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Zhang D, Li S, Fan M, Zhao C. The Novel Compounds with Biological Activity Derived from Soil Fungi in the Past Decade. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3493-3555. [PMID: 36248243 PMCID: PMC9553542 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s377921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites isolated from soil fungi have received more and more attention, especially new compounds that exhibited good biological activities. In this review, a total of 546 new compounds are included in the relevant literature since 2011. The new compounds are isolated from soil fungi, We divided these compounds into seven categories, including alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, ketones, phenylpropanoids, quinones, esters, lactones, etc. In addition, the biological activities and structure-activity relationships of these compounds have also been fully discussed. The activities of these compounds are roughly divided into eight categories, including anticancer activity, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, antiviral activity, antimalarial activity, immunosuppressive activity and other activities. Since natural products are an important source of new drugs, this review may have a positive guiding effect on drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Zhang
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoujie Li
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohan Fan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changqi Zhao
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Changqi Zhao, Tel +86-5880-5046, Email
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2
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Tong B, Belcher BP, Nomura DK, Maimone TJ. Chemical investigations into the biosynthesis of the gymnastatin and dankastatin alkaloids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8884-8891. [PMID: 34257889 PMCID: PMC8246081 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic natural products have provided fertile ground for understanding how nature inhibits protein function using covalent bond formation. The fungal strain Gymnascella dankaliensis has provided an especially interesting collection of halogenated cytotoxic agents derived from tyrosine which feature an array of reactive functional groups. Herein we explore chemical and potentially biosynthetic relationships between architecturally complex gymnastatin and dankastatin members, finding conditions that favor formation of a given scaffold from a common intermediate. Additionally, we find that multiple natural products can also be formed from aranorosin, a non-halogenated natural product also produced by Gymnascella sp. fungi, using simple chloride salts thus offering an alternative hypothesis for the origins of these compounds in nature. Finally, growth inhibitory activity of multiple members against human triple negative breast cancer cells is reported. Total synthesis sheds light on biosynthetic relationships among the chlorinated gymnastatin and dankastatin alkaloids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqi Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bridget P Belcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA.,Departments of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, Cell and Molecular Biology, The Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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3
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Induction of ambuic acid derivatives by the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis lespedezae through an OSMAC approach. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Gao Y, Stuhldreier F, Schmitt L, Wesselborg S, Guo Z, Zou K, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Liu Z, Proksch P. Induction of New Lactam Derivatives From the Endophytic Fungus Aplosporella javeedii Through an OSMAC Approach. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:600983. [PMID: 33250887 PMCID: PMC7672018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.600983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of the endophytic fungus Aplosporella javeedii on solid rice medium in presence of either 3.5% NaNO3 or 3.5% monosodium glutamate caused a significant change of the fungal metabolite pattern compared to fungal controls grown only on rice. Chemical investigation of the former fungal extracts yielded 11 new lactam derivatives, aplosporellins A-K (2-12), in addition to the known compound, pramanicin A (1). All of these compounds were not detected when the fungus was grown on rice medium without these activators thereby indicating the power of this OSMAC approach. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by one- and two- dimensional NMR spectroscopy, DFT-NMR calculations and by mass spectrometry as well as by comparison with the literature whereas the absolute configuration of the lactam core was determined by TDDFT-ECD and OR calculations. Pramanicin A (1) showed strong cytotoxicity against human lymphoma (Ramos) and leukemia (Jurkat J16) cells with IC50 values of 4.7 and 4.4 μM, respectively. Mechanistic studies indicated that 1 activates caspase-3 and induces apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Stuhldreier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Schmitt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Kun Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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5
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Aparicio-Cuevas MA, González MDC, Raja H, Rivero-Cruz I, Kurina SJ, Burdette JE, Oberlies NH, Figueroa M. Metabolites from the Marine-Facultative Aspergillus sp. MEXU 27854 and Gymnoascus hyalinosporus MEXU 29901 from Caleta Bay, Mexico. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:1649-1652. [PMID: 32390667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During our ongoing research on fungal strains from unexplored sources, the reinvestigation of the CHCl3-MeOH extract of the marine-facultative Aspergillus sp. MEXU 27854 yielded a new N-methyl cyclic pentapeptide (1) along with known butyrolactone II and PF1233 A. In addition, from the marine-facultative Gymnoascus hyalinosporus MEXU 29901, a new alternariol glucoside, 10-O-[β-D-(4-methoxyl-glucopyranosyl)]-4-O-methylalternariol (2) and known alternariol 4-O-methyl ether, alternariol and beauvericin, were isolated. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by detailed spectroscopic data, and their absolute configuration was ascertained by Marfey's analysis and HRESIMS-MS/MS data for 1, and by chemical degradation and optical rotation analysis for 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huzefa Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Isabel Rivero-Cruz
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Steven J Kurina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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6
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Tran-Cong NM, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Müller WEG, Kalscheuer R, Lin W, Liu Z, Proksch P. Induction of cryptic metabolites of the endophytic fungus Trichocladium sp. through OSMAC and co-cultivation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27279-27288. [PMID: 35529238 PMCID: PMC9070598 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Trichocladium sp. isolated from roots of Houttuynia cordata was cultured on solid rice medium, yielding a new amidepsine derivative (1) and a new reduced spiro azaphilone derivative (3) together with eight known compounds (4–11). Co-cultivation of Trichocladium sp. with Bacillus subtilis resulted in induction of a further new compound (2) and a 10-fold increase of 11 compared to the axenic fungal culture. Moreover, when the fungus was cultivated on peas instead of rice, a new sesquiterpene derivative (13) and two known compounds (12 and 14) were obtained. Addition of 2% tryptophan to rice medium led to the isolation of a new bismacrolactone (15). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR as well as by comparison with the literature. A combination of TDDFT-ECD, TDDFT-SOR, DFT-VCD and DFT-NMR calculations were applied to determine the absolute and relative configurations of 13 and 15. Compounds 7, 11 and 15 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line with IC50 values of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.2 μM, respectively. The endophytic fungus Trichocladium sp. isolated from roots of Houttuynia cordata yielded fifteen compounds including five new ones through OSMAC and co-cultivation approaches. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Michael Tran-Cong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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7
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Ariantari NP, Daletos G, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Müller WEG, Lin W, Ancheeva E, Proksch P. Expanding the chemical diversity of an endophytic fungus Bulgaria inquinans, an ascomycete associated with mistletoe, through an OSMAC approach. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25119-25132. [PMID: 35528664 PMCID: PMC9069884 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03678d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An endophytic fungus Bulgaria inquinans (isolate MSp3-1), isolated from mistletoe (Viscum album), was subjected to fermentation on solid Czapek medium. Chromatographic workup of the crude EtOAc extract yielded five new natural products (1–5). Subsequent application of the “One Strain, MAny Compounds” (OSMAC) strategy on this strain by the addition of a mixture of salts (MgSO4, NaNO3 and NaCl) to solid Czapek medium induced the accumulation of nine additional new secondary metabolites (6–13, 16), with most of them (8, 10–12) not detectable in cultures lacking the salt mixture. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of the 1D/2D NMR and HRESIMS data. The TDDFT-ECD method was applied to determine the absolute configurations of the new compounds 1, 4 and 6 as well as of the previously reported bulgarialactone B (14), for which the absolute configuration was unknown so far. The modified Mosher's method was performed to assign the absolute configurations of 12 and 13. TDDFT-ECD analysis also allowed determining the absolute configuration of (+)-epicocconone, which had an enantiomeric absolute configuration in the tricyclic moiety compared to that of bulgarialactone B (14). All the isolated metabolites were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. Compound 2 was found to possess strong cytotoxic activity against the murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y with an IC50 value of 1.8 μM, while the remaining metabolites were shown to be inactive. OSMAC approach on endophytic Bulgaria inquinans by addition of a mixture of salts (MgSO4, NaNO3 and NaCl) to solid Czapek medium induced the accumulation of new secondary metabolites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni P. Ariantari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
- Department of Pharmacy
| | - Georgios Daletos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- 4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- 4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- 100191 Beijing
- China
| | - Elena Ancheeva
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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Wang H, Eze PM, Höfert SP, Janiak C, Hartmann R, Okoye FBC, Esimone CO, Orfali RS, Dai H, Liu Z, Proksch P. Substitutedl-tryptophan-l-phenyllactic acid conjugates produced by an endophytic fungusAspergillus aculeatususing an OSMAC approach. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7863-7872. [PMID: 35539133 PMCID: PMC9078508 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00200b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Aspergillus aculeatus isolated from leaves of the papaya plant Carica papaya was fermented on solid rice medium, yielding a new l-tryptophan-l-phenyllactic acid conjugate (1) and thirteen known compounds (11, 14–25). In addition, an OSMAC approach was employed by adding eight different sodium or ammonium salts to the rice medium. Addition of 3.5% NaNO3 caused a significant change of the metabolite pattern of the fungus as indicated by HPLC analysis. Subsequent isolation yielded several new substituted l-tryptophan-l-phenyllactic acid conjugates (1–10) in addition to three known compounds (11–13), among which compounds 2–10, 12–13 were not detected in the rice control culture. All structures were unambiguously elucidated by one and two dimensional NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of the new compounds was determined by Marfey's reaction and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compounds 19–22 showed cytotoxicity against the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line with IC50 values of 3.4, 1.4, 7.3 and 23.7 μM, respectively. Indole-derived alkaloids from Aspergillus aculeatus using an OSMAC approach.![]()
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Xu D, Luo M, Liu F, Wang D, Pang X, Zhao T, Xu L, Wu X, Xia M, Yang X. Cytochalasan and Tyrosine-Derived Alkaloids from the Marine Sediment-Derived Fungus Westerdykella dispersa and Their Bioactivities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11956. [PMID: 28931947 PMCID: PMC5607321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Six new cytochalasans, designated as 18-oxo-19,20-dihydrophomacin C (1), 18-oxo-19-methoxy-19,20- dihydrophomacin C (2), 18-oxo-19-hydroxyl-19,20-dihydrophomacin C (3), 19,20-dihydrophomacin C (4), 19-methoxy-19,20-dihydrophomacin C (5), 19-hydroxyl-19,20-dihydrophomacin C (6), and one new tyrosine-derived alkaloid named as gymnastatin Z (8), together with two known compounds, phomacin B (7) and triticone D (9), were isolated from a solid-substrate fermentation culture of Westerdykella dispersa which was derived from marine sediments. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis using 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and comparison of NMR data to those of known compounds. The anti-bacterial and cytotoxic activities assays of all isolated compounds were evaluated against eight human pathogenic bacteria and five human cancer cell lines, respectively. Compound 8 exhibited moderate activity against B. subtilis with MIC values of 12.5 µg/mL, while compounds 5, 7 and 8 displayed moderate inhibitory activities against five human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG2, A549, HT-29 and SGC-7901), with IC50 values ranging from 25.6 to 83.7 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Minghe Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Fenglou Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shengyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Pang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Lulin Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xia Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Xia
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shengyang, 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
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Hemphill CFP, Sureechatchaiyan P, Kassack MU, Orfali RS, Lin W, Daletos G, Proksch P. OSMAC approach leads to new fusarielin metabolites from Fusarium tricinctum. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:726-732. [PMID: 28270687 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using the OSMAC (One Strain MAny Compounds) approach, the fungal endophyte Fusarium tricinctum was cultivated on fruit and vegetable juice-supplemented solid rice media. This led to an up to 80-fold increase in the accumulation of the new natural product fusarielin J (1), as well as to the induction of two new natural products fusarielin K (2) and fusarielin L (3) and the known derivatives fusarielins A (4) and B (5). Compounds 2-5 were not detected when the fungus was grown on rice media lacking either fruit or vegetable juice. The highest increase in the accumulation of compound 1 was observed in the presence of apple and carrot juice, whereas the stimulating effect was weaker for banana juice. Compound 1 exhibited cytotoxicity against the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780, with an IC50 value of 12.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina F Pérez Hemphill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Parichat Sureechatchaiyan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Raha S Orfali
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Georgios Daletos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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