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Gámez-Valenzuela S, Torres-Moya I, Sánchez A, Donoso B, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Prieto P, Ponce Ortiz R. Extended π-Conjugation and Structural Planarity Effects of Symmetrical D-π-A-π-D Naphthalene and Perylene Diimide Semiconductors on n-type Electrical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301639. [PMID: 37265227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) compounds based on naphthalendiimide (NDI) and perylenediimide (PDI) central cores combined with triphenylamine and phenylcarbazole donor groups have been synthesized, characterized and tested in top-contact/bottom gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The results showed high electron mobilities, up to 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 , in the case of NDI derivatives and moderate values of around 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for PDI-based semiconductors. Quantum chemical calculations were performed in order to support the experimental data. The results suggest that adequate molecular characteristics and larger crystalline domains in NDI vs. PDI semiconducting films may be the reasons behind the enhanced electrical properties of NDI derivatives. Furthermore, when the lateral donor substituents are triphenylamine groups, the mobilities were slightly higher in comparison to phenylcarbazole donor groups due to an improved electron-donating character. Other characterization techniques, such as AFM, X-ray diffraction or spectroelectrochemistry, among others, have been performed to analyze supramolecular order, charge carriers' nature and stability, parameters closely related to charge transport characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gámez-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia Campus of Espinardo, Murcia, 30005, Spain
| | - Abelardo Sánchez
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Beatriz Donoso
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | | | - M Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Castilla-La Mancha-IRICA, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
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2
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Tian X, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Nitrogen-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a one-pot Suzuki coupling/intramolecular S NAr reaction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:284-290. [PMID: 36687343 PMCID: PMC9811559 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new method for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped (N-doped) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a Suzuki coupling/intramolecular SNAr cascade reaction. A one- or two-fold [3 + 3] naphtho-annulation of halogenated aniline was conducted under Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling conditions to yield a series of fully fused N-doped PAHs. In contrast to reported methods to synthesize pyridinic or pyrrolic nitrogen-doped PAHs, our method enables preparation of PAHs doped with graphitic nitrogen, for which few reports are known in the literature. The crystal structure as well as absorption, fluorescence and electrochemical properties of these N-doped PAHs were investigated, which demonstrated the capability of N-doping to adjust optical and electronic properties and alter the LUMO energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Tian
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische ChemieAm HublandWürzburg 97074Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische ChemieAm HublandWürzburg 97074Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische ChemieAm HublandWürzburg 97074Germany,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-WegWürzburg 97074Germany
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3
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Akhmetov V, Feofanov M, Ruppenstein C, Lange J, Sharapa D, Krstić M, Hampel F, Kataev EA, Amsharov K. Acenaphthenoannulation Induced by the Dual Lewis Acidity of Alumina. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200584. [PMID: 35313382 PMCID: PMC9321853 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have discovered a dual (i. e., soft and hard) Lewis acidity of alumina that enables rapid one‐pot π‐extension through the activation of terminal alkynes followed by C−F activation. The tandem reaction introduces an acenaphthene fragment – an essential moiety of geodesic polyarenes. This reaction provides quick access to elusive non‐alternant polyarenes such as π‐extended buckybowls and helicenes through three‐point annulation of the 1‐(2‐ethynyl‐6‐fluorophenyl)naphthalene moiety. The versatility of the developed method was demonstrated by the synthesis of unprecedented structural fragments of elusive geodesic graphene nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Akhmetov
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Mikhail Feofanov
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Cordula Ruppenstein
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Josefine Lange
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Dmitry Sharapa
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen–Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Evgeny A. Kataev
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen–Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
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4
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Pigulski B, Ximenis M, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by palladium-catalysed [3 + 3] annulation. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00968g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new [3 + 3] annulation method for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from two smaller aromatic fragments is reported. Packing structures for four products were obtained and relation to that of parent perylene was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Ximenis
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
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6
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Mahl M, Shoyama K, Rühe J, Grande V, Würthner F. Tetrachlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Dicarboximides: New Electron-Poor π-Scaffolds and NIR Emitters by Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation Reaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:9409-9416. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Mahl
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jessica Rühe
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vincenzo Grande
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodori-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodori-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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7
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Shoyama K, Mahl M, Seifert S, Würthner F. A General Synthetic Route to Polycyclic Aromatic Dicarboximides by Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5339-5346. [PMID: 29498286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a general method for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic dicarboximides (PADIs) by palladium-catalyzed annulation of naphthalene dicarboximide to different types of aromatic substrates. Reaction conditions were optimized by systematic variation of ligand, solvent, and additive. It was shown that solvent has a decisive effect on the yield of the reaction products, and thus 1-chloronaphthalene as solvent afforded the highest yield. By applying the optimized reaction conditions, a broad series of planar carbo- and heterocycle containing PADIs were synthesized in up to 97% yield. Moreover, this approach could be applied to curved aromatic scaffold to achieve the respective bowl-shaped PADI. Two-fold annulation was accomplished by employing arene diboronic esters, affording polycyclic aromatic bis(dicarboximides). The optical and electrochemical properties of this broad series of PADIs were explored as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Magnus Mahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Sabine Seifert
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
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8
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Li L, Hong YJ, Lin Y, Xiao WC, Lin MJ. An electron-deficient nanosized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with enhanced anion–π interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11941-11944. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06522e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A super-electron-deficient nano-sized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with six imide groups at the corners has been synthesized, which exhibited enhanced anion–π interactions with various anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | | | - Yun Lin
- Testing Centre, Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Wang-Chuan Xiao
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering
- Sanming Institute of Fluorochemical Industry
- Sanming University
- China
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9
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Zhylitskaya H, Stępień M. Carbocyclization approaches to electron-deficient nanographenes and their analogues. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00423d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Versatile π-aromatic building blocks and selective coupling transformations enable rapid assembly of complex electron-deficient molecules, useful as n-type organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14
- Poland
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10
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Feng J, Jiang W, Wang Z. Synthesis and Application of Rylene Imide Dyes as Organic Semiconducting Materials. Chem Asian J 2017; 13:20-30. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Feng
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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11
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Uersfeld D, Stappert S, Li C, Müllen K. Practical Syntheses of Terrylene Chromophores from Naphthalene and Perylene Building Blocks. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Uersfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Stappert
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Chen Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering; Dongguan University of Technology; No. 1, Daxue Rd., Songshan Lake Dongguan Guangdong Province People's Republic of China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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12
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Shoyama K, Schmidt D, Mahl M, Würthner F. Electron-Poor Bowl-Shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Dicarboximides: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Optical and Redox Properties. Org Lett 2017; 19:5328-5331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magnus Mahl
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Seifert S, Schmidt D, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Base-Selective Five- versus Six-Membered Ring Annulation in Palladium-Catalyzed C-C Coupling Cascade Reactions: New Access to Electron-Poor Polycyclic Aromatic Dicarboximides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Seifert
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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14
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Seifert S, Schmidt D, Shoyama K, Würthner F. Base-Selective Five- versus Six-Membered Ring Annulation in Palladium-Catalyzed C-C Coupling Cascade Reactions: New Access to Electron-Poor Polycyclic Aromatic Dicarboximides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7595-7600. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Seifert
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Universität Würzburg; Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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15
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Feng J, Liang N, Jiang W, Meng D, Xin R, Xu B, Zhang J, Wei Z, Hou J, Wang Z. Twisted terrylene dyes: synthesis and application in organic solar cells. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two twisted terrylene diimides as non-fullerene acceptors for solar cells have been designed with a resulting power conversion efficiency of 3.64%.
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