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Kalakonda P, Kathi R, Ligory MG, Dabbeta N, Madipoju N, Mynepally S, Morampudi V, Banne S, Mandal P, Savu RN, Khanam SJ, Banavoth M, Sudarsanam Eve NV, Podila BB. Argyreia nervosa-driven biosynthesis of Cu-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles from plant leaves extract unveils enhanced antibacterial properties. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024:10.1007/s00449-024-03020-5. [PMID: 38698218 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-03020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Our study specifically explores the biosynthesis of copper-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu-Ag BMNPs) using Argyreia nervosa (AN) plant leaf green extract as a versatile agent for capping, reducing, and stabilizing. This biosynthesis method is characterized by its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, utilizing silver nitrate (AgNO3) and cupric oxide (CuO) as precursor materials. Our comprehensive characterization of the Cu-Ag BMNPs, employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Zetasizer, and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR). FTIR analysis reveals biofunctional groups and chemical bands, while SEM and XRD analyses provide morphological and structural details. To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the Cu-Ag BMNPs, we conducted disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against Escherichia coli (E. coli), with results compared to the standard gentamicin antibiotic. It is observed that the 2% and 5% CuO concentrations of AN Cu-Ag BMNPs exhibit substantial antibacterial activity in comparison to AN extract when tested on EPEC. Among these, the Cu-Ag BMNPs at a 2% concentration demonstrate higher antibacterial activity, potentially attributed to the enhanced dispersion of BMNPs facilitated by the lower CuO doping concentration. These two assays showcased the improved antimicrobial activity of Cu-Ag BMNPs, highlighting their synergistic effect, characterized by high MIC values and a broad zone of inhibition in the disc diffusion tests against E. coli. These results emphasize the significant antibacterial potential of the synthesized BMNPs, with a medicinal plant AN leaf extract playing a pivotal role in enhancing antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathalu Kalakonda
- Department of Physics, Government City College, (A), Nayapul, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India.
| | - Rajitha Kathi
- Department of Physics, Government City College, (A), Nayapul, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India
| | | | - Naveenkumar Dabbeta
- Department of Physics, Government City College, (A), Nayapul, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India
| | - Naveenkumar Madipoju
- Department of Physics, Government City College, (A), Nayapul, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India
| | - Soujanyalakshmi Mynepally
- Department of Physics, Government City College, (A), Nayapul, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India
- .Joseph's Degree and PG College, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500001, India
| | - Vijay Morampudi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Sreenivas Banne
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Rice University-BRC, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pritam Mandal
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Ramu Naidu Savu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Sarvani Jowhar Khanam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Murali Banavoth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Naina Vinodini Sudarsanam Eve
- Department of Physics, Government City College, (A), Nayapul, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India
| | - Bala Bhaskar Podila
- Department of Physics, Government City College, (A), Nayapul, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India
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Kolahi Azar H, Hajian Monfared M, Seraji AA, Nazarnezhad S, Nasiri E, Zeinanloo N, Sherafati M, Sharifianjazi F, Rostami M, Beheshtizadeh N. Integration of polysaccharide electrospun nanofibers with microneedle arrays promotes wound regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128482. [PMID: 38042326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing electrospun nanofibers and microneedle arrays in wound regeneration has been practiced for several years. Researchers have recently asserted that using multiple methods concurrently might enhance efficiency, despite the inherent strengths and weaknesses of each individual approach. The combination of microneedle arrays with electrospun nanofibers has the potential to create a drug delivery system and wound healing method that offer improved efficiency and accuracy in targeting. The use of microneedles with nanofibers allows for precise administration of pharmaceuticals due to the microneedles' capacity to pierce the skin and the nanofibers' role as a drug reservoir, resulting in a progressive release of drugs over a certain period of time. Electrospun nanofibers have the ability to imitate the extracellular matrix and provide a framework for cellular growth and tissue rejuvenation, while microneedle arrays show potential for enhancing tissue regeneration and enhancing the efficacy of wound healing. The integration of electrospun nanofibers with microneedle arrays may be customized to effectively tackle particular obstacles in the fields of wound healing and drug delivery. However, some issues must be addressed before this paradigm may be fully integrated into clinical settings, including but not limited to ensuring the safety and sterilization of these products for transdermal use, optimizing manufacturing methods and characterization of developed products, larger-scale production, optimizing storage conditions, and evaluating the inclusion of multiple therapeutic and antimicrobial agents to increase the synergistic effects in the wound healing process. This research examines the combination of microneedle arrays with electrospun nanofibers to enhance the delivery of drugs and promote wound healing. It explores various kinds of microneedle arrays, the materials and processes used, and current developments in their integration with electrospun nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Kolahi Azar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hajian Monfared
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Seraji
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nazarnezhad
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Nasiri
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Zeinanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sherafati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariborz Sharifianjazi
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi 0171, Georgia
| | - Mohammadreza Rostami
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Science and Nutrition Group (FSAN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Development of Nanocoated Filaments for 3D Fused Deposition Modeling of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132645. [PMID: 35808690 PMCID: PMC9269528 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is one of the most futuristic manufacturing technologies, allowing on-demand manufacturing of products with highly complex geometries and tunable material properties. Among the different 3D-printing technologies, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most popular one due to its affordability, adaptability, and pertinency in many areas, including the biomedical field. Yet, only limited amounts of materials are commercially available for FDM, which hampers their application potential. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is one of the biocompatible and biodegradable thermoplastics that could be subjected to FDM printing for healthcare applications. However, microbial contamination and the formation of biofilms is a critical issue during direct usage of thermoplastics, including PBS. Herein, we developed a composite filament containing polybutylene succinate (PBS) and lignin for FDM printing. Compared to pure PBS, the PBS/lignin composite with 2.5~3.5% lignin showed better printability and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. We further coated silver/zinc oxide on the printed graft to enhance their antimicrobial performance and obtain the strain-specific antimicrobial activity. We expect that the developed approach can be used in biomedical applications such as patient-specific orthoses.
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Tzagiollari A, McCarthy HO, Levingstone TJ, Dunne NJ. Biodegradable and Biocompatible Adhesives for the Effective Stabilisation, Repair and Regeneration of Bone. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060250. [PMID: 35735493 PMCID: PMC9219717 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone defects and complex fractures present significant challenges for orthopaedic surgeons. Current surgical procedures involve the reconstruction and mechanical stabilisation of complex fractures using metal hardware (i.e., wires, plates and screws). However, these procedures often result in poor healing. An injectable, biocompatible, biodegradable bone adhesive that could glue bone fragments back together would present a highly attractive solution. A bone adhesive that meets the many clinical requirements for such an application has yet to be developed. While synthetic and biological polymer-based adhesives (e.g., cyanoacrylates, PMMA, fibrin, etc.) have been used effectively as bone void fillers, these materials lack biomechanical integrity and demonstrate poor injectability, which limits the clinical effectiveness and potential for minimally invasive delivery. This systematic review summarises conventional approaches and recent developments in the area of bone adhesives for orthopaedic applications. The required properties for successful bone repair adhesives, which include suitable injectability, setting characteristics, mechanical properties, biocompatibility and an ability to promote new bone formation, are highlighted. Finally, the potential to achieve repair of challenging bone voids and fractures as well as the potential of new bioinspired adhesives and the future directions relating to their clinical development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antzela Tzagiollari
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; (A.T.); (T.J.L.)
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen O. McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tanya J. Levingstone
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; (A.T.); (T.J.L.)
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Tissue, Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas J. Dunne
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; (A.T.); (T.J.L.)
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(0)1-7005712
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Barazesh A, Navidbakhsh M, Abouei Mehrizi A, Koosha M, Razavi Bazaz S, Li T. Simultaneous Modeling of Young's Modulus, Yield Stress, and Rupture Strain of Gelatin/Cellulose Acetate Microfibrous/Nanofibrous Scaffolds Using RSM. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:718718. [PMID: 34589472 PMCID: PMC8473815 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.718718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a promising method to fabricate bioengineered scaffolds, thanks to utilizing various types of biopolymers, flexible structures, and also the diversity of output properties. Mechanical properties are one of the major components of scaffold design to fabricate an efficacious artificial substitute for the natural extracellular matrix. Additionally, fiber orientations, as one of the scaffold structural parameters, could play a crucial role in the application of fabricated fibrous scaffolds. In this study, gelatin was used as a highly biocompatible polymer in blend with cellulose acetate (CA), a polysaccharide, to enhance the achievable range of mechanical characteristics to fabricated fibrous electrospun scaffolds. By altering input variables, such as polymers concentration, weight ratio, and mandrel rotation speed, scaffolds with various mechanical and morphological properties could be achieved. As expected, the electrospun scaffold with a higher mandrel rotation speed shows higher fiber alignment. A wide range of mechanical properties were gained through different values of polymer ratio and total concentration. A general improvement in mechanical strength was observed by increasing the concentration and CA content in the solution, but contradictory effects, such as high viscosity in more concentrated solutions, influenced the mechanical characteristics as well. A response surface method was applied on experimental results in order to describe a continuous variation of Young's modulus, yield stress, and strain at rupture. A full quadratic version of equations with the 95% confidence level was applied for the response modeling. This model would be an aid for engineers to adjust mandrel rotation speed, solution concentration, and gelatin/CA ratio to achieve desired mechanical and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Barazesh
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Navidbakhsh
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abouei Mehrizi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Koosha
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tianduo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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Yang Y, Zhu H, Bao L, Xu X. Critical review on microfibrous composites for applications in chemical engineering. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microfibrous composites (MCs) are novel materials with unique structures and excellent functional properties, showing great potential in industrial applications. The investigation of the physicochemical properties of MCs is significant for accommodating the rapid development of high-efficiency chemical engineering industries. In this review, the characteristics, synthesis and applications of different types of previously reported MCs are discussed according to the constituent fibres, including polymers, metals and nonmetals. Among the different types of MCs, polymer MCs have a facile synthesis process and adjustable fibre composition, making them suitable for many complex situations. The high thermal and electrical conductivity of metal MCs enables their application in strong exothermic, endothermic and electrochemical reactions. Nonmetallic MCs are usually stable and corrosion resistant when reducing and oxidizing environments. The disadvantages of MCs, such as complicated synthesis processes compared to those of particles or powders, high cost, insufficient thorough study, and unsatisfactory regeneration effects, are also summarized. As a result, a more systematic investigation of MCs remains necessary. Despite the advantages and great application potential of microfibrous composites, much effort remains necessary to advance them to the industrial level in the chemical engineering industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Education for the Future , Beijing Normal University , Zhuhai 519087 , P. R. China
| | - Huiqi Zhu
- College of Education for the Future , Beijing Normal University , Zhuhai 519087 , P. R. China
| | - Lulu Bao
- College of Education for the Future , Beijing Normal University , Zhuhai 519087 , P. R. China
| | - Xuhui Xu
- College of Education for the Future , Beijing Normal University , Zhuhai 519087 , P. R. China
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Vogt L, Ruther F, Salehi S, Boccaccini AR. Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) in Biomedical Applications-A Review of the Recent Literature. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002026. [PMID: 33733604 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) continues to attract attention for biomedical applications owing to its favorable combination of properties. Conventionally polymerized by a two-step polycondensation of glycerol and sebacic acid, variations of synthesis parameters, reactant concentrations or by specific chemical modifications, PGS materials can be obtained exhibiting a wide range of physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties for a variety of applications. PGS has been extensively used in tissue engineering (TE) of cardiovascular, nerve, cartilage, bone and corneal tissues. Applications of PGS based materials in drug delivery systems and wound healing are also well documented. Research and development in the field of PGS continue to progress, involving mainly the synthesis of modified structures using copolymers, hybrid, and composite materials. Moreover, the production of self-healing and electroactive materials has been introduced recently. After almost 20 years of research on PGS, previous publications have outlined its synthesis, modification, properties, and biomedical applications, however, a review paper covering the most recent developments in the field is lacking. The present review thus covers comprehensively literature of the last five years on PGS-based biomaterials and devices focusing on advanced modifications of PGS for applications in medicine and highlighting notable advances of PGS based systems in TE and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Vogt
- Institute of Biomaterials University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Florian Ruther
- Institute of Biomaterials University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Chair of Biomaterials University of Bayreuth Bayreuth 95447 Germany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
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Sputter-Deposited Ag Nanoparticles on Electrospun PCL Scaffolds: Morphology, Wettability and Antibacterial Activity. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds made of biocompatible and environmental-friendly polymer fibers with diameters in the nano/micro range can find applications in a wide variety of sectors, spanning from the biomedical field to textiles and so on. Their development has received a boost in the last decades thanks to advances in the production methods, such as the electrospinning technique. Conferring antimicrobial properties to these fibrous structures is a primary requirement for many of their applications, but the addition of antimicrobial agents by wet methods can present a series of drawbacks. In this work, strong antibacterial action is successfully provided to electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds by silver (Ag) addition through a simple and flexible way, namely the sputtering deposition of silver onto the PCL fibers. SEM-EDS analyses demonstrate that the polymer fibers get coated by Ag nanoparticles without undergoing any alteration of their morphological integrity upon the deposition process. The influence on wettability is evaluated with polar (water) and non-polar (diiodomethane) liquids, evidencing that this coating method allows preserving the hydrophobic character of the PCL polymer. Excellent antibacterial action (reduction > 99.995% in 4 h) is demonstrated against Escherichia coli. The easy fabrication of these PCL-Ag mats can be applicable to the production of biomedical devices, bioremediation and antifouling systems in filtration, personal protective equipment (PPE), food packaging materials, etc.
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Tripathi S, Singh BN, Divakar S, Kumar G, Mallick SP, Srivastava P. Design and evaluation of ciprofloxacin loaded collagen chitosan oxygenating scaffold for skin tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:025021. [PMID: 33291087 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abd1b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and sepsis are key concerns towards modern regenerative medicine. Oxygen generating biomaterials having antibacterial property aims to answer these concerns. Hypoxia promotes reactive oxygen species at the implant site that delays wound healing. Sepsis in wound also contributes to delay in wound healing. Therefore, scaffold with antibacterial property and oxygen-producing capacities have shown ability to promote wound healing. In the present study oxygen releasing, ciprofloxacin loaded collagen chitosan scaffold was fabricated for sustained oxygen delivery. Calcium peroxide (CPO) acted as a chemical oxygen source. Oxygen release pattern exhibited a sustained release of oxygen with uniform deposition of CPO on the scaffold. The drug release study shows a prolonged, continuous, and sustained release of ciprofloxacin. Cell culture studies depict that scaffold has suitable cell attachment and migration properties for fibroblasts. In vivo studies performed in the skin flip model visually shows better wound healing and less necrosis. Histological studies show the maintenance of tissue architecture and the deposition of collagen. The results demonstrate that the proposed CPO coated ciprofloxacin loaded collagen-chitosan scaffold can be a promising candidate for skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyavrat Tripathi
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
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10
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Abudula T, Gauthaman K, Mostafavi A, Alshahrie A, Salah N, Morganti P, Chianese A, Tamayol A, Memic A. Sustainable drug release from polycaprolactone coated chitin-lignin gel fibrous scaffolds. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20428. [PMID: 33235239 PMCID: PMC7686307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-healing wounds have placed an enormous stress on both patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Severe complications induced by these wounds can lead to limb amputation or even death and urgently require more effective treatments. Electrospun scaffolds have great potential for improving wound healing treatments by providing controlled drug delivery. Previously, we developed fibrous scaffolds from complex carbohydrate polymers [i.e. chitin-lignin (CL) gels]. However, their application was limited by solubility and undesirable burst drug release. Here, a coaxial electrospinning is applied to encapsulate the CL gels with polycaprolactone (PCL). Presence of a PCL shell layer thus provides longer shelf-life for the CL gels in a wet environment and sustainable drug release. Antibiotics loaded into core–shell fibrous platform effectively inhibit both gram-positive and -negative bacteria without inducting observable cytotoxicity. Therefore, PCL coated CL fibrous gel platforms appear to be good candidates for controlled drug release based wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Azadeh Mostafavi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ahmed Alshahrie
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Numan Salah
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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El-Shishtawy RM, Aldhahri M, Almulaiky YQ. Dual immobilization of α-amylase and horseradish peroxidase via electrospinning: A proof of concept study. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1353-1360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Abudula T, Qurban RO, Bolarinwa SO, Mirza AA, Pasovic M, Memic A. 3D Printing of Metal/Metal Oxide Incorporated Thermoplastic Nanocomposites With Antimicrobial Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:568186. [PMID: 33042969 PMCID: PMC7523645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.568186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has experienced a steady increase in popularity for direct manufacturing, where complex geometric items can be produced without the aid of templating tools, and manufacturing waste can be remarkably reduced. While customized medical devices and daily life items can be made by 3D printing of thermoplastics, microbial contamination has been a serious obstacle during their usage. A very clever approaches to overcome this challenge is to incorporate antimicrobial metal or metal oxide (M/MO) nanoparticles within the thermoplastics during or prior to 3D printing. Many M/MO nanoparticles can prevent contamination from a wide range of microorganism, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria via various antimicrobial mechanisms. Additionally, they can be easily printed with thermoplastic without losing their integrity and functionality. In this mini review, we summarize recent advancements and discuss future trends related to the development of 3D printed antimicrobial thermoplastic nanocomposites by addition of M/MO nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rayyan O Qurban
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherifdeen O Bolarinwa
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Mirza
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirza Pasovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Radhakrishnan S, Nagarajan S, Belaid H, Farha C, Iatsunskyi I, Coy E, Soussan L, Huon V, Bares J, Belkacemi K, Teyssier C, Balme S, Miele P, Cornu D, Kalkura N, Cavaillès V, Bechelany M. Fabrication of 3D printed antimicrobial polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111525. [PMID: 33255078 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are widely employed for bone tissue engineering due to their tunable physical properties and biocompatibility. Inherently, most of these polymers display poor antimicrobial properties. Infection at the site of implantation is a major cause for failure or delay in bone healing process and the development of antimicrobial polymers is highly desired. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNps) were synthesized in polycaprolactone (PCL) solution by in-situ reduction and further extruded into PCL/AgNps filaments. Customized 3D structures were fabricated using the PCL/AgNps filaments through 3D printing technique. As demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, the 3D printed scaffolds exhibited interconnected porous structures. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the reduction of silver ions. Transmission electron microscopy along with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles throughout the PCL matrix. In vitro enzymatic degradation studies showed that the PCL/AgNps scaffolds displayed 80% degradation in 20 days. The scaffolds were cytocompatible, as assessed using hFOB cells and their antibacterial activity was demonstrated on Escherichia coli. Due to their interconnected porous structure, mechanical and antibacterial properties, these cytocompatible multifunctional 3D printed PCL/AgNps scaffolds appear highly suitable for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socrates Radhakrishnan
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sakthivel Nagarajan
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Habib Belaid
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Cynthia Farha
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3 Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3 Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Laurence Soussan
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Huon
- LMGC, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Bares
- LMGC, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Kawthar Belkacemi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Catherine Teyssier
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Sébastien Balme
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Miele
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, Paris F-73231, France
| | - David Cornu
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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Abdullah T, Gauthaman K, Hammad AH, Joshi Navare K, Alshahrie AA, Bencherif SA, Tamayol A, Memic A. Oxygen-Releasing Antibacterial Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061233. [PMID: 32485817 PMCID: PMC7361702 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of suitable auto/allografts has been delaying surgical interventions for the treatment of numerous disorders and has also caused a serious threat to public health. Tissue engineering could be one of the best alternatives to solve this issue. However, deficiency of oxygen supply in the wounded and implanted engineered tissues, caused by circulatory problems and insufficient angiogenesis, has been a rate-limiting step in translation of tissue-engineered grafts. To address this issue, we designed oxygen-releasing electrospun composite scaffolds, based on a previously developed hybrid polymeric matrix composed of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). By performing ball-milling, we were able to embed a large percent of calcium peroxide (CP) nanoparticles into the PGS/PCL nanofibers able to generate oxygen. The composite scaffold exhibited a smooth fiber structure, while providing sustainable oxygen release for several days to a week, and significantly improved cell metabolic activity due to alleviation of hypoxic environment around primary bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Moreover, the composite scaffolds also showed good antibacterial performance. In conjunction to other improved features, such as degradation behavior, the developed scaffolds are promising biomaterials for various tissue-engineering and wound-healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turdimuhammad Abdullah
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.H.H.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed H. Hammad
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.H.H.); (A.A.A.)
- Electron Microscope and Thin Films Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Kasturi Joshi Navare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ahmed A. Alshahrie
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.H.H.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics and Bioengineering, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne University, 60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.H.H.); (A.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Electrospun PCL/PGS Composite Fibers Incorporating Bioactive Glass Particles for Soft Tissue Engineering Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050978. [PMID: 32438673 PMCID: PMC7279550 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) and poly(epsilon caprolactone) (PCL) have been widely investigated for biomedical applications in combination with the electrospinning process. Among others, one advantage of this blend is its suitability to be processed with benign solvents for electrospinning. In this work, the suitability of PGS/PCL polymers for the fabrication of composite fibers incorporating bioactive glass (BG) particles was investigated. Composite electrospun fibers containing silicate or borosilicate glass particles (13-93 and 13-93BS, respectively) were obtained and characterized. Neat PCL and PCL composite electrospun fibers were used as control to investigate the possible effect of the presence of PGS and the influence of the bioactive glass particles. In fact, with the addition of PGS an increase in the average fiber diameter was observed, while in all the composite fibers, the presence of BG particles induced an increase in the fiber diameter distribution, without changing significantly the average fiber diameter. Results confirmed that the blended fibers are hydrophilic, while the addition of BG particles does not affect fiber wettability. Degradation test and acellular bioactivity test highlight the release of the BG particles from all composite fibers, relevant for all applications related to therapeutic ion release, i.e., wound healing. Because of weak interface between the incorporated BG particles and the polymeric fibers, mechanical properties were not improved in the composite fibers. Promising results were obtained from preliminary biological tests for potential use of the developed mats for soft tissue engineering applications.
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16
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Fu X, Wang JK, Ramírez-Pérez AC, Choong C, Lisak G. Flexible conducting polymer-based cellulose substrates for on-skin applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Vogt L, Rivera LR, Liverani L, Piegat A, El Fray M, Boccaccini AR. Poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(glycerol sebacate) electrospun scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering using benign solvents. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Memic A, Abudula T, Mohammed HS, Joshi Navare K, Colombani T, Bencherif SA. Latest Progress in Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Healing Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:952-969. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tuerdimaimaiti Abudula
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Halimatu S. Mohammed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kasturi Joshi Navare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thibault Colombani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02120, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Sorbonne University, UTC CNTS UMR 7338, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, University of Technology of Compiegne, 60203 Compiegne, Cedex, France
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19
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Kadavil H, Zagho M, Elzatahry A, Altahtamouni T. Sputtering of Electrospun Polymer-Based Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications: A Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E77. [PMID: 30626067 PMCID: PMC6359597 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning has gained wide attention recently in biomedical applications. Electrospun biocompatible scaffolds are well-known for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering applications. In this review, the synthesis of polymer-based fiber composites using an electrospinning technique is discussed. Formerly, metal particles were then deposited on the surface of electrospun fibers using sputtering technology. Key nanometals for biomedical applications including silver and copper nanoparticles are discussed throughout this review. The formulated scaffolds were found to be suitable candidates for biomedical uses such as antibacterial coatings, surface modification for improving biocompatibility, and tissue engineering. This review briefly mentions the characteristics of the nanostructures while focusing on how nanostructures hold potential for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kadavil
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Moustafa Zagho
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ahmed Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Talal Altahtamouni
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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20
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Abudula T, Gzara L, Simonetti G, Alshahrie A, Salah N, Morganti P, Chianese A, Fallahi A, Tamayol A, Bencherif SA, Memic A. The Effect of Poly (Glycerol Sebacate) Incorporation within Hybrid Chitin-Lignin Sol-Gel Nanofibrous Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11030451. [PMID: 29562729 PMCID: PMC5873030 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and lignin primarily accumulate as bio-waste resulting from byproducts of crustacean crusts and plant biomass. Recently, their use has been proposed for diverse and unique bioengineering applications, amongst others. However, their weak mechanical properties need to be improved in order to facilitate their industrial utilization. In this paper, we fabricated hybrid fibers composed of a chitin–lignin (CL)-based sol–gel mixture and elastomeric poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) using a standard electrospinning approach. Obtained results showed that PGS could be coherently blended with the sol–gel mixture to form a nanofibrous scaffold exhibiting remarkable mechanical performance and improved antibacterial and antifungal activity. The developed hybrid fibers showed promising potential in advanced biomedical applications such as wound care products. Ultimately, recycling these sustainable biopolymers and other bio-wastes alike could propel a “greener” economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuerdimaimaiti Abudula
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lassaad Gzara
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ahmed Alshahrie
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Numan Salah
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pierfrancesco Morganti
- Department Mental/Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Campania University, L.Vanvitelli, 80121 Naples, Italy.
- Nanoscience Centre MAVI, 04011 Aprilia, Italy.
| | - Angelo Chianese
- Chemical, Materials, Environmental Engineering Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Afsoon Fallahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Sidi A Bencherif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics and Bioengineering, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne University, 60200 Compiègne, France.
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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