oceanography; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management; Chemical Oceanography; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management; Chemical Oceanography; Istanbul Turkey
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Michaudel Q, Chauviré T, Kottisch V, Supej MJ, Stawiasz KJ, Shen L, Zipfel WR, Abruña HD, Freed JH, Fors BP. Mechanistic Insight into the Photocontrolled Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15530-15538. [PMID: 28985061 PMCID: PMC5806523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the recently reported photocontrolled cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers was investigated using a variety of catalysts and chain-transfer agents (CTAs) as well as diverse spectroscopic and electrochemical analytical techniques. Our study revealed a complex activation step characterized by one-electron oxidation of the CTA. This oxidation is followed by mesolytic cleavage of the resulting radical cation species, which leads to the generation of a reactive cation-this species initiates the polymerization of the vinyl ether monomer-and a dithiocarbamate radical that is likely in equilibrium with the corresponding thiuram disulfide dimer. Reversible addition-fragmentation type degenerative chain transfer contributes to the narrow dispersities and control over chain growth observed under these conditions. Finally, the deactivation step is contingent upon the oxidation of the reduced photocatalyst by the dithiocarbamate radical concomitant with the production of a dithiocarbamate anion that caps the polymer chain end. The fine-tuning of the electronic properties and redox potentials of the photocatalyst in both the excited and the ground states is necessary to obtain a photocontrolled system rather than simply a photoinitiated system. The elucidation of the elementary steps of this process will aid the design of new catalytic systems and their real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luxi Shen
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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