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Marques AM, Brito LDC, Mendonça SC, Gomes BA, Camillo FDC, Silva GWDSE, Sampaio ALF, Leitão SG, Figueiredo MR. An Integrated Strategy of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Combined with Bioactivity-Based Molecular Networking for Identification of Antitumoral Withanolides from Athenaea fasciculata (Vell.) I.M.C. Rodrigues & Stehmann. Molecules 2024; 29:4357. [PMID: 39339351 PMCID: PMC11434275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athenaea fasciculata, a Brazilian native species from the Solanaceae family, is recognized as a promising source of bioactive withanolides, particularly Aurelianolide A and B, which exhibit significant antitumoral activities. Despite its potential, research on the chemical constituents of this species remains limited. This study aimed to dereplicate extracts and partitions of A. fasciculata to streamline the discovery of bioactive withanolides. METHODS Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), various extracts-including n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol-were analyzed, and their mass spectrometry data were processed through the GNPS platform for the generation of molecular networking. The results indicated that crude extracts displayed comparable cytotoxicity against Jurkat cells, by treatment at 150 µg/mL, while alcoholic extracts achieved approximately 80% inhibition of K562 cells and K562-Lucena 1 at the same concentration. Notably, the dichloromethane partition exhibited the highest cytotoxicity across leukemia cell lines, particularly against Jurkat cells (IC50 = 14.34 µg/mL). A total of 22 compounds were annotated by manual inspection and different libraries, with six of them demonstrating significant cytotoxic effects. CONCLUSIONS This research underscores the therapeutic potential of A. fasciculata and highlights the effectiveness of integrating advanced analytical methods in drug discovery, paving the way for further exploration of its bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mesquita Marques
- Department of Natural Products, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Sizenando Nabuco 100 st, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (A.M.M.); (F.d.C.C.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Lavinia de Carvalho Brito
- Department of Natural Products, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Sizenando Nabuco 100 st, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (A.M.M.); (F.d.C.C.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Simony Carvalho Mendonça
- Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Center of Health Sciences (CCS), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (B.A.G.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Brendo Araujo Gomes
- Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Center of Health Sciences (CCS), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (B.A.G.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Flávia da Cunha Camillo
- Department of Natural Products, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Sizenando Nabuco 100 st, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (A.M.M.); (F.d.C.C.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Gustavo Werneck de Souza e Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (G.W.d.S.e.S.); (A.L.F.S.)
| | - André Luiz Franco Sampaio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (G.W.d.S.e.S.); (A.L.F.S.)
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Center of Health Sciences (CCS), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (B.A.G.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Maria Raquel Figueiredo
- Department of Natural Products, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Sizenando Nabuco 100 st, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (A.M.M.); (F.d.C.C.); (M.R.F.)
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Gribble GW. A Survey of Recently Discovered Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1285-1305. [PMID: 38375796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of naturally occurring organohalogen compounds has increased astronomically in the 55 years since they were first discovered─from fewer than 50 in 1968 to a combined 7,958 described examples in three comprehensive reviews. The present survey, which covers the period 2021-2023, brings the number of known natural organohalogens to approximately 8,400. The organization is according to species origin, and coverage includes marine and terrestrial plants, fungi, bacteria, marine sponges, corals, cyanobacteria, tunicates, and other marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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3
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Zhang Q, Yuan Y, Cao S, Kang N, Qiu F. Withanolides: Promising candidates for cancer therapy. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1104-1158. [PMID: 38176694 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Natural products have played a significant role throughout history in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases, particularly cancers. As a natural product primarily derived from various medicinal plants in the Withania genus, withanolides have been shown in several studies to exhibit potential activities in cancer treatment. Consequently, understanding the molecular mechanism of withanolides could herald the discovery of new anticancer agents. Withanolides have been studied widely, especially in the last 20 years, and attracted the attention of numerous researchers. Currently, over 1200 withanolides have been classified, with approximately a quarter of them having been reported in the literature to be able to modulate the survival and death of cancer cells through multiple avenues. To what extent, though, has the anticancer effects of these compounds been studied? How far are they from being developed into clinical drugs? What are their potential, characteristic features, and challenges? In this review, we elaborate on the current knowledge of natural compounds belonging to this class and provide an overview of their natural sources, anticancer activity, mechanism of action, molecular targets, and implications for anticancer drug research. In addition, direct targets and clinical research to guide the design and implementation of future preclinical and clinical studies to accelerate the application of withanolides have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - YongKang Yuan
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Kang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhang JF, Wu SF, Zhu L, Cai YX, Yu ZP, Kong LY, Luo JG. Withanolides from Physalis angulata var. villosa and the Relative Configurational Revision of Some Known Analogs. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:38-49. [PMID: 38207331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Physalis angulata var. villosa is a plant possessing abundant withanolides, but in-depth research is lacking. In our ongoing study of P. angulata var. villosa, 15 previously undescribed withanolides (1-15), along with 21 known analogs (16-36), were isolated from the whole plant. The structures of the withanolides (1-15) were elucidated based on analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD data. Additionally, the application of γ-gauche effects with the help of ROESY correlations led to the formulation of empirical rules for withanolides with 14-OH/15-OAc to rapidly determine the 14-OH orientations, making it possible to propose configurational revisions of 19 previously reported analogs (1'-19'). Withanolides 1, 4-6, and 10 showed potent cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, MDA-MB-231, and A549).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Fang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xing Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Peng Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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5
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Chemical constituents from the stems of Physalis pubescens L. (Solanaceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2023.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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6
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Mahana A, Hammoda HM, Harraz FM, Shawky E. Metabolomics combined to chemometrics reveals the putative α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory metabolites of ground cherry (Physalis pruinosa L.). Food Res Int 2022; 161:111903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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8
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Abstract
Covering: March 2010 to December 2020. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 705This review summarizes the latest progress and perspectives on the structural classification, biological activities and mechanisms, metabolism and pharmacokinetic investigations, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and structural modifications, as well as future research directions of the promising natural withanolides. The literature from March 2010 to December 2020 is reviewed, and 287 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yang Xia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China. .,Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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9
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Wang CF, Xu WJ, Xu Y, Wang YX, Liu JQ. Transcriptomic analyses reveal antiinflammatory mechanism of withanolides derived from the fruits of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2568-2578. [PMID: 33350549 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In China, the fruits of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii, which are conventionally utilized as edible berry, have attracted wide attention due to its significant biological activities. In the present study, phytochemical studies on the fruits of Physalis plants afforded six compounds, including two new withanolides (1-2) and four known agnologues (3-6). The inhibitory effects of these compounds on the formation of nitric oxide (NO) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated. Physapubescin M (1), with IC50 value of 1.58 μM, was selected for further study. The protein expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and LPS-induced production of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) were reduced by physapubescin M (1) in a dose-dependent way. In addition, transcriptomic analyses were conducted to profile gene expression alterations in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells upon treatment of physapubescin M (1) and the potential antiinflammatory mechanism of withnolides was mentioned. These results provide broad view to the underlying antiinflammatory mechanism of withnolides, and give a theoretical basis for the utilization of the fruits of P. alkekengi L. var. franchetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Fang Wang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wen Juan Xu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yi Xuan Wang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jie Qing Liu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
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10
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Wang G, Xu L, Liu W, Xu W, Mu Y, Wang Z, Huang X, Li L. New anti-inflammatory withanolides from Physalis pubescens fruit. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Zhang M, Jiang B, He X, Cao S, Ding L, Kang N, Chen L, Qiu F. New cytotoxic withanolides from Physalis minima. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104728. [PMID: 32949648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Physalis minima led to the isolation of six new withanolides, including physaminilides HK (1-4), two artificial withanolides (5-6), and 19 known ones (7-25). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including NMR and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. The isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against A375 human melanoma cells. Compounds 1, 8-9, 12-13, 15-17 and 19 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities with IC50 values in the range of 1.2-7.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Benke Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinya He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Kang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang M, Zhang B, Guang C, Jiang B, He X, Cao S, Ding L, Kang N, Chen L, Qiu F. New withanolides from Physalis minima and their cytotoxicity against A375 human melanoma cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22819-22827. [PMID: 35514550 PMCID: PMC9054647 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The new withanolides physaminilide A–G (1–7), and two artificial withanolides (8–9) were isolated from Physalis minima. Compounds 2, 5 and 8 exhibited significant cytotoxicity towards human tumor cells.
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Huang M, He JX, Hu HX, Zhang K, Wang XN, Zhao BB, Lou HX, Ren DM, Shen T. Withanolides from the genus Physalis: a review on their phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:649-669. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Withanolides are a group of modified C28 ergostane-type steroids with a C-22, C-26 δ-lactone side chain or a C-23, C-26 γ-lactone side chain. They enjoy a limited distribution in the plant kingdom and predominantly occur in several genera of Solanaceae. Of which, the genus Physalis is an important resource for this type of natural molecules. The present review aims to comprehensively illustrate the structural characteristics and classification of withanolides, and particularly focus on the progression on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of withanolides from Physalis ranging from January 2015 to June 2019.
Key findings
Approximately 351 natural withanolides with novel and unique structures have so far been identified from genus Physalis, mainly isolated from the species of P. angulata and P. peruviana. Withanolides demonstrated diverse biological activity, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity. Their observed pharmacological functions supported the uses of Physalis species in traditional or folk medicines.
Summary
Due to their unique structure skeleton and potent bioactivities, withanolides are regarded to be promising drug candidates, particularly for developing anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Further investigations for discovering novel withanolides of genus Physalis, exploiting their pharmacological values and evaluating their potency as therapeutic agents are significant work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Xiang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hui-Xin Hu
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wang
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bao-Bing Zhao
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong-Mei Ren
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Yang KY, Wu CR, Zheng MZ, Tang RT, Li XZ, Chen LX, Li H. Physapubescin I from husk tomato suppresses SW1990 cancer cell growth by targeting kidney-type glutaminase. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stein A, Compera D, Karge B, Brönstrup M, Franke J. Isolation and characterisation of irinans, androstane-type withanolides from Physalis peruviana L. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2003-2012. [PMID: 31501667 PMCID: PMC6720484 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Withanolides are steroidal lactones widespread in Nightshade plants with often potent antiproliferative activities. Additionally, the structural diversity of this compound class holds much potential for the discovery of novel biological activity. Here, we report two newly characterised withanolides, named irinans, from Physalis peruviana with highly unusual truncated backbones that resemble mammalian androstane sex hormones. Based on biomimetic chemical reactions, we propose a model that links these compounds to withanolide biosynthesis. Irinans have potent antiproliferative activities, that are however lower than those of 4ß-hydroxywithanolide E. Our work establishes androwithanolides as a new subclass of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Stein
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dave Compera
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Dong B, An L, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Tuerhong M, Jin DQ, Ohizumi Y, Lee D, Xu J, Guo Y. Withanolides from Physalis peruviana showing nitric oxide inhibitory effects and affinities with iNOS. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:585-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cytotoxic Withanolides from the Whole Herb of Physalis angulata L. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081608. [PMID: 31018606 PMCID: PMC6514790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physalis angulata L. is a medicinal plant of the Solanaceae family, which is used to produce a variety of steroids. The present study reports on the cytotoxic withanolides of this plant. The species of Physalis angulata L. was identified by DNA barcoding techniques. Two new withanolides (1–2), together with six known analogues (3–8), were isolated from the whole plant of Physalis angulata L. The structures of these new compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The withanolides exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against A549, Hela and p388 cell lines. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 induced typical apoptotic cell death in A549 cell line according to the evaluation of the apoptosis-inducing activity by flow cytometric analysis.
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Fan Y, Mao Y, Cao S, Xia G, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Qiu F, Kang N. S5, a Withanolide Isolated from Physalis Pubescens L., Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest via the EGFR/P38 Pathway in Human Melanoma A375 Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:E3175. [PMID: 30513793 PMCID: PMC6321527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S5 is a withanolide natural product isolated from Physalis pubescens L. Our previous experimental studies found that it has significant antitumor activity on renal cell carcinoma. In the present study, the anti-melanoma effect of S5 and the related molecular mechanism was first investigated. It was found that S5 induced an obvious growth inhibitory effect on human melanoma A375 cells with low toxicity to human peripheral blood cells. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the cell death mode of S5 on A375 cells is not due to inducing apoptosis and autophagy. However, there was a significant time-dependent increase in G2/M phase after treatment of A375 with S5. Meanwhile, S5 could also decrease the protein expression of Cdc25c, Cdc2, and CyclinB1, and increased the expression of p-P53 and P21, suggesting that S5 inhibited A375 cell death through G2/M phase arrest. Moreover, the signal pathway factors P38, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were observed taking part in the S5-induced A375 cells growth inhibitory effect. In addition, suppressing P38 and EGFR reversed the cell proliferation inhibitory effect and G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by S5 and inhibition of EGFR enhanced the downregulation of the expression of P38 and p-P38, indicating that S5 induced A375 G2/M arrest through the EGFR/P38 pathway. Briefly, this study explained for the first time the mechanism of S5-induced A375 cell growth inhibition in order to provide the basis for its clinical application in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Yiwei Mao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Shijie Cao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Guiyang Xia
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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19
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Natural Yellow Pigment from Physalis pubescens L. and Its Antioxidant Activities. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/7861639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physalis pubescens L. is rich in natural pigments but has not yet been fully utilized. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of yellow pigment from Physalis pubescens L. was investigated by response surface methodology in this study. Optimal parameters were ultrasonic power of 29.21%, ultrasonic time of 14.41 min, and ultrasonic interval time of 10.55 s. The yield was 0.193% under optimal parameters. FRAP, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activity of the yellow pigment were 6.11 ± 0.22 mmol/g, 2.80 ± 0.27 mmol/g, and 57281.5 ± 2749.5 U/g, respectively. The results showed that the yield of yellow pigment could be improved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and the yellow pigment extracted by ultrasound had antioxidant activity.
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20
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Xia GY, Yao T, Zhang BY, Li Y, Kang N, Cao SJ, Ding LQ, Chen LX, Qiu F. Withapubesides A-D: natural inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitors from Physalis pubescens. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:10016-10023. [PMID: 29164214 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four new steroid glycosides, withapubesides A-D (1-4), were isolated from the stems of Physalis pubescens L. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD data analysis, respectively. Compound 3 has shown significant inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 12.8 μM and moderate cytostatic activity against human carcinoma cells (786-O, C4-2B, 22Rvl, A375 and A375S2) with IC50 values in the range of 3.05-9.47 μM. Molecular docking simulation demonstrated that 3 is bound in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) active site heme pocket very well, which suggests that 3 might be a candidate for the development of iNOS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yang Xia
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
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21
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Xu YM, Brooks AD, Wijeratne EMK, Henrich CJ, Tewary P, Sayers TJ, Gunatilaka AAL. 17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3039-3051. [PMID: 28257574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a cancer with poor prognosis, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic RCC is 5-10%. Consequently, treatment of metastatic RCC represents an unmet clinical need. Screening of a 50 000-member library of natural and synthetic compounds for sensitizers of RCC cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis led to identification of the 17β-hydroxywithanolide (17-BHW), withanolide E (1), as a promising lead. To explore structure-activity relationships, we obtained natural and semisynthetic withanolides 1, 2a, 2c, and 3-36 and compared their ability to sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in a panel of renal carcinoma cells. Our findings revealed that 17-BHWs with a α-oriented side chain are superior to known TRAIL-sensitizing withanolides belonging to withaferin A class with a β-oriented side chain and demonstrated that the 17-BHW scaffold can be modified to enhance sensitization of RCCs to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, thereby assisting development of natural-product-inspired drugs to treat metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Xu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Alan D Brooks
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Curtis J Henrich
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Molecular Targets Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Poonam Tewary
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Thomas J Sayers
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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22
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Xia G, Huang Y, Xia M, Wang L, Kang N, Ding L, Chen L, Qiu F. A new eremophilane glycoside from the fruits of Physalis pubescens and its cytotoxic activity. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2737-2744. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1294176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyuan Huang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Kang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqin Ding
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Qiu C, Yuan T, Sun D, Gao S, Chen L. Stereo- and region-specific biotransformation of physapubescin by four fungal strains. J Nat Med 2017; 71:449-456. [PMID: 28074432 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformations of physapubescin (1) were performed by four fungal strains-Mucor subtilissimus AS 3.2454, Mucor polymorphosporus AS 3.3443, Aspergillus niger AS 3.795, and Syncephalastrum racemosum AS 3.264. Four metabolites were prepared in the biotransformation process of 1, and their structures were elucidated as 15α-acetoxy-5,6β:22,26:24,25-triepoxy-26α-hydroxy-3β-methoxy 4β-hydroxyergost-1-one (2), 15α-acetoxy-5,6β:22,26-diepoxy-4β,24β,25α,26(α, β)-tetrahydroxyergost-3β-methoxy-1-one (3a/3b), 15α-acetoxy-5,6β:22,26-diepoxy-4β,24β,25α,26(α, β)-tetrahydroxyergost-2-en-1-one (4a/4b), and physapubescin D (5), by spectroscopic data analysis. Among them, metabolites 2 and 3 are new. All of these fungal strains showed the ability to be highly stereo- and region-specific for the bioconversion of substrate (1). Our research provides a reference for the structural derivatization of withanolides or possibly even other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyue Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Suyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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24
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Xia G, Li Y, Sun J, Wang L, Tang X, Lin B, Kang N, Huang J, Chen L, Qiu F. Withanolides from the stems and leaves of Physalis pubescens and their cytotoxic activity. Steroids 2016; 115:136-146. [PMID: 27623060 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A phytochemical study of Physalis pubescens L. afforded twelve compounds, including six new withanolides (1, 4, and 6i-9), four new withanolide glucosides (2, 3, 5, and 6), and two known withanolides (10 and 11). Their structures were established via extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of 3 was assigned using X-ray crystallography, and the absolute configurations of the 1,2-diol moiety in 1 were determined using the in situ dimolybdenum electronic circular dichroism method. Compounds 7, 9, and 10 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer cells (C4-2B and 22Rvl), human renal carcinoma cells (786-O, A-498, Caki-2, and ACHN), human melanoma cells (A375 and A375-S2), and human normal hepatic cell line (L02) with IC50 values in the range of 0.17-5.30μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Xia
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Kang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine and School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China.
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