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Barthwal R, Mahar R. Exploring the Significance, Extraction, and Characterization of Plant-Derived Secondary Metabolites in Complex Mixtures. Metabolites 2024; 14:119. [PMID: 38393011 PMCID: PMC10890687 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are essential components for the survival of plants. Secondary metabolites in complex mixtures from plants have been adopted and documented by different traditional medicinal systems worldwide for the treatment of various human diseases. The extraction strategies are the key components for therapeutic development from natural sources. Polarity-dependent solvent-selective extraction, acidic and basic solution-based extraction, and microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction are some of the most important strategies for the extraction of natural products from plants. The method needs to be optimized to isolate a specific class of compounds. Therefore, to establish the mechanism of action, the characterization of the secondary metabolites, in a mixture or in their pure forms, is equally important. LC-MS, GC-MS, and extensive NMR spectroscopic strategies are established techniques for the profiling of metabolites in crude extracts. Various protocols for the extraction and characterization of a wide range of classes of compounds have been developed by various research groups and are described in this review. Additionally, the possible means of characterizing the compounds in the mixture and their uniqueness are also discussed. Hyphenated techniques are crucial for profiling because of their ability to analyze a vast range of compounds. In contrast, inherent chemical shifts make NMR an indispensable tool for structure elucidation in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Barthwal
- Department of Chemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rohit Mahar
- Department of Chemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
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Raji R, Elangomannan S, Subramani R, Louis K, Periasamy M, Dhanaraj G. Calotropis Gigantea Fiber-A Biogenic Reinforcement Material for Europium Substituted Hydroxyapatite/Poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) Matrix: A Novel Ternary Composite for Biomedical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6024-6034. [PMID: 35224363 PMCID: PMC8867816 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel multifunctional biocomposite materials that mimic the properties of bone are the need of the hour. In view of this, the current work is focused on the fabrication of a snail shells derived europium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Eu-HAP)/poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT)/Calotropis gigantea fiber (CGF) ternary composite on titanium (Ti) for biomedical applications. The structural, morphological, mechanical, electrochemical, and biological properties of the as-developed coatings on Ti were characterized. The obtained results clearly confirmed the formation and properties of the ternary composite (Eu-HAP/PProDOT/CGF). The presence of CGF, an exceptional reinforcement material, in the ternary composite is proven to improve mechanical and biological properties compared to other coatings (i.e., coating without CGF). Also, electrochemical studies revealed better anticorrosion properties of the composite-coated Ti in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Similarly, the presence of Eu-HAP and PProDOT in the composite is clearly evident from the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and also by the cell proliferation and cell adhesion by the MTT assay test. Thus, we suggest that the fabricated Eu-HAP/PProDOT/CGF ternary composite with mechanical, corrosion resistance, and biocompatible properties might be an appropriate candidate for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Raji
- Department
of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shinyjoy Elangomannan
- Department
of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610101, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Subramani
- Department
of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610101, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Kavitha Louis
- Department
of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610101, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Manoravi Periasamy
- Materials
Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira
Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Gopi Dhanaraj
- Department
of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
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Antiproliferative Activity of Triterpenoid and Steroid Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Calotropis gigantea Root Bark against P388 Murine Leukemia Cell Lines. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calotropis gigantea has been known to produce bioactive secondary metabolites with antiproliferative activities against cancer cells. Herein, we extracted the secondary metabolites using ethyl acetate from its root bark and further tested its antiproliferative activities against P388 murine leukemia cell lines. The subfractions from the ethyl acetate extract was obtained from Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC), and followed by Gravity Column Chromatography (GCC). The subfraction C2 and D1 were identified to contain triterpenoids and steroids with the most potent cytotoxicity against Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2-5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay suggested that ethyl acetate extract has the highest antiproliferative activities against P388 murine leukemia cell lines (IC50 = 21.79 μg/mL), as opposed to subfraction C2 (IC50 = 50.64 µg/mL) and subfraction D1 (IC50 = 49.33 µg/mL). The compound identified in subfraction C2 and D1 are taraxerol acetate and calotropone, respectively. Though taraxerol acetate and calotropone were active in inhibiting the leukemic cell lines, their IC50s were lower than the ethyl acetate extract, which is probably due to the synergism of the secondary metabolites.
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Pathania S, Bansal P, Gupta P, Rawal RK. Genus Calotropis: A Hub of Medicinally Active Phytoconstituents. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190619095933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditional medicines derived from plant and other natural sources have several
advantages over synthetic drugs when used for the management of pathological conditions.
Natural product based therapies are safer than synthetic drugs-based chemotherapies. One of
such sources of bioactive molecules includes C. procera and C. gigantea, flowering herbal
plants, belonging to the genus Calotropis, family Apocynaceae, which, due to their diverse
pharmacological profile, have been widely employed in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and other
traditional systems for the treatment of various diseases. The various parts of this plant are
rich in phytoconstituents such as cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolic
compounds, proteins etc. Due to the presence of multiple constituents, this plant possess
diverse biological activities such as analgesic, antitumor, antihelmintic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective,
antidiarrhoeal, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, oestrogenic, antinociceptive, antimalarial
activity etc. The present review provides comprehensive information about various
phytochemical constituents of the plant along with their medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Pathania
- Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda (Punjab) 151001, India
| | - Parveen Bansal
- University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Prasoon Gupta
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Ravindra K. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-133207, Ambala, Haryana, India
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Arun A, Patel OPS, Saini D, Yadav PP, Konwar R. Anti-colon cancer activity of Murraya koenigii leaves is due to constituent murrayazoline and O-methylmurrayamine A induced mTOR/AKT downregulation and mitochondrial apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:510-521. [PMID: 28675857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many alkaloids of plant origin have attracted great attention due to their diverse range of biological properties including anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor activity. Herein, the pyranocarbazole alkaloids were isolated from leaves of Murraya koenigii and their anti-cancer potential was investigated in different cancer cell lines. Among all tested compounds, murrayazoline and O-methylmurrayamine A demonstrated potent anti-cancer activity against DLD-1 colon cancer cells with the IC50 values of 5.7μM and 17.9μM, respectively, without any non-specific cytotoxicity against non-cancer HEK-293 and HaCaT cells. Further, studies of pure compounds revealed that the anti-cancer activity of compounds corresponds with altered cellular morphology, cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial membrane depolarization of colon cancer cells. In addition, these compounds activated caspase-3 protein and upregulated Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio leading to induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in DLD-1 cells. These event induced by carbazole alkaloids also coincides with downregulation of Akt/mTOR suggesting downstream targeting of cell survival pathway. Thus, our in vitro studies not only provided scientific basis of the use of M. koenigii leaves in the traditional Indian Ayurveda medicines, but also expands possibilities of medicinal uses of M. koenigii leaves against colon cancer. Particularly, these findings will help in further investigating murrayazoline and O-methylmurrayamine A or their improvised derivatives as new therapeutics for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Arun
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Om P S Patel
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Prem P Yadav
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Campus, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Campus, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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