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Cheipesh T, Mchedlov–Petrossyan N, Bogdanova L, Kharchenko D, Roshal A, Vodolazkaya N, Taranets Y, Shekhovtsov S, Rodik R, Kalchenko V. Aggregates of cationic calix[4]arenes in aqueous solution as media for governing protolytic equilibrium, fluorescence, and kinetics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Consoli GML, Granata G, Ginestra G, Marino A, Toscano G, Nostro A. Antibacterial Nanoassembled Calix[4]arene Exposing Choline Units Inhibits Biofilm and Motility of Gram Negative Bacteria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:916-922. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-C.N.R., Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ginestra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
| | - Andreana Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
| | - Giovanni Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
| | - Antonia Nostro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
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3
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Pappalardo A, Gangemi CM, Testa C, Sfrazzetto GT. Supramolecular Assemblies for Photodynamic Therapy. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210122094010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, supramolecular systems for nano-medicine, and in particular for
photodynamic therapy, have gained great attention for their uses as smart and engineered
therapeutic agents. We proposed a collection of very recent articles on supramolecular complexes
for photodynamic therapy based on different photosensitizers assembled with cyclodextrins,
cucurbiturils, calixarenes, pillararenes, or involved in nanobox and tweezer structures,
nanoparticles, aggregates and micelles, that are dynamic assemblies inspired to biological
systems. Despite the advantages of traditional Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a
non-invasive, reliable and highly selective clinical treatment for several pathological conditions,
different drawbacks are still smothering the applicability of this clinical treatment. In
this contest, a new supramolecular approach is emerging, in fact, the reversible formation of
these supramolecular assemblies, combined with the possibility to modify their dimensions and shapes in the presence
of a guest make them similar to biological macromolecules, such as proteins and enzymes. Furthermore, due to
the relatively weak and dynamic nature of supramolecular assemblies, they can undergo assembly and disassembly
very fast as well as responses to external stimuli, such as biological (e.g. enzyme activation), chemical (e.g. redox
potential or pH), and physical (e.g. temperature, light or magnetic fields). Therefore, the responsiveness of these supramolecular
assemblies represents a highly promising approach to obtain potentially personalized PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
| | - Chiara M.A. Gangemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
| | - Caterina Testa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
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Nocito G, Calabrese G, Forte S, Petralia S, Puglisi C, Campolo M, Esposito E, Conoci S. Carbon Dots as Promising Tools for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13091991. [PMID: 33919096 PMCID: PMC8122497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13091991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Diagnostic approaches and chemotherapeutic delivery based on nanotechnologies, such as nanoparticles (NPs), could be promising candidates for the new era of cancer research. Recently great attention has been received by carbon-based nanomaterials such as Carbon Dots (CDs), due their variegated physical-chemical properties that makes these systems appealing for multiple use from bioimaging, biosensing, nano-carriers for drug delivery systems to innovative therapeutic agents in photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). In this review, we report the last evidence on the application and prospects of CDs as useful nano theranostics tools for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Abstract Carbon Dots (CDs) are the latest members of carbon-based nanomaterials, which since their discovery have attracted notable attention due to their chemical and mechanical properties, brilliant fluorescence, high photostability, and good biocompatibility. Together with the ease and affordable preparation costs, these intrinsic features make CDs the most promising nanomaterials for multiple applications in the biological field, such as bioimaging, biotherapy, and gene/drug delivery. This review will illustrate the most recent applications of CDs in the biomedical field, focusing on their biocompatibility, fluorescence, low cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and theranostic properties to highlight above all their usefulness as a promising tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocito
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.C.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefano Forte
- IOM Ricerca, Viagrande, 95029 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Department of Drug Science and Health, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | | | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.C.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (S.C.)
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5
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Migliore R, Granata G, Rivoli A, Consoli GML, Sgarlata C. Binding Affinity and Driving Forces for the Interaction of Calixarene-Based Micellar Aggregates With Model Antibiotics in Neutral Aqueous Solution. Front Chem 2021; 8:626467. [PMID: 33520941 PMCID: PMC7841070 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.626467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel surfactants or drug delivery systems able to improve the performance of old-generation antibiotics is a topic of great interest. Self-assembling amphiphilic calix[4]arene derivatives provide well-defined nanostructured systems that exhibit promising features for antibiotics delivery. In this work, we investigated the capability of two micellar polycationic calix[4]arene derivatives to recognize and host ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline in neutral aqueous solution. The formation of the nanoaggregates and the host–guest equilibria were examined by nano-isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, and mono- and bi-dimensional NMR. The thermodynamic characterization revealed that the calix[4]arene-based micellar aggregates are able to effectively entrap the model antibiotics and enabled the determination of both the species and the driving forces for the molecular recognition process. Indeed, the formation of the chloramphenicol–micelle adduct was found to be enthalpy driven, whereas entropy drives the formation of the adducts with both ofloxacin and tetracycline. NMR spectra corroborated ITC data about the positioning of the antibiotics in the calixarene nanoaggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Migliore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Rivoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Carmelo Sgarlata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
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6
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Granata G, Petralia S, Forte G, Conoci S, Consoli GML. Injectable supramolecular nanohydrogel from a micellar self-assembling calix[4]arene derivative and curcumin for a sustained drug release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110842. [PMID: 32279768 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the search for soft and smart materials for nanomedicine, which is a present challenge, supramolecular nanohydrogels built on self-assembling low-molecular-weight building blocks attract interest for their structural, mechanical and functional properties. Herein, we describe a supramolecular nanohydrogel formed by a biofriendly micellar self-assembling choline-calix[4]arene derivative in the presence of curcumin, a natural and multitarget pharmacologically relevant drug. Morphology and mechanical properties of the nanohydrogel were investigated, and theoretical simulation performed to model the nanohydrogel structure. The self-healing and injectable nanohydrogel easily formed in PBS medium at physiologic pH, without using additives and organic solvents. The micellar nanohydrogel protected curcumin from rapid chemical and photochemical degradation, and slowly dissolved in curcumin-loaded micelles sustaining the drug release in a low rate. The nanohydrogel which combines the mechanical properties of a hydrogel and the benefits of a nanoscale micelle in drug delivery, appears a promising novel material for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Granata
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-C.N.R., Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Drug Science, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Yang K, Zhang Z, Du J, Li W, Pei Z. Host–guest interaction based supramolecular photodynamic therapy systems: a promising candidate in the battle against cancer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5865-5876. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes recent advances in the development of supramolecular photodynamic therapy based on host–guest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Yang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL University
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75231 Paris
| | - Jie Du
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling 712100
- P. R. China
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8
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Borah BM, Cacaccio J, Watson R, Pandey RK. Phototriggered Release of Tumor-Imaging and Therapy Agents from Lyophilized Multifunctional Polyacrylamide Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5663-5675. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ballav M. Borah
- Photolitec, LLC, 73 High Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Joseph Cacaccio
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Ramona Watson
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- Photolitec, LLC, 73 High Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Wen‐Chao Geng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong‐Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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Li X, Bai H, Yang Y, Yoon J, Wang S, Zhang X. Supramolecular Antibacterial Materials for Combatting Antibiotic Resistance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805092. [PMID: 30536445 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have emerged as a severe threat to human health. As effective antibacterial therapies, supramolecular materials display unprecedented advantages because of the flexible and tunable nature of their noncovalent interactions with biomolecules and the ability to incorporate various active agents in their platforms. Herein, supramolecular antibacterial materials are discussed using a format that focuses on their fundamental active elements and on recent advances including material selection, fabrication methods, structural characterization, and activity performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuchong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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11
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Consoli GML, Granata G, Picciotto R, Blanco AR, Geraci C, Marino A, Nostro A. Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a polycationic calix[4]arene derivative alone and in combination with antibiotics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:160-164. [PMID: 30108909 PMCID: PMC6072334 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00527j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The growing antibiotic resistance phenomenon continues to stimulate the search for new compounds and strategies to combat bacterial infections. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new polycationic macrocyclic compound (2) bearing four N-methyldiethanol ammonium groups clustered and circularly organized by a calix[4]arene scaffold. The in vitro activity of compound 2, alone and in combination with known antibiotics (ofloxacin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline), was assessed against strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538 and methicillin-resistant isolate 15), S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984 and methicillin-resistant isolate 57), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027 and antibiotic-resistant isolate 1). Calix[4]arene derivative 2 showed significant antibacterial activity against ATCC and methicillin-resistant Gram positive Staphylococci, improved the stability of tetracycline in water, and in combination with antibiotics enhanced the antibiotic efficacy against Gram negative P. aeruginosa by an additive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M L Consoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry , National Research Council (C.N.R.) , 95126 Catania , Italy .
| | - G Granata
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry , National Research Council (C.N.R.) , 95126 Catania , Italy .
| | - R Picciotto
- Laboratory of Photochemistry , Department of Drug Science , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - A R Blanco
- Alfa Intes ITS S.r.l. , Casoria , 80026 Napoli , Italy
| | - C Geraci
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry , National Research Council (C.N.R.) , 95126 Catania , Italy .
| | - A Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Polo Annunziata , Messina 98168 , Italy .
| | - A Nostro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Polo Annunziata , Messina 98168 , Italy .
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12
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Di Bari I, Granata G, Consoli GML, Sortino S. Simultaneous supramolecular activation of NO photodonor/photosensitizer ensembles by a calix[4]arene nanoreactor. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03704c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A calix[4]arene-based micellar nanoscaffold allows the co-encapsulation of photosensitizers with a NO photodonor, activating their response to light, otherwise precluded/limited in water medium, resulting in the simultaneous photogeneration of cytotoxic 1O2 and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Di Bari
- Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Department of Drug Science
- Catania
- Italy
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13
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Zhou C, Afonso D, Valetti S, Feiler A, Cardile V, Graziano ACE, Conoci S, Sortino S. Targeted Photodynamic Therapy with a Folate/Sensitizer Assembly Produced from Mesoporous Silica. Chemistry 2017; 23:7672-7676. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Afonso
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Sabrina Valetti
- Nanologica AB; 151 36 Södertälje Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Sciences; Malmo University; Sweden
| | - Adam Feiler
- Nanologica AB; 151 36 Södertälje Sweden
- Surface and Corrosion Science; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Adriana C. E. Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- STMicroelectronics; Stradale Primosole 50 95121 Catania Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences; University of Catania; 95125 Catania Italy
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Granata G, Paterniti I, Geraci C, Cunsolo F, Esposito E, Cordaro M, Blanco AR, Cuzzocrea S, Consoli GML. Potential Eye Drop Based on a Calix[4]arene Nanoassembly for Curcumin Delivery: Enhanced Drug Solubility, Stability, and Anti-Inflammatory Effect. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1610-1622. [PMID: 28394618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is an Indian spice with a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities but poor aqueous solubility, rapid degradation, and low bioavailability that affect medical benefits. To overcome these limits in ophthalmic application, curcumin was entrapped in a polycationic calix[4]arene-based nanoaggregate by a simple and reproducible method. The calix[4]arene-curcumin supramolecular assembly (Calix-Cur) appeared as a clear colloidal solution consisting in micellar nanoaggregates with size, polydispersity index, surface potential, and drug loading percentage meeting the requirements for an ocular drug delivery system. The encapsulation in the calix[4]arene nanoassembly markedly enhanced the solubility, reduced the degradation, and improved the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin compared to free curcumin in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Calix-Cur did not compromise the viability of J774A.1 macrophages and suppressed pro-inflammatory marker expression in J774A.1 macrophages subjected to LPS-induced oxidative stress. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses showed that Calix-Cur reduced signs of inflammation in a rat model of LPS-induced uveitis when topically administrated in the eyes. Overall, the results supported the calix[4]arene nanoassembly as a promising nanocarrier for delivering curcumin to anterior ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Granata
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (C.N.R.) , 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina , 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Corrada Geraci
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (C.N.R.) , 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Cunsolo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (C.N.R.) , 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina , 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina , 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina , 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Grazia M L Consoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (C.N.R.) , 95126 Catania, Italy
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