Levamisole Based Co(II) Single-Ion Magnet

A new Co(II) complex, [Co(NCS)2(L)2] (1) has been synthesized based on levamisole (L) as a new ligand. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses confirm that the Co(II) ion is having a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry in the complex. Notably strong intramolecular S⋅⋅⋅S and S⋅⋅⋅N interactions has been confirmed by employing Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM). These intramolecular interactions occur among the sulfur and nitrogen atoms of the levamisole ligands and also the nitrogen atoms of the thiocyanate. Direct current (dc) magnetic analyses reveal presence of zero field splitting (ZFS) and large magnetic anisotropy on Co(II). Detailed ab initio ligand field theory calculations quantitatively predicted the magnitude of ZFS. Prominent field-induced single-ion magnet (SIM) behavior was observed for 1 from dynamic magnetization measurements. Slow magnetic relaxation follows an Orbach mechanism with the effective energy barrier Ueff=29.6 (7) K and relaxation time τo=1.4 (4)×10-9 s.

Magnetic Anisotropy and Relaxation in Four-Coordinate Cobalt(II) Single-Ion Magnets with a [CoIIO4] Core

A mononuclear four-coordinate Co(II) complex with a [CoIIO4] core, namely, PPN[Li(MeOH)4][Co(L)2] (1) (PPN = bis(phosphoranediyl)iminium; H2L = perfluoropinacol), has been studied by X-ray crystallography, magnetic characterization, and theoretical calculations. This complex presents a severely distorted coordination geometry. The O-Co-O bite angle is 83.42°/83.65°, and the dihedral twist angle between the O-Co-O chelate planes is 55.6°. The structural distortion results in a large easy-axis magnetic anisotropy with D = -104(1) cm-1 and a transverse component with |E| = +4(2) cm-1. Alternating current (ac) susceptibility measurements demonstrate that 1 exhibits slow relaxation of magnetization at zero static field. However, the frequency-dependent out-of-phase (χ"M) susceptibilities of 1 at 0 Oe do not show a characteristic maximum. Upon the application of a dc field or the dilution with a diamagnetic Zn matrix, the quantum tunneling of magnetization (QTM) process can be successfully suppressed. Notably, after dilution with the Zn matrix, the obtained sample exhibits a structure different from that of the pristine complex. In this altered sample, the asymmetric unit does not contain the Li(MeOH)4+ cation, resulting in an O-Co-O bite angle of 86.05° and a dihedral twist angle of 75.84°, thereby leading to an approximate D2d symmetry. Although such differences are not desirable for magnetic studies, this study still gives some insights. Theoretical calculations reveal that the D parameter is governed by the O-Co-O bite angle, in line with our previous report for other tetrahedral Co(II) complex with a [CoIIN4] core. On the other hand, the rhombic component is found to increase as the dihedral angle deviates from 90°. These findings provide valuable guidelines for fine-tuning the magnetic properties of Co(II) complexes.

Field-Induced Slow Magnetization Relaxation of a Tetrahedral S=2 FeIIS4-Containing Complex

In the work described herein, the spin relaxation properties of the mononuclear tetrahedral S=2 [Fe{(SPiPr2)2N}2] complex (1) were studied by employing static and dynamic magnetic measurements at liquid helium temperatures. In the absence of an external direct current (DC) magnetic field, 1 exhibits fast magnetization relaxation. However, in the presence of external magnetic fields of a few kOe, slow relaxation is induced as monitored by alternating current (AC) magnetic susceptibility measurements up to 10 kHz, in the temperature range 2-5 K. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the corresponding relaxation time reveals contributions by Quantum Tunnelling of Magnetization, and the Direct and Orbach processes in the magnetization relaxation mechanism of 1. The energy barrier, Ueff, of the Orbach process, as determined by this analysis, is compared with that related to the zero-field splitting parameters of 1 which were previously determined by high- frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance and Mössbauer spectroscopies.

Tetracoordinate Co(II) complexes with semi-coordination as stable single-ion magnets for deposition on graphene

We present a theoretical and experimental study of two tetracoordinate Co(II)-based complexes with semi-coordination interactions, i.e., non-covalent interactions involving the central atom. We argue that such interactions enhance the thermal and structural stability of the compounds, making them appropriate for deposition on substrates, as demonstrated by their successful deposition on graphene. DC magnetometry and high-frequency electron spin resonance (HF-ESR) experiments revealed an axial magnetic anisotropy and weak intermolecular antiferromagnetic coupling in both compounds, supported by theoretical predictions from complete active space self-consistent field calculations complemented by N-electron valence state second-order perturbation theory (CASSCF-NEVPT2), and broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT). AC magnetometry demonstrated that the compounds are field-induced single-ion magnets (SIMs) at applied static magnetic fields, with slow relaxation of magnetization governed by a combination of quantum tunneling, Orbach, and direct relaxation mechanisms. The structural stability under ambient conditions and after deposition was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Theoretical modeling by DFT of different configurations of these systems on graphene revealed n-type doping of graphene originating from electron transfer from the deposited molecules, confirmed by electrical transport measurements and Raman spectroscopy.

Air-stable four-coordinate cobalt(ii) single-ion magnets: experimental and ab initio ligand field analyses of correlations between dihedral angles and magnetic anisotropy

For single-ion magnets (SIMs), understanding the effects of the local coordination environment and ligand field on magnetic anisotropy is key to controlling their magnetic properties. Here we present a series of tetracoordinate cobalt(ii) complexes of the general formula [^FL₂Co]X₂ (where ^FL is a bidentate diamido ligand) whose electron-withdrawing -C₆F₅ substituents confer stability under ambient conditions. Depending on the cations X, these complexes adopt structures with greatly varying dihedral twist angle δ between the N-Co-N' chelate planes in the solid state (48.0 to 89.2°). AC and DC field magnetic susceptibility measurements show this to translate into very different magnetic properties, the axial zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter D ranging from -69 cm^-1 to -143 cm^-1 with substantial or negligible rhombic component E, respectively. A close to orthogonal arrangement of the two N,N'-chelating σ- and π-donor ligands at the Co(ii) ion is found to raise the energy barrier for magnetic relaxation to above 400 K. Multireference ab initio methods were employed to describe the complexes' electronic structures, and the results were analyzed within the framework of ab initio ligand field theory to probe the nature of the metal-ligand bonding and spin-orbit coupling. A relationship between the energy gaps of the first few electronic transitions and the ZFS was established, and the ZFS was correlated with the dihedral angle δ as well as with the metal-ligand bonding variations, viz. the two angular overlap parameters e_σ and e_πs. These findings not only give rise to a Co(ii) SIM showing open hysteresis up to 3.5 K at a sweep rate of 30 Oe s^-1, but they also provide design guidelines for Co(ii) complexes with favorable SIM signatures or even switchable magnetic relaxation properties.

Spectroscopic and Magnetic Studies of Co(II) Scorpionate Complexes: Is There a Halide Effect on Magnetic Anisotropy?

The observation of single-molecule magnetism in transition-metal complexes relies on the phenomenon of zero-field splitting (ZFS), which arises from the interplay of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) with ligand-field-induced symmetry lowering. Previous studies have demonstrated that the magnitude of ZFS in complexes with 3d metal ions is sometimes enhanced through coordination with heavy halide ligands (Br and I) that possess large free-atom SOC constants. In this study, we systematically probe this "heavy-atom effect" in high-spin cobalt(II)-halide complexes supported by substituted hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate ligands (Tp^tBu,Me and Tp^Ph,Me). Two series of complexes were prepared: [Co^IIX(Tp^tBu,Me)] (1-X; X = F, Cl, Br, and I) and [Co^IIX(Tp^Ph,Me)(Hpz^Ph,Me)] (2-X; X = Cl, Br, and I), where Hpz^Ph,Me is a monodentate pyrazole ligand. Examination with dc magnetometry, high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance, and far-infrared magnetic spectroscopy yielded axial (D) and rhombic (E) ZFS parameters for each complex. With the exception of 1-F, complexes in the four-coordinate 1-X series exhibit positive D-values between 10 and 13 cm^-1, with no dependence on halide size. The five-coordinate 2-X series exhibit large and negative D-values between -60 and -90 cm^-1. Interpretation of the magnetic parameters with the aid of ligand-field theory and ab initio calculations elucidated the roles of molecular geometry, ligand-field effects, and metal-ligand covalency in controlling the magnitude of ZFS in cobalt-halide complexes.

Multi-Technique Experimental Benchmarking of the Local Magnetic Anisotropy of a Cobalt(II) Single-Ion Magnet

A comprehensive understanding of the ligand field and its influence on the degeneracy and population of d-orbitals in a specific coordination environment are crucial for the rational design and enhancement of magnetic anisotropy of single-ion magnets (SIMs). Herein, we report the synthesis and comprehensive magnetic characterization of a highly anisotropic Co^II SIM, [L₂Co](TBA)₂ (L is an N,N'-chelating oxanilido ligand), that is stable under ambient conditions. Dynamic magnetization measurements show that this SIM exhibits a large energy barrier to spin reversal U _eff > 300 K and magnetic blocking up to 3.5 K, and the property is retained in a frozen solution. Low-temperature single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction used to determine the experimental electron density gave access to Co d-orbital populations and a derived U _eff, 261 cm^-1, when the coupling between the d _{x ² - y ²} and d_xy orbitals is taken into account, in very good agreement with ab initio calculations and superconducting quantum interference device results. Powder and single-crystal polarized neutron diffraction (PNPD, PND) have been used to quantify the magnetic anisotropy via the atomic susceptibility tensor, revealing that the easy axis of magnetization is pointing along the N-Co-N' bisectors of the N,N'-chelating ligands (3.4° offset), close to the molecular axis, in good agreement with complete active space self-consistent field/N-electron valence perturbation theory to second order ab initio calculations. This study provides benchmarking for two methods, PNPD and single-crystal PND, on the same 3d SIM, and key benchmarking for current theoretical methods to determine local magnetic anisotropy parameters.

Magnetic anisotropy of two tetrahedral Co(II)-halide complexes with triphenylphosphine ligands

Recently, the choice of ligand and geometric control of mononuclear complexes, which can affect the relaxation pathways and blocking temperature, have received wide attention in the field of single-ion magnets (SIMs). To find out the influence of the coordination environment on SIMs, two four-coordinate mononuclear Co(II) complexes [NEt₄][Co(PPh₃)X₃] (X = Cl^-, 1; Br^-, 2) have been synthesized and studied by X-ray single crystallography, magnetic measurements, high-frequency and -field EPR (HF-EPR) spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Both complexes are in a cubic space group Pa3̄ (No. 205), containing a slightly distorted tetrahedral moiety with crystallographically imposed C_3v symmetry through the [Co(PPh₃)X₃]^- anion. The direct-current (dc) magnetic data and HF-EPR spectroscopy indicated the anisotropic S = 3/2 spin ground states of the Co(II) ions with the easy-plane anisotropy for 1 and 2. Ab initio calculations were performed to confirm the positive magnetic anisotropies of 1 and 2. Frequency- and temperature-dependent alternating-current (ac) magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed slow magnetic relaxation for 1 and 2 at an applied dc field. Finally, the magnetic properties of 1 and 2 were compared to those of other Co(II) complexes with a [CoAB₃] moiety.

A cyclic divalent N(I) species isoelectronic to carbodiphosphoranes

The formation of a rare type of diphosphazenium cation is described. Its synthesis features a unique oxidative dealkylation of an iminophosphorane-phosphole by a silver(I) salt. DFT study of this compound reveals the low valent character of the N(I) center.

What controls the magnetic anisotropy in heptacoordinate high-spin cobalt(II) complexes? A theoretical perspective

The magnetic anisotropy of sixteen seven-coordinate high-spin Co^II complexes with O, N, Cl and I donors was investigated with state-of-the-art ab initio CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations and compared with experimental data. Based on the nature of the equatorial and axial ligands, which were found to tune the zero-field splitting, the complexes were classified into four groups. The experimental zero-field splitting parameters D which, for the various structures are in a range of +30 to +60 cm^-1, as well as the g and E values are well reproduced. The investigation of the electronic structure shows that in these pentagonal bipyramidal complexes the donors and symmetry in the equatorial plane play an important role in the values of the axial zero-field splitting parameter D, and breaking of the horizontal plane of symmetry was found to enhance the magnitude of the D value. Although negative values of D are a desired condition for SIMs, many Co^II based SIMs with positive zero-field splitting are fundamentally important to understand the nature of magnetic anisotropy, and seven coordinate Co^II complexes with a large overall crystal field splitting might provide a way forward in this class of molecules.

Trigonally Distorted Hexacoordinate Co(II) Single-Ion Magnets

By simple reactions involving various cobalt(II) carboxylates (acetate and in situ prepared pivalate and 4-hydroxybenzoate salts) and neocuproine (neo), we were able to prepare three different carboxylate complexes with the general formula [Co(neo)(RCOO)₂] (R = –CH₃ for 1, (CH₃)₃C– for 2, and 4OH-C₄H₆– for 3). The [Co(neo)(RCOO)₂] molecules in the crystal structures of 1–3 adopt a rather distorted coordination environment, with the largest trigonal distortion observed for 1, whereas 2 and 3 are similarly distorted from ideal octahedral geometry. The combined theoretical and experimental investigations of magnetic properties revealed that the spin Hamiltonian formalism was not a valid approach and the L-S Hamiltonian had to be used to reveal very large magnetic anisotropies for 1–3. The measurements of AC susceptibility showed that all three compounds exhibited slow-relaxation of magnetization in a weak external static magnetic field, and thus can be classified as field-induced single-ion magnets. It is noteworthy that 1 also exhibits a weak AC signal in a zero-external magnetic field.

The rationalized pathway from field-induced slow magnetic relaxation in CoII–WIV chains to single-chain magnetism in isotopological CoII–WV analogues

The change of the oxidation state from WIV to WV in isotopological CoII–[W(CN)8]n− chains leads to the appearence of pronounced single-chain magnet behaviour.

Magnetic anisotropies and slow magnetic relaxation of three tetrahedral tetrakis(pseudohalido)–cobalt(ii) complexes

Magnetic anisotropies and slow magnetic relaxation of three homoleptic cobalt(ii) complexes with different pseudohalide ligands were studied via magnetometry, HFEPR and theoretical calculations.

Slow magnetic relaxation and water oxidation activity of dinuclear CoIICoIII and unique triangular CoIICoIICoIII mixed-valence complexes

Construction of efficient multifunctional materials is one of the greatest challenges of our time. We herein report the magnetic and catalytic characterization of dinuclear [CoIIICoII(HL1)2(EtOH)(H2O)]Cl·2H2O (1) and trinuclear [CoIIICoII2(HL2)2(L2)Cl2]·3H2O (2) mixed valence complexes. Relevant structural features of the complexes have been mentioned to correlate with their magnetic and catalytic properties. Unique structural features, especially in terms of significant distortions around the CoII centre(s), prompted us to test both spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and zero field splitting (ZFS) methodologies for the systems. The positive sign of D values has been established from X-band EPR spectra recorded in the 5-40 K temperature range and reaffirmed by CAS/NEVPT2 calculations. ZFS tensors are also extracted for the compounds along with CoIIGaIII and CoIIZnIICoIII model species. Interestingly, 1 shows slow relaxation of magnetization below 6.5 K in the presence of a 1000 Oe external dc field with two relaxation processes (Ueff = 37.0 K with τ0 = 1.57 × 10-8 s for the SR process and Ueff = 7 K with τ0 = 1.66 × 10-6 s for the FR process). As mixed valence cobalt complexes with various nuclearities are central to the quest for water oxidation catalysts, we were prompted to explore their features and to our surprise, water oxidation ability has been realized for both 1 and 2 with significant nuclearity control.

Bulky Schiff-base ligand supported Co(ii) single-ion magnets with zero-field slow magnetic relaxation

Two mononuclear Co(ii) complexes with tetrahedral coordination geometry have been constructed from different bulky Schiff-base ligands. Both complexes exhibit slow magnetic relaxation without a static field and their relaxation behaviors can be tuned by ligand substitution. Clear magnetic hysteresis loops were observed for both complexes at 2 K.

Tuning Magnetic Anisotropy in a Class of Co(II) Bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) Complexes

Tuning the magnetic anisotropy of metal ions remains highly interesting in the design of improved single-molecule magnets (SMMs). We herein report synthetic, structural, magnetic, and computational studies of four mononuclear Co^II complexes, namely [Co(hfac)₂ (MeCN)₂ ] (1), [Co(hfac)₂ (Spy)₂ ] (2), [Co(hfac)₂ (MBIm)₂ ] (3), and [Co(hfac)₂ (DMF)₂ ] (4) (MeCN=acetonitrile, hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetone, Spy=4-styrylpyridine, MbIm=5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide), with distorted octahedral geometry constructed from hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfac) and various axial ligands. By a building block approach, complexes 2-4 were synthesized by recrystallization of the starting material of 1 from various ligands containing solution. Magnetic and theoretical studies reveal that 1-4 possess large positive D values and relative small E parameters, indicating easy-plane magnetic anisotropy with significant rhombic anisotropy in 1-4. Dynamic alternative current (ac) magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that these complexes exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under external fields, suggesting field-induced single-ion magnets (SIMs) of 1-4. These results provide a promising platform to achieve fine tuning of magnetic anisotropy through varying the axial ligands based on Co(II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complexes.

Correlating magnetic anisotropy with the subtle coordination geometry variation of a series of cobalt(ii)-sulfonamide complexes

Systematic substitution on the N-(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)-sulfonamide ligand leads to the subtle variation of the CoN4 coordination geometry in a series of cobalt(ii) complexes sharing the common formula of Co[R1(C6N2H5)R2]2, where R1 = H, R2 = 4-tert-butylphenylsulfonyl (tBuphs) 1, R2 = 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl (DNps) 2, R2 = mesitylsulfonyl (Ms) 3, R2 = tosyl (Tos) 4, and R2 = naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl (Nps) 5; R1 = Me, R2 = tBuphs 6. Magnetic studies show that the axial zero-field splitting parameter (D) is subtlely correlated with the coordination geometric variation subjected to the peripheral substituted groups. Specifically, the distortion from the ideal tetrahedral geometry (Td symmetry) to the seesaw geometry (D2d symmetry) increases uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The degree of distortion measured by the continuous symmetry measure (CSM) shows that a narrow interval of CSM (6-7), which corresponds to 14-15 degree deviation from the standard tetrahedron, is ideal for maximising the D value in this coordination geometry, while the direction of the D tensor is less sensitive to such a structural variation.

Zero-Field Slow Magnetic Relaxation and Hysteresis Loop in Four-Coordinate CoII Single-Ion Magnets with Strong Easy-Axis Anisotropy

Two mononuclear tetrahedral Co(II) complexes (HNEt₃)₂[Co(L¹)₂]·H₂O (1) and (Bu₄N)₂[Co(L²)₂]·H₂O (2) (H₂L¹ = N,N'-bis(p-toluenesulfony1)oxamide, H₂L² = N,N'-diphenyloxamide) have been synthesized, and their structures have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both complexes adopt distorted tetrahedral coordination geometries surrounding the Co(II) center, which is ligated by two doubly deprotonated oxamide ligands oriented perpendicularly to each other. Their axial magnetic anisotropies were revealed by the direct current (dc) magnetic measurements, high-field and high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance, and theoretical calculations. Both complexes display slow magnetic relaxation in the absence of an applied dc field. Upon the application of the 0.15 T dc field, the quantum tunneling of magnetization is efficiently suppressed. In addition, both complexes display hysteresis loops with different field sweep rates at 1.8 K, which is rarely observed for Co(II) single-ion magnets (SIMs).

Magnetic anisotropy and slow magnetic relaxation processes of cobalt(ii)-pseudohalide complexes

Three mononuclear six-coordinate Co(ii)-pseudohalide complexes [Co(L)X2] with two N-donor pseudohalido coligands occupying the cis-positions (X = NCS- (1), NCSe- (2) or N(CN)2- (3)), and a five-coordinate complex [Co(L)(NCO)][B(C6H5)4] (4) [L = 1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (12-TMC)] have been prepared and structurally characterized. Easy-plane magnetic anisotropy for 1-3 and easy-axis anisotropy for 4 were revealed via the analyses of the direct-current magnetic data, high-frequency and -field EPR (HFEPR) spectra and ab initio theoretical calculations. They display slow magnetic relaxations under an external applied dc field. Typically, two slow relaxation processes were found in 1 and 2 while only one relaxation process occurs in 3 and 4. The Raman-like mechanism is found to be dominant in the studied temperature range in 1. For 2-4, the Raman process is dominant in the low temperature region, while the Orbach mechanism dominates in the high temperature range.

From mononuclear to two-dimensional cobalt(ii) complexes based on a mixed benzimidazole–dicarboxylate strategy: syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties

Three cobalt(ii) complexes with diverse structure dimensions based on a mixed benzimidazole–dicarboxylate strategy have been synthesized hydrothermally and characterized structurally and magnetically.

Field-induced slow relaxation of magnetization in the S = 3/2 octahedral complexes trans-[Co{(OPPh2)(EPPh2)N}2(dmf)2], E = S, Se: effects of Co–Se vs. Co–S coordination

Magnetometry studies on octahedral trans-[Co{(OPPh₂)(EPPh₂)N}₂(dmf)₂], E = S, Se, complexes.

Slow magnetization dynamics in Co(ii)/Co(iii) triethanolamine/pivalate complexes

We report the synthesis, structural characterization and a combined computational and experimental study of the magnetic properties of two pivalate cobalt complexes, a mononuclear Co(ii) one and a tetranuclear Co(ii)₃Co(iii) mixed valence polynuclear one. The latter shows SMM behaviour revealed under an applied DC field with a thermal barrier of ca. 30 cm^-1 competing with direct and Raman relaxation processes. The Orbach thermal barrier can be understood from the doublets energy ladder arising from the anisotropic exchange interaction among ground S_eff = 1/2 of each Co(ii) sites. The strong local zero-field splitting of the S = 3/2 Co(ii) states affords these well isolated ground Kramers doublets. DC and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements as well as HF-EPR spectra support this interpretation. CASSCF quantum chemical computations have been also performed in order to aid the overall comprehension of the magnetic behaviour in the reported complexes.

Hierarchical Assembly of a {Co24} Cluster from Two Vertex-Fused {Co13} Clusters and Their Single-Molecule Magnetism

We present the synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of two high-nuclearity cobalt clusters formulated as [Co₁₃(μ₃-OH)₃(μ₃-Cl)(dpbt)₅(ptd)Cl₁₀][Co(H₂O)₂Cl₂]·(CH₃)₂CHOH (1) and [Co₂₄(μ₃-OH)₆(μ₃-Cl)₂(dpbt)₁₀(ptd)₂Cl₁₆]·2CH₃CH₂OH (2), respectively (H₂dpbt = 5,5'-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-3,3'-bis(1,2,4-triazole) and H₂ptd = 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,6-diol). Compound 1 is composed of an inner [Co₄(μ₃-OH)₃(μ₃-Cl)] cubane and an outer [Co₉(dpbt)₅(ptd)Cl₁₀] defective adamantane. Compound 2 reveals a giant {Co₂₄} cluster possessing a dual-[Co₁₂] skeleton from 1. The hierarchical assembly from 1 to 2 has been established and tracked through high-resolution electrospray ionization (HRESI-MS) analyses from the solvothermal reaction mother solution. Magnetic studies of 1 and 2 revealed the highly correlated spins, a glasslike magnetic phase transition at ca. 8 K, and slow relaxation behavior of SMM nature in the lower-temperature region (below 4 K).

Single Ion Magnets from 3d to 5f: Developments and Strategies

Single-ion magnets (SIMs), exhibiting slow magnetization relaxation in the absence of the magnetic field, originate from their single spin-carrier centre. In pursuit of high-performance magnetic properties, such as high spin-reversal barrier and high blocking temperature, various metal centres were investigated to establish SIMs, including 3d and 5d transition metal ions, 4f lanthanide ions, and 5f actinide ions, which possess unique zero-field splitting and magnetic properties. Therefore, proper ligand field is of great importance to different types of metals. In the given great breakthroughs since the first SIM, [Pc₂ Tb]^- (Pc=dianion of phthalocyanine), was reported, strategies of ligand field design have emerged. In this review, the developments of SIMs with different metal centres are summarized, as well as the possible strategies.

Magnetic relaxation in cobalt(ii)-based single-ion magnets influenced by distortion of the pseudotetrahedral [N2O2] coordination environment

Cobalt(ii) complexes with different dihedral angles between the bidentate ligands show a significant variation in their magnetic relaxation behavior.

Fine-tuning the effects of auxiliary ligands on two trigonal-bipyramid cobalt(ii) complexes exhibiting field-induced slow magnetic relaxation

Two trigonal-bipyramid cobalt(ii) complexes exhibit field-induced slow magnetic relaxation effects due to their auxiliary ligands.

Impact of nuclearity and topology on the single molecule magnet behaviour of hexaazatrinaphtylene-based cobalt complexes

A hexaazatrinaphtylene-based transition metal complex that exhibits single molecule magnet behaviour is reported herein. This study reveals the influence of both nuclearity and topology on the magnetic properties of hexaazatrinaphtylene-based complexes.

Determination of zero-field splitting in Co2+ halide complexes with magnetic and far-IR measurements

The ZFS parameters are determined by magnetic measurements and far-infrared magneto-transmission spectra for Co²⁺ complexes with halide substitutes.

Probing the influence of molecular symmetry on the magnetic anisotropy of octahedral cobalt(ii) complexes

A series of field-induced cobalt(ii) SIMs exhibit varying axial zero-field splitting parameter D values from positive to negative with the increased distortion of the octahedral geometry.