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Grey EL, McClendon J, Suresh J, Alper S, Janssen WJ, Bryant SJ. Thiol-Michael Addition Microparticles: Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Uptake by Macrophages. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4223-4240. [PMID: 37379254 PMCID: PMC10619202 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric microparticles are promising biomaterial platforms for targeting macrophages in the treatment of disease. This study investigates microparticles formed by a thiol-Michael addition step-growth polymerization reaction with tunable physiochemical properties and their uptake by macrophages. The hexafunctional thiol monomer dipentaerythritol hexa-3-mercaptopropionate (DPHMP) and tetrafunctional acrylate monomer di(trimethylolpropane) tetraacrylate (DTPTA) were reacted in a stepwise dispersion polymerization, achieving tunable monodisperse particles over a size range (1-10 μm) relevant for targeting macrophages. An off-stoichiometry thiol-acrylate reaction afforded facile secondary chemical functionalization to create particles with different chemical moieties. Uptake of the microparticles by RAW 264.7 macrophages was highly dependent on treatment time, particle size, and particle chemistry with amide, carboxyl, and thiol terminal chemistries. The amide-terminated particles were non-inflammatory, while the carboxyl- and thiol-terminated particles induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in conjunction with particle phagocytosis. Finally, a lung-specific application was explored through time-dependent uptake of amide-terminated particles by human alveolar macrophages in vitro and mouse lungs in vivo without inducing inflammation. The findings demonstrate a promising microparticulate delivery vehicle that is cyto-compatible, is non-inflammatory, and exhibits high rates of uptake by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson L. Grey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Jazalle McClendon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Joshita Suresh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - William J. Janssen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, CO 80309-0613, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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2
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Zou H, Lv Y. Synthetic Strategies for Polymer Particles with Surface Concavities. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200072. [PMID: 35322491 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade or so, there has been increasing interest in the synthesis of polymer particles with surface concavities, which mainly include golf ball-like, dimpled and surface-wrinkled polymer particles. Such syntheses generally can be classified into direct polymerization and post-treatment on preformed polymer particles. This review aims to provide an overview of the synthetic strategies of such particles. Some selected examples are given to present the formation mechanisms of the surface concavities. The applications and future development of these concave polymer particles are also briefly discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zou
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yongliang Lv
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
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3
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Infante Teixeira L, Landfester K, Thérien-Aubin H. Nanoconfinement in miniemulsion increases reaction rates of thiol–ene photopolymerization and yields high molecular weight polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiated thiol–ene polymerization was performed in bulk and miniemulsion. We show that the compartmentalization of the reaction inside nanodroplets led to faster reaction kinetics and yielded polymers with higher molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Héloïse Thérien-Aubin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
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4
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Le CMQ, Vidal L, Schmutz M, Chemtob A. Droplet nucleation in miniemulsion thiol–ene step photopolymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00139f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reaction parameters, such as droplet size, initiator solubility and monomer solubility, which are important in favouring droplet nucleation in a miniemulsion thiol–ene step polymerization are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loïc Vidal
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut Charles Sadron
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
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5
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Liu Y, Wei M, Jiang X, Ren M, Liu L, Wen B, Yang W. Anomalously Shaped Functional Particles Prepared by Thiol-Isocyanate Off-Stoichiometric Click Dispersion Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14417-14424. [PMID: 33198464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anomalously shaped microparticles have attractive advantages in applications. They are usually prepared by chain-growth polymerizations in heterogeneous systems. Recently, thiol-X step-growth polymerizations have been used to produce functional particles with a regular shape but rarely anomalous shapes. Herein, we report the preparation of anomalously shaped particles by thiol-isocyanate dispersion polymerization (Dis.P) in ethanol using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizer and catalyst. Papillae-shaped, raspberry-like, and multibulged particles are prepared by tuning monomer combinations, contents, and feed ratios. Particle morphology evolutions during polymerization are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Distinct from previous works, particles with residual -SH groups are obtained even with equal moles of monomers added initially. The residue of -SH groups is revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses and confirmed by detection with a fluorescent probe containing disulfide linkage. Moreover, fluorescent particle probes are formed by the reaction of excess -NCO groups on particles with fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC) and dithioacetal-functionalized perylenediimide (DTPDI). The probes are sensitive in detection of glutathione (GSH) and Hg2+ in water. Hg2+ as low as 1-0.1 ppb is detected using a raspberry-like particle probe with DTPDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyue Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Forming Technology and Equipment, Beijing National Innovation Institute of Lightweight Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lianying Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bianying Wen
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Z. Durham
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
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7
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Kamp M, de Nijs B, van der Linden MN, de Feijter I, Lefferts MJ, Aloi A, Griffiths J, Baumberg JJ, Voets IK, van Blaaderen A. Multivalent Patchy Colloids for Quantitative 3D Self-Assembly Studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2403-2418. [PMID: 32097015 PMCID: PMC7202687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report methods to synthesize sub-micron- and micron-sized patchy silica particles with fluorescently labeled hemispherical titania protrusions, as well as routes to efficiently characterize these particles and self-assemble these particles into non-close-packed structures. The synthesis methods expand upon earlier work in the literature, in which silica particles packed in a colloidal crystal were surface-patterned with a silane coupling agent. Here, hemispherical amorphous titania protrusions were successfully labeled with fluorescent dyes, allowing for imaging by confocal microscopy and super-resolution techniques. Confocal microscopy was exploited to experimentally determine the numbers of protrusions per particle over large numbers of particles for good statistical significance, and these distributions were compared to simulations predicting the number of patches as a function of core particle polydispersity and maximum separation between the particle surfaces. We self-assembled these patchy particles into open percolating gel networks by exploiting solvophobic attractions between the protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous Kamp
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Marjolein N. van der Linden
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isja de Feijter
- Laboratory
of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Post Office
Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Merel J. Lefferts
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Aloi
- Laboratory
of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Post Office
Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Griffiths
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory
of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Post Office
Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Sankova N, Semeykina V, Parkhomchuk E. Anomalous morphology as one of the stages in the formation of polystyrene particles during dispersion polymerization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Deng YY, Han D, Zhou DL, Liu ZQ, Zhang Q, Li Y, Fu Q. Monodispersed hybrid microparticles based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with good UV resistance and high thermal stability: From organic to inorganic. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Marcinkowska A, Zgrzeba A, Lota G, Kopczyński K, Andrzejewska E. Ionogels by thiol-ene photopolymerization in ionic liquids: Formation, morphology and properties. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Hafeez S, Barner L, Nebhani L. TEMPO Driven Mild and Modular Route to Functionalized Microparticles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800169. [PMID: 29749016 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of crosslinked polymeric microspheres (3.8-15.0 µm) via (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) initiated thiol-ene dispersion polymerization under ambient conditions is reported for the first time. The initiating ability of TEMPO for the thiol-ene reaction is validated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on model reactions between 1-octadecanethiol and two electron deficient enes, n-butylacrylate and divinyl sulfone. Critically, the TEMPO resonance observed in the EPR spectra decreases with time when TEMPO is mixed with thiol and an electron deficient ene. The 1 H NMR spectra demonstrate formation of up to 90% of thioether under ambient conditions. Based on these model reactions, a variety of crosslinked polymeric microspheres are synthesized with excellent morphological stability using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as surfactant. The ability of the microspheres for a second TEMPO initiated thiol-ene reaction is demonstrated by the ligation of fluorescein-5-maleimide (an ene) to the microspheres' surface containing excess of thiol functionality and by ligation of cysteine (containing a thiol group) to the microspheres' surface containing an excess of ene functionality. The synthesized polymeric microspheres are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Hafeez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leena Nebhani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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12
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Tian L, Li X, Wan D, Ali Z, Zhang Q. Large-scale fabrication of polymer ellipsoids with controllable patches via the viscosity-induced deformation of spherical particles. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and controllable strategy to synthesize polymer ellipsoids via the viscosity-induced deformation of spherical particles is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Dewei Wan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Zafar Ali
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
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13
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Tan J, Li C, De Bruycker K, Zhang G, Gu J, Zhang Q. Recyclable cross-linked hydroxythioether particles with tunable structures via robust and efficient thiol-epoxy dispersion polymerizations. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-epoxy reactions were first exploited as a simple method for the preparation of recyclable cross-linked hydroxythioether particles with tunable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Junwei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
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