1
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Burton T, Garisoain Z, Chaix C, Aassine J, Virapin E, Voronova A, Pinaud J, Giani O. An Optimized and Universal Protocol for the Synthesis of Morpholine-2,5-Diones from Natural Hydrophobic Amino Acids and Their Mixture. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28583-28593. [PMID: 38973935 PMCID: PMC11223217 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Morpholine-2,5-diones (MDs) are increasingly attractive compounds that can be produced using amino acid (AA) as a starting material. These compounds can undergo polymerization to produce biodegradable materials, namely, polydepsipeptides, that hold the potential to be used in medicinal applications. In this study, a simplified yet high-yield MD synthesis procedure was developed and applied to produce a range of MDs derived from hydrophobic AAs including Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Asp(OBzl), Lys(Z), and Ser(tBu). Moreover, using a blend of hydrophobic amino acids (Leu, Ile, Val, and Phe), mixtures of MDs could be synthesized simultaneously. Finally, the polymerization of these MD mixtures was probed and proven successful. The concept investigated herein constitutes a novel path toward the valorization of protein-rich waste by producing renewable and biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoé Garisoain
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
- MT-act,
CNRS, Bâtiment Balard, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Caroline Chaix
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Joris Aassine
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Virapin
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Voronova
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Pinaud
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Olivia Giani
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
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2
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Lovato MJ, De Lama-Odría MDC, Puiggalí J, del Valle LJ, Franco L. A Color Indicator Based on 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) and a Biodegradable Poly(ester amide) for Detecting Bacterial Contamination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6671. [PMID: 38928377 PMCID: PMC11204193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination is a hazard in many industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare. The availability of a rapid and simple method for detecting this type of contamination in sterile areas enables immediate intervention to avoid or reduce detrimental effects. Among these methods, colorimetric indicators are becoming increasingly popular due to their affordability, ease of use, and quick visual interpretation of the signal. In this article, a bacterial contamination indicator system was designed by incorporating MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) into an electrospun PADAS matrix, which is a biodegradable poly(ester amide) synthesized from L-alanine, 1,12-dodecanediol, and sebacic acid. Uniaxial stress testing, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphology of the mats, respectively. The capacity for bacterial detection was not only analyzed with agar and broth assays but also by replicating important environmental conditions. Among the MTT concentrations tested in this study (0.2%, 2%, and 5%), it was found that only with a 2% MTT content the designed system produced a color response visible to the naked eye with optimal intensity, a sensitivity limit of 104 CFU/mL, and 86% cell viability, which showed the great potential for its use to detect bacterial contamination. In summary, by means of the process described in this work, it was possible to obtain a simple, low-cost and fast-response bacterial contamination indicator that can be used in mask filters, air filters, or protective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Lovato
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.L.); (M.d.C.D.L.-O.); (J.P.); (L.J.d.V.)
| | - María del Carmen De Lama-Odría
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.L.); (M.d.C.D.L.-O.); (J.P.); (L.J.d.V.)
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.L.); (M.d.C.D.L.-O.); (J.P.); (L.J.d.V.)
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C’, c/Pasqual i Vila s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis J. del Valle
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.L.); (M.d.C.D.L.-O.); (J.P.); (L.J.d.V.)
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C’, c/Pasqual i Vila s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Franco
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.L.); (M.d.C.D.L.-O.); (J.P.); (L.J.d.V.)
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C’, c/Pasqual i Vila s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Mishra S, Aghi A, Kumar A. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Controlled Ortho-Amidation of Arylamides with Dioxazolones Using Weakly Coordinating Native Primary Amide as the Directing Group. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5606-5618. [PMID: 38557043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a controlled introduction of an amide unit at the ortho-position of an electron-deficient arylamide system without affording any cyclized products using user-friendly dioxazolone as an amidating reagent in the presence of a Rh(III)-catalyst. This is the first report where native primary amide has been utilized as a weakly coordinating group for site-selective C-N bond formation reaction. The developed protocol works under external auxiliary-free conditions with a wide substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saksham Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bihta, Patna 801106, Bihar, India
| | - Anjali Aghi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bihta, Patna 801106, Bihar, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bihta, Patna 801106, Bihar, India
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4
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Fiandra EF, Shaw L, Starck M, McGurk CJ, Mahon CS. Designing biodegradable alternatives to commodity polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8085-8105. [PMID: 37885416 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread adoption of commodity polymers changed societal landscapes on a global scale. Without the everyday materials used in packaging, textiles, construction and medicine, our lives would be unrecognisable. Through decades of use, however, the environmental impact of waste plastics has become grimly apparent, leading to sustained pressure from environmentalists, consumers and scientists to deliver replacement materials. The need to reduce the environmental impact of commodity polymers is beyond question, yet the reality of replacing these ubiquitous materials with sustainable alternatives is complex. In this tutorial review, we will explore the concepts of sustainable design and biodegradability, as applied to the design of synthetic polymers intended for use at scale. We will provide an overview of the potential biodegradation pathways available to polymers in different environments, and highlight the importance of considering these pathways when designing new materials. We will identify gaps in our collective understanding of the production, use and fate of biodegradable polymers: from identifying appropriate feedstock materials, to considering changes needed to production and recycling practices, and to improving our understanding of the environmental fate of the materials we produce. We will discuss the current standard methods for the determination of biodegradability, where lengthy experimental timescales often frustrate the development of new materials, and highlight the need to develop better tools and models to assess the degradation rate of polymers in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella F Fiandra
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Lloyd Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Matthieu Starck
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | | | - Clare S Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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5
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S S, R G AP, Bajaj G, John AE, Chandran S, Kumar VV, Ramakrishna S. A review on the recent applications of synthetic biopolymers in 3D printing for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:62. [PMID: 37982917 PMCID: PMC10661719 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technology is an emerging method that gained extensive attention from researchers worldwide, especially in the health and medical fields. Biopolymers are an emerging class of materials offering excellent properties and flexibility for additive manufacturing. Biopolymers are widely used in biomedical applications in biosensing, immunotherapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering and regeneration, implants, and medical devices. Various biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymeric materials are considered as bio-ink for 3d printing. Here, we offer an extensive literature review on the current applications of synthetic biopolymers in the field of 3D printing. A trend in the publication of biopolymers in the last 10 years are focused on the review by analyzing more than 100 publications. Their application and classification based on biodegradability are discussed. The various studies, along with their practical applications, are elaborated in the subsequent sections for polyethylene, polypropylene, polycaprolactone, polylactide, etc. for biomedical applications. The disadvantages of various biopolymers are discussed, and future perspectives like combating biocompatibility problems using 3D printed biomaterials to build compatible prosthetics are also discussed and the potential application of using resin with the combination of biopolymers to build customized implants, personalized drug delivery systems and organ on a chip technologies are expected to open a new set of chances for the development of healthcare and regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva S
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Asuwin Prabu R G
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Gauri Bajaj
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Amy Elsa John
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sharan Chandran
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Vishnu Vijay Kumar
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Jain deemed to be University, Bangalore, India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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6
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Valenti S, Arioli M, Jamett A, Tamarit JL, Puiggalí J, Macovez R. Amorphous solid dispersions of curcumin in a poly(ester amide): Antiplasticizing effect on the glass transition and macromolecular relaxation dynamics, and controlled release. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123333. [PMID: 37597594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to exploit the pharmacological potential of natural bioactive molecules with low water solubility, such as curcumin, it is necessary to develop formulations, such as amorphous polymer dispersions, which allow a constant release rate and at the same time avoid possible toxicity effects of the crystalline form of the molecule under scrutiny. In this study, polymer dispersions of curcumin were obtained in PADAS, a biodegradable semicrystalline copolymer based on 1,12-dodecanediol, sebacic acid and alanine. The dispersions were fully characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry and broadband dielectric spectroscopy, and the drug release profile was measured in a simulated body fluid. Amorphous homogeneous binary dispersions were obtained for curcumin mass fraction between 30 and 50%. Curcumin has significantly higher glass transition temperature Tg (≈ 347 K) than the polymer matrix (≈274-277 K depending on the molecular weight), and dispersions displayed Tg's intermediate between those of the pure amorphous components, implying that curcumin acts as an effective antiplasticizer for PADAS. Dielectric spectroscopy was employed to assess the relaxation dynamics of the binary dispersion with 30 wt% curcumin, as well as that of each (amorphous) component separately. The binary dispersion was characterized by a single structural relaxation, a single Johari-Goldstein process, and two local intramolecular processes, one for each component. Interestingly, the latter processes scaled with the Tg of the sample, indicating that they are viscosity-sensitive. In addition, both the pristine polymer and the dispersion exhibited an interfacial Maxwell-Wagner relaxation, likely due to spatial heterogeneities associated with phase disproportionation in this polymer. The release of curcumin from the dispersion in a simulated body fluid followed a Fickian diffusion profile, and 51% of the initial curcumin content was released in 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Valenti
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Synthetic Polymers: Structure and Properties. Biodegradable Polymers, Departament de Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Matteo Arioli
- Synthetic Polymers: Structure and Properties. Biodegradable Polymers, Departament de Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alex Jamett
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Lluís Tamarit
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Synthetic Polymers: Structure and Properties. Biodegradable Polymers, Departament de Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roberto Macovez
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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7
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Kwan JC, Flannagan RS, Vásquez Peña M, Heinrichs DE, Holdsworth DW, Gillies ER. Induction Heating Triggers Antibiotic Release and Synergistic Bacterial Killing on Polymer-Coated Titanium Surfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202807. [PMID: 37053473 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection is a major complication associated with orthopedic implants. It often involves the development of biofilms on metal substrates, which act as barriers to the host's immune system and systemic antibiotic treatment. The current standard of treatment is revision surgery, often involving the delivery of antibiotics through incorporation into bone cements. However, these materials exhibit sub-optimal antibiotic release kinetics and revision surgeries have drawbacks of high cost and recovery time. Herein, a new approach is presented using induction heating of a metal substrate, combined with an antibiotic-loaded poly(ester amide) coating undergoing a glass transition just above physiological temperature to enable thermally triggered antibiotic release. At normal physiological temperature, the coating provides a rifampicin depot for >100 days, while heating of the coating accelerates drug release, with >20% release over a 1-h induction heating cycle. Induction heating or antibiotic-loaded coating alone each reduce Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) viability and biofilm formation on Ti, but the combination causes synergistic killing of S. aureus as measured by crystal violet staining, determination of bacterial viability (>99.9% reduction), and fluorescence microscopy of bacteria on surfaces. Overall, these materials provide a promising platform enabling externally triggered antibiotic release to prevent and/or treat bacterial colonization of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Kwan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, The Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital B6-200, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Ronald S Flannagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mónica Vásquez Peña
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, The Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital B6-200, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - David E Heinrichs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David W Holdsworth
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, The Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital B6-200, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 2B8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, The Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital B6-200, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
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8
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Casella G, Carlotto S, Ribeiro APC, Martins LMDRS. The reaction of acetonitrile with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium: a DFT mechanistic study of green production of amides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22775-22781. [PMID: 37358347 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated using DFT methods the reaction mechanism of the Radzisewski reaction to obtain an amide via the reaction of ACN and H2O2 under alkaline conditions. The direct reaction between ACN and H2O2 showed a quite high activation energy (about 45 kcal mol-1) rendering this path unreliable. Instead, a fast reaction between ACN and HOO- forming the deprotonated species (PAIA-) of the peroxyacetimidic acid (PAIA) was observed. From this, PAIA- was guessed to form PAIA through a fast reaction of hydrolysis. Moreover, a second way of formation of PAIA, through an OH- catalyzed path, made the rate determining step (RDS) in very good agreement with experimental data, hence neglecting the contribution of the kinetically favored hydrolysis of PAIA-. This discrepancy was reconciled by considering that the final amide was obtained through a regioselective path forming the PAIA and the further reaction involving the decomposition of PAIA and PAIA-. Indeed, the PAIA obtained from the hydrolysis reaction showed a configuration which did not match the configurational behavior required. Conversely, the PAIA formed from the RDS path matched the required configuration needed to obtain the amide. Our findings also disentangled the experimenal debate on the assignment of the RDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Casella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, I-90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Silvia Carlotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR ICMATE and INSTM, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ana P C Ribeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luísa M D R S Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Qu T, West KN, Rupar PA. Rapid synthesis of functional poly(ester amide)s through thiol-ene chemistry. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22928-22935. [PMID: 37520100 PMCID: PMC10375450 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03478j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) bearing various side chains were synthesized by post-polymerization modification of PA-1, a vinylidene containing PEA. The thiols 1-dodecanethiol (1A-SH), 2-phenylethanethiol (1B-SH), 2-mercaptoethanol (1C-SH), thioglycolic acid (1D-SH), furfuryl mercaptan (1E-SH) and sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (1F-SH) were reacted with PA-1 to form PEAs PA-1A through PA-1F respectively. PEAs containing non-polar thiol side chains (PA-1A, PA-1B, PA-1E), showed little change in solubility compared to PA-1, while PEAs with more polar side chains improved solubility in more polar solvents. PA-1F, functionalized with sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, became water-soluble. The introduction of pendant functional groups impacted the thermal behaviors of PEAs in a wide range. The PEAs were thermally stable up to 368 °C, with glass transition temperatures (Tg) measured between 117 to 152 °C. Moreover, to demonstrate the versatility of the PEAs, thermal reprocessable networks and polyurethanes were successfully fabricated by reacting with a bismaleimide (1,6-bis(maleimido)hexane, 1,6-BMH) and a diisocyanate (4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4'-MDI), respectively. This study paves the way for the facile synthesis of functional poly(ester amide)s with great potential in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoguang Qu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487-0336 USA
| | - Kevin N West
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The University of South Alabama Mobile Alabama 36688-0001 USA
| | - Paul A Rupar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487-0336 USA
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10
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Smola-Dmochowska A, Lewicka K, Macyk A, Rychter P, Pamuła E, Dobrzyński P. Biodegradable Polymers and Polymer Composites with Antibacterial Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087473. [PMID: 37108637 PMCID: PMC10138923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to global health and food security today. It becomes increasingly difficult to treat infectious disorders because antibiotics, even the newest ones, are becoming less and less effective. One of the ways taken in the Global Plan of Action announced at the World Health Assembly in May 2015 is to ensure the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In order to do so, attempts are made to develop new antimicrobial therapeutics, including biomaterials with antibacterial activity, such as polycationic polymers, polypeptides, and polymeric systems, to provide non-antibiotic therapeutic agents, such as selected biologically active nanoparticles and chemical compounds. Another key issue is preventing food from contamination by developing antibacterial packaging materials, particularly based on degradable polymers and biocomposites. This review, in a cross-sectional way, describes the most significant research activities conducted in recent years in the field of the development of polymeric materials and polymer composites with antibacterial properties. We particularly focus on natural polymers, i.e., polysaccharides and polypeptides, which present a mechanism for combating many highly pathogenic microorganisms. We also attempt to use this knowledge to obtain synthetic polymers with similar antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smola-Dmochowska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Kamila Lewicka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Alicja Macyk
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrzyński
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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11
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Mazloumi M, Shirini F. Acidic Ionic Liquid Bridge Supported on Nano Rice Husk Ash: An Efficient Promoter for the Conversion of Nitriles to Their Corresponding 5‐Substituted 1
H
‐Tetrazoles and Amides. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Mazloumi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science University of Guilan Rasht 41335-19141 Iran
| | - Farhad Shirini
- Department of Chemistry College of Science University of Guilan Rasht 41335-19141 Iran
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12
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Göppert NE, Dirauf M, Liebing P, Weber C, Schubert US. Organocatalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of (S)-3-Benzylmorpholine-2,5-Dione. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200651. [PMID: 36413677 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A 3-benzylmorpholine-2,5-dione monomer is synthesized from the natural amino acid l-phenylalanine and characterized by means of nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Subsequent to preliminary polymerization studies, a well-defined poly(ester amide) homopolymer is synthesized via ring-opening polymerization using a binary catalyst system comprising 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and a 1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-cyclohexylthiourea (TU) cocatalyst with a feed ratio of M/I/DBU/TU = 100/1/1/10. Kinetic studies reveal high controllability of the dispersities and molar masses up to conversions of almost 80%. Analysis by mass spectrometry hints toward excellent end-group fidelity at these conditions. In consequence, utilization of hydroxyl-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) as macroinitiators results in amphiphilic block copolymers. Bulk miscibility of the building blocks is indicated by differential scanning calorimetry investigations. As more and more promising new drugs are based on hydrophobic molecules featuring aromatic moieties, the novel polyesteramides seem highly promising materials to be used as potential drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Göppert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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13
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Goel S, Kaur M, Singh N, Jacob J. Antibacterial piperazine‐derived quaternized copolyesters with controlled degradability. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Goel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology‐Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Manleen Kaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology‐Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology‐Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Josemon Jacob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology‐Delhi New Delhi India
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14
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Amirsaadat S, Amirazad H, Hashemihesar R, Zarghami N. An update on the effect of intra-articular intervention strategies using nanomaterials in osteoarthritis: Possible clinical application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1128856. [PMID: 36873347 PMCID: PMC9978162 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1128856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common progressive condition affecting joints. It mainly affects the knees and hips as predominant weight-bearing joints. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) accounts for a large proportion of osteoarthritis and presents numerous symptoms that impair quality of life, such as stiffness, pain, dysfunction, and even deformity. For more than two decades, intra-articular (IA) treatment options for managing knee osteoarthritis have included analgesics, hyaluronic acid (HA), corticosteroids, and some unproven alternative therapies. Before effective disease-modifying treatments for knee osteoarthritis, treatments are primarily symptomatic, mainly including intra-articular corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid, so these agents represent the most frequently used class of drugs for managing knee osteoarthritis. But research suggests other factors, such as the placebo effect, have an essential role in the effectiveness of these drugs. Several novel intra-articular therapies are currently in the clinical trial processes, such as biological therapies, gene and cell therapies. Besides, it has been shown that the development of novel drug nanocarriers and delivery systems could improve the effectiveness of therapeutic agents in osteoarthritis. This review discusses the various treatment methods and delivery systems for knee osteoarthritis and the new agents that have been introduced or are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumayeh Amirsaadat
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Amirazad
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Hashemihesar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Türkiye.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Bio-based poly(ester amide): mechanical, thermal and biodegradable behaviors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Dau H, Jones GR, Tsogtgerel E, Nguyen D, Keyes A, Liu YS, Rauf H, Ordonez E, Puchelle V, Basbug Alhan H, Zhao C, Harth E. Linear Block Copolymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14471-14553. [PMID: 35960550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers form the basis of the most ubiquitous materials such as thermoplastic elastomers, bridge interphases in polymer blends, and are fundamental for the development of high-performance materials. The driving force to further advance these materials is the accessibility of block copolymers, which have a wide variety in composition, functional group content, and precision of their structure. To advance and broaden the application of block copolymers will depend on the nature of combined segmented blocks, guided through the combination of polymerization techniques to reach a high versatility in block copolymer architecture and function. This review provides the most comprehensive overview of techniques to prepare linear block copolymers and is intended to serve as a guideline on how polymerization techniques can work together to result in desired block combinations. As the review will give an account of the relevant procedures and access areas, the sections will include orthogonal approaches or sequentially combined polymerization techniques, which increases the synthetic options for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Glen R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Enkhjargal Tsogtgerel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hasaan Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Estela Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Valentin Puchelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hatice Basbug Alhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Chenying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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17
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Seidi F, Zhong Y, Xiao H, Jin Y, Crespy D. Degradable polyprodrugs: design and therapeutic efficiency. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6652-6703. [PMID: 35796314 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs are developed to increase the therapeutic properties of drugs and reduce their side effects. Polyprodrugs emerged as highly efficient prodrugs produced by the polymerization of one or several drug monomers. Polyprodrugs can be gradually degraded to release therapeutic agents. The complete degradation of polyprodrugs is an important factor to guarantee the successful disposal of the drug delivery system from the body. The degradation of polyprodrugs and release rate of the drugs can be controlled by the type of covalent bonds linking the monomer drug units in the polymer structure. Therefore, various types of polyprodrugs have been developed based on polyesters, polyanhydrides, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyketals, polymetallodrugs, polyphosphazenes, and polyimines. Furthermore, the presence of stimuli-responsive groups, such as redox-responsive linkages (disulfide, boronate ester, metal-complex, and oxalate), pH-responsive linkages (ester, imine, hydrazone, acetal, orthoester, P-O and P-N), light-responsive (metal-complex, o-nitrophenyl groups) and enzyme-responsive linkages (ester, peptides) allow for a selective degradation of the polymer backbone in targeted tumors. We envision that new strategies providing a more efficient synergistic therapy will be developed by combining polyprodrugs with gene delivery segments and targeting moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand.
| | - Yajie Zhong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand.
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18
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Jiang YS, Hu MH, Jan JS, Hu JJ. Incorporation of Glutamic Acid or Amino-Protected Glutamic Acid into Poly(Glycerol Sebacate): Synthesis and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112206. [PMID: 35683879 PMCID: PMC9182726 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a soft, tough elastomer with excellent biocompatibility, has been exploited successfully in many tissue engineering applications. Although tunable to some extent, the rapid in vivo degradation kinetics of PGS is not compatible with the healing rate of some tissues. The incorporation of L-glutamic acid into a PGS network with an aim to retard the degradation rate of PGS through the formation of peptide bonds was conducted in this study. A series of poly(glycerol sebacate glutamate) (PGSE) containing various molar ratios of sebacic acid/L-glutamic acid were synthesized. Two kinds of amino-protected glutamic acids, Boc-L-glutamic acid and Z-L-glutamic acid were used to prepare controls that consist of no peptide bonds, denoted as PGSE-B and PGSE-Z, respectively. The prepolymers were characterized using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Cured elastomers were characterized using FT-IR, DSC, TGA, mechanical testing, and contact angle measurement. In vitro enzymatic degradation of PGSE over a period of 28 days was investigated. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of peptide bonds. The glass transition temperature for the elastomer was found to increase as the ratio of sebacic acid/glutamic acid was increased to four. The decomposition temperature of the elastomer decreased as the amount of glutamic acid was increased. PGSE exhibited less stiffness and larger elongation at break as the ratio of sebacic acid/glutamic acid was decreased. Notably, PGSE-Z was stiffer and had smaller elongation at break than PGSE and PGSE-B at the same molar ratio of monomers. The results of in vitro enzymatic degradation demonstrated that PGSE has a lower degradation rate than does PGS, whereas PGSE-B and PGSE-Z degrade at a greater rate than does PGS. SEM images suggest that the degradation of these crosslinked elastomers is due to surface erosion. The cytocompatibility of PGSE was considered acceptable although slightly lower than that of PGS. The altered mechanical properties and retarded degradation kinetics for PGSE reflect the influence of peptide bonds formed by the introduction of L-glutamic acid. PGSE displaying a lower degradation rate compared to that for PGS can be used as a scaffold material for the repair or regeneration of tissues that are featured by a low healing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Hsien Hu
- Bachelor Program for Design and Materials for Medical Equipment and Devices, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan;
- Orthopedic Department, Showchwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shiung Jan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-S.J.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Jin-Jia Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-S.J.); (J.-J.H.)
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19
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Song PD, Xia L, Nie X, Chen G, Wang F, Zhang Z, Hong CY, You YZ. Synthesis of poly(thioester sulfonamide)s via the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Cyclic Thioanhydride with N-Sulfonyl Aziridine Using Mild Phosphazene base. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200140. [PMID: 35578395 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Providing access to diverse polymer structures is highly desirable, which helps to explore new polymer materials. Poly(thioester sulfonamide)s, combining both the advantages of thioesters and amides, however, have been rarely available in polymer chemistry. Here, we report the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclic thioanhydride with N-sulfonyl aziridine using mild phosphazene base, resulting in well-defined poly(thioester sulfonamide)s with highly alternative structures, high yields, and controlled molecular weights. Additionally, benefiting from the mild catalytic process, this ROCOP can be combined with ROCOP of N-sulfonyl aziridines with cyclic anhydrides to produce novel block copolymers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Duo Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Nie
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Hong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Zi You
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
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20
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Guo YT, Shi C, Du TY, Cheng XY, Du FS, Li ZC. Closed-Loop Recyclable Aliphatic Poly(ester-amide)s with Tunable Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changxia Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tian-Yi Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang-Yue Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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A Novel Strategy for Poly(β-alanine-b-lactone)s: Sequentially HTP and AROP. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Chen WH, Chen QW, Chen Q, Cui C, Duan S, Kang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Muhammad W, Shao S, Tang C, Wang J, Wang L, Xiong MH, Yin L, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Zhen X, Feng J, Gao C, Gu Z, He C, Ji J, Jiang X, Liu W, Liu Z, Peng H, Shen Y, Shi L, Sun X, Wang H, Wang J, Xiao H, Xu FJ, Zhong Z, Zhang XZ, Chen X. Biomedical polymers: synthesis, properties, and applications. Sci China Chem 2022; 65:1010-1075. [PMID: 35505924 PMCID: PMC9050484 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical polymers have been extensively developed for promising applications in a lot of biomedical fields, such as therapeutic medicine delivery, disease detection and diagnosis, biosensing, regenerative medicine, and disease treatment. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the synthesis and application of biomedical polymers, and discuss the comprehensive understanding of their property-function relationship for corresponding biomedical applications. In particular, a few burgeoning bioactive polymers, such as peptide/biomembrane/microorganism/cell-based biomedical polymers, are also introduced and highlighted as the emerging biomaterials for cancer precision therapy. Furthermore, the foreseeable challenges and outlook of the development of more efficient, healthier and safer biomedical polymers are discussed. We wish this systemic and comprehensive review on highlighting frontier progress of biomedical polymers could inspire and promote new breakthrough in fundamental research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Qi-Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Chunyan Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Shun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yongyuan Kang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299 China
| | - Wali Muhammad
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215 China
| | - Chengqiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299 China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nano-science, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Meng-Hua Xiong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nano-science, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Zhanzhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Xu Zhen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299 China
| | - Chaoliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215 China
| | - Linqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nano-science, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
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23
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Abstract
Biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterials have offered much more opportunities from an engineering standpoint for treating diseases and maintaining health. Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs), as an outstanding family among such biomaterials, have risen overwhelmingly in the past decades. These synthetic polymers have easily and widely available raw materials and a diversity of synthetic approaches, which have attracted considerable attention. More importantly, combining the superiorities of polyamides and polyesters, PEAs have emerged with better functions. They could have improved biodegradability, biocompatibility, and cell-material interactions. The PEAs derived from α-amino acids even allow the introduction of pendant sites for further modification or functionalization. Meanwhile, it is gradually recognized that the chemical structures are closely related to the physiochemical and biological properties of PEAs so that their properties can be precisely controlled. PEAs therefore become significant materials in the biomedical fields. This review will attempt to summarize the recent progress in the development of PEAs with respect to the preparation materials and methods, structure-property relationships along with their latest biomedical accomplishments, especially for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
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24
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Dirauf M, Muljajew I, Weber C, Schubert US. Recent advances in degradable synthetic polymers for biomedical applications – Beyond polyesters. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Ono H, Minamikawa H, Nemoto K, Yoshida M. Self-assembly and amphiphilic behavior of poly(ester)-block-poly(amide) diblock copolymer based on biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) and poly(2-pyrrolidone). Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Guo YT, Xiong W, Shi C, Du FS, Li ZC. Facile synthesis of eight-membered cyclic(ester-amide)s and their organocatalytic ring-opening polymerizations. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facile modular synthesis of eight-membered cyclic(ester-amide)s based on phthalic anhydride and β-amino alcohols and organocatalitic ROP of the monomers to afford degradable semi-aromatic poly(ester-amides)s with tunable thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changxia Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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27
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Cai Z, Liu Y, Tao Y, Zhu JB. Recent Advances in Monomer Design for Recyclable Polymers. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Jang YJ, Sangroniz L, Hillmyer MA. Ductile gas barrier poly(ester–amide)s derived from glycolide. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00479h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable poly(ester–amide)s derived from glycolide have been synthesized and their thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties have been studied by systematically changing the number of methylene groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431, USA
| | - Leire Sangroniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431, USA
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431, USA
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29
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Synthesis and mechanical and thermal properties of multiblock terpoly(ester-ether-amide) thermoplastic elastomers with variable mole ratio of ether and amide block. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2021-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of the terpolymers of poly[(trimethylene terephthalate)-block-(oxytetramethylene)-block-laurolactam] with a variable molar ratio of ether and amide block and constant molecular weights of PA12 = 2000 g/mole and PTMO = 1000 g/mole have been obtained. The influence of changes of these molar ratios on the functional properties and the values of phase change temperatures of the products have been determined. The thermal properties and the phase separation of obtained systems were defined by DSC, DMTA and WAXS methods. The chemical structure of obtained materials was studied by FT-IR and 13C NMR methods. The mechanical and elastic properties of these polymers were evaluated.
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30
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Macías SI, Ruano G, Borràs N, Alemán C, Armelin E. UV
assisted photo reactive polyether‐polyesteramide resin for future applications in
3D
printing. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi I. Macías
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
| | - Guillem Ruano
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Borràs
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science, EEBE Barcelona Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science, EEBE Barcelona Spain
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31
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Muljajew I, Chi M, Vollrath A, Weber C, Beringer-Siemers B, Stumpf S, Hoeppener S, Sierka M, Schubert US. A combined experimental and in silico approach to determine the compatibility of poly(ester amide)s and indomethacin in polymer nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Thakur R, Jaiswal Y, Kumar A. Primary amides: Sustainable weakly coordinating groups in transition metal-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization reactions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Polyesters based on aspartic acid and poly(ethylene glycol): Functional polymers for hydrogel preparation. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Kleybolte MM, Winnacker M. β-Pinene-Derived Polyesteramides and Their Blends: Advances in Their Upscaling, Processing, and Characterization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100065. [PMID: 33960575 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Terpene-based polyesteramides (PEAs) are sustainable and have a variety of favorable properties, making them suitable for a wide range of applications and for contribution to a much more sustainable polymer industry. This work focuses on the synthesis of the lactam from β-pinene and its copolymerization with ε-caprolactone. An important step in synthesizing β-pinene lactam is the oxidation of β-pinene to nopinone. To make the established oxidative cleavage more sustainable and efficient, the required amounts of Al2 O3 and KMnO4 are significantly reduced by using H2 SO4 as a catalyst. For the Beckmann rearrangement various catalysts and co-reagents are screened. Among these, the reaction with tosyl chloride is found the most favorable. Subsequently, the chain lengths of the β-pinene-based PEAs are remarkably increased from 6000 g mol-1 to more than 25 100 g mol-1 by fine-tuning reaction time, temperature, and decreasing catalyst and initiator concentrations. Also, different catalysts for polymerization are tested. The resulting material shows melting temperatures of ≈55 °C and decomposition temperatures of 354 °C or higher. Processing via melt pressing or casting turned out to be quite difficult due to the polymer's brittleness. Furthermore, regarding biomedical applications, blends of PEA with polyethylene glycol were successfully prepared, yielding a more hydrophilic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maria Kleybolte
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85747, Germany.,Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
| | - Malte Winnacker
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85747, Germany.,Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
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35
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Nikulin M, Švedas V. Prospects of Using Biocatalysis for the Synthesis and Modification of Polymers. Molecules 2021; 26:2750. [PMID: 34067052 PMCID: PMC8124709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trends in the dynamically developing application of biocatalysis for the synthesis and modification of polymers over the past 5 years are considered, with an emphasis on the production of biodegradable, biocompatible and functional polymeric materials oriented to medical applications. The possibilities of using enzymes not only as catalysts for polymerization but also for the preparation of monomers for polymerization or oligomers for block copolymerization are considered. Special attention is paid to the prospects and existing limitations of biocatalytic production of new synthetic biopolymers based on natural compounds and monomers from biomass, which can lead to a huge variety of functional biomaterials. The existing experience and perspectives for the integration of bio- and chemocatalysis in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Nikulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 73, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, bldg. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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36
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Achievements and Trends in Biocatalytic Synthesis of Specialty Polymers from Biomass-Derived Monomers Using Lipases. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New technologies for the conversion of biomass into high-value chemicals, including polymers and plastics, is a must and a challenge. The development of green processes in the last decade involved a continuous increase of the interest towards the synthesis of polymers using in vitro biocatalysis. Among the remarkable diversity of new bio-based polymeric products meeting the criteria of sustainability, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness, a wide range of polyesters with shorter chain length were obtained and characterized, targeting biomedical and cosmetic applications. In this review, selected examples of such specialty polymers are presented, highlighting the recent developments concerning the use of lipases, mostly in immobilized form, for the green synthesis of ε-caprolactone co-polymers, polyesters with itaconate or furan units, estolides, and polyesteramides. The significant process parameters influencing the average molecular weights and other characteristics are discussed, revealing the advantages and limitations of biocatalytic processes for the synthesis of these bio-based polymers.
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37
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Chen H, Guo M, Schiraldi D, Maia JM. Morphology optimization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide blends compatibilized via extension-dominated twin-screw extrusion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyamide (PA) are immiscible polymers, which requires the use of compatibilizers to stabilize the morphology and achieve acceptable property levels. Therefore, controlling the degree of dispersion, especially the size of the disperse PA droplets in the PET matrix is of paramount importance. This study aims to improve the mixing, i.e., minimize PA droplet size, in immiscible and compatibilized PET/PA and PET/Nylon-MXD6 (MXD6) blends by resorting to extension-dominated mixing in twin-screw extrusion (TSE). MXD6 is an aromatic polyamide similar in polarity to PET, so it is expected that it will blend more effectively than is the case with aliphatic nylon-6 and PET. Two screw configurations are used, a benchmark shear-dominated screw with kneading blocks (KBs) in an aggressive configuration, and an extension-dominated screw configuration with static mixers with hyperbolic C–D channels, recently developed by our group, in place of the KBs. The results show that the use of extensional mixing elements (EMEs) in place of KBs results in a significant decrease of both average and maximum droplet size for all blends, and up to more than one order of magnitude between the most extreme cases of the KB-processed immiscible blend and EME-processed compatibilized blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland OH 44106-7202 , USA
| | - Molin Guo
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland OH 44106-7202 , USA
| | - David Schiraldi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland OH 44106-7202 , USA
| | - João M. Maia
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland OH 44106-7202 , USA
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38
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Guptill DM, Chinta BS, Kaicharla T, Xu S, Hoye TR. β-Methyl-δ-valerolactone-containing Thermoplastic Poly(ester-amide)s: Synthesis, Mechanical Properties, and Degradation Behavior. Polym Chem 2021; 12:1310-1316. [PMID: 34354765 PMCID: PMC8330554 DOI: 10.1039/d1py00040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ester-amide)s (PEAs) have been prepared from (glucose-derived) β-methyl-δ-valerolactone (MVL) by reaction of MVL-derived diamidodiols with diacid chlorides in solution to form poly(ester-amide)s having alternating diester-diamide subunits. The PEAs formed by this method exhibit plastic properties and are of sufficiently high molecular weight to be tough, ductile materials (stress at break: 41-53 MPa, strain at break: 530-640%). The length of the methylene linker unit (n = 1,2,3) between amide groups of the diamidodiols affects the Young's modulus; longer linkers reduce the stiffness of the materials. This allows tuning of the properties by judicious choice of precursors. MVL was also converted to a diacid chloride that was then used to prepare a PEA that is 76 wt% MVL-derived. The degradation rates of suspensions of these new PEAs in basic aqueous media were benchmarked and their instability in aqueous acid was also observed. NMR studies were used to detect the hydrolytic degradation products of both these PEAs as well as a structurally simpler analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Guptill
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Bhavani Shankar Chinta
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Trinadh Kaicharla
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Thomas R Hoye
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
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39
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Sun S, Xue Y, Xu X, Ding L, Jiang Z, Meng L, Song P, Bai Y. Highly Stretchable, Ultratough, and Strong Polyesters with Improved Postcrystallization Optical Property Enabled by Dynamic Multiple Hydrogen Bonds. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yijiao Xue
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Liping Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Linghui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Wuxi HIT New Material Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
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40
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Yuan Q, Huang J, Xian C, Wu J. Amino Acid- and Growth Factor-Based Multifunctional Nanocapsules for the Modulation of the Local Microenvironment in Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2165-2178. [PMID: 33400482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to cells from metabolites at a wound site is one of the trickiest factors inhibiting tissue regeneration, especially with bulk damage. In addition, an excessive inflammatory reaction by the body at the wound site can make it even worse. How to scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from metabolism and inflammatory reactions has become a critical issue in tissue engineering. Here, we utilize the natural bioactive small molecules l-arginine and l-phenylalanine and the growth factor inositol to synthesize a branched poly(ester amide) (BPEA) to fabricate BPEA nanocapsules for vitamin E delivery at wound sites. BPEA nanocapsules loaded with vitamin E (BPEA@VE NCs) could protect cells from both extracellular and intracellular damage by scavenging ROS. Simultaneously, the inflammatory reaction could also be downregulated, benefiting from the introduction of l-arginine. Furthermore, the biodegradation products of BPEA are natural metabolites of the body, such as amino acids and growth factors, guaranteeing the biocompatibility of the BPEA@VE NCs. The protective ability of the BPEA@VE NCs was also investigated in vivo for accelerated wound healing. All the results indicate that the BPEA@VE NCs have promising potential for the modulation of the local microenvironment in tissue engineering for excellent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityRINGGOLD, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityRINGGOLD, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Caihong Xian
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityRINGGOLD, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityRINGGOLD, Guangzhou 510006, China
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41
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Lian J, Li M, Wang S, Tao Y, Wang X. Organocatalytic Polymerization of Morpholine-2,5-diones toward Methionine-Containing Poly(ester amide)s: Preparation and Facile Functionalization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
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42
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Memanishvili T, Monni E, Tatarishivili J, Lindvall O, Tsiskaridze A, Kokaia Z, Tornero D. Poly(ester amide) microspheres are efficient vehicles for long-term intracerebral growth factor delivery and improve functional recovery after stroke. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:065020. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba4f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Fletcher NL, Kempe K, Thurecht KJ. Next-Generation Polymeric Nanomedicines for Oncology: Perspectives and Future Directions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000319. [PMID: 32767396 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Precision polymers as advanced nanomedicines represent an appealing approach for the treatment of otherwise untreatable malignancies. By taking advantage of unique nanomaterial properties and implementing judicious design strategies, polymeric nanomedicines are able to be produced that overcome many barriers to effective treatment. Current key research focus areas anticipated to produce the greatest impact in polymer applications in nanomedicine for oncology include new strategies to achieve "active" targeting, polymeric pro-drug activation, and combinatorial polymer drug delivery approaches in combination with enhanced understanding of complex bio-nano interactions. These approaches, both in isolation or combination, form the next generation of precision nanomedicines with significant anticipated future health outcomes. Of necessity, these approaches will combine an intimate understanding of biological interactions with advanced materials design. This perspectives piece aims to highlight emerging opportunities that promise to be game changers in the nanomedicine oncology field. Discussed herein are current and next generation polymeric nanomedicines with a focus towards structures that are, or could, undergo clinical translation as well as highlight key advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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44
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Xia T, Yue TJ, Gu GG, Wan ZQ, Li ZL, Ren WM. Copolymerization of aziridines and cyclic anhydrides by metal-free catalysis strategy. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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46
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Boadi FO, Zhang J, Yu X, Bhatia S, Sampson NS. Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Provides Easy Access to Functional and Fully Degradable Polymers. Macromolecules 2020; 53:5857-5868. [PMID: 33776145 PMCID: PMC7993654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymers with hydrolyzable groups in their backbones have numerous potential applications in biomedicine, lithography, energy storage and electronics. In this study, acetal and ester functionalities were incorporated into the backbones of copolymers by means of alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization catalyzed by third-generation Grubbs ruthenium catalyst. Specifically, combining large-ring (7-10 atoms) cyclic acetal or lactone monomers with bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamide monomers provided perfectly alternating copolymers with acetal or ester functionality in the backbones and low to moderate molecular weight distribution (Đ M = 1.2-1.6). Copolymers containing ester and acetal backbones hydrolyzed to significant extent under basic condition (pH 13) and acidic conditions (pH ≤ 5) respectively to yield the expected by-products within 30 hours at moderate temperature. Unlike the copolymer with all-carbon backbone, copolymers with heteroatom-containing backbone exhibited viscoelastic behavior with crossover frequency which decreases as the size of the R group on the acetal increases. In contrast, the glass transition temperature (T g) decreases as the size of the R group decreases. The rate of hydrolysis of the acetal copolymers was also dependent on the R group. Thus, ruthenium-catalyzed alternating ring-opening metathesis copolymerization provides heterofunctional copolymers whose degradation rates, glass transition temperatures, and viscoelastic moduli can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis O. Boadi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Jingling Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275
| | - Xiaoxi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Surita Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
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Burton TF, Pinaud J, Giani O. Rapid and Controlled Organocatalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of 3S-(Isobutyl)morpholine-2,5-dione and Copolymerization with Lactide. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Burton
- ICGM, Univversité de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Julien Pinaud
- ICGM, Univversité de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Olivia Giani
- ICGM, Univversité de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
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Bodkhe S, Ermanni P. 3D printing of multifunctional materials for sensing and actuation: Merging piezoelectricity with shape memory. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Synthesis, Properties, and Biodegradation of Sequential Poly(Ester Amide)s Containing γ-Aminobutyric Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103674. [PMID: 32456183 PMCID: PMC7279392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ester amide)s are attracting attention because they potentially have excellent thermal and mechanical properties as well as biodegradability. In this study, we synthesized a series of novel poly(ester amide)s by introducing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regularly into polyesters, and investigated their properties and biodegradabilities. GABA is the monomer unit of biodegradable polyamide 4 (PA4). The new poly(ester amide)s were synthesized from the reaction of ammonium tosylate derivatives of alkylene bis(γ-aminobutylate) and p-nitrophenyl esters of dicarboxylic acids. All the obtained polymers showed relatively high melting temperatures (Tm). Their thermal decomposition temperatures were improved in comparison with that of PA4 and higher enough than their Tm. The poly(ester amide)s exhibited higher biodegradability in seawater than the corresponding homopolyesters. Their biodegradabilities in activated sludge were also studied.
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Winnacker M, Lamparelli DH, Capacchione C, Güngör HH, Stieglitz L, Rodewald KS, Schmidt M, Gronauer TF. Sustainable Polyesteramides and Copolyamides: Insights into the Copolymerization Behavior of Terpene‐Based Lactams. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Winnacker
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - David H. Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Universitá degli Studi di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II Fisciano SA 132 I‐84084 Italy
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Universitá degli Studi di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II Fisciano SA 132 I‐84084 Italy
| | - Hicran H. Güngör
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lucas Stieglitz
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Katia S. Rodewald
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Thomas F. Gronauer
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IITechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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