1
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Yoo BK, Kruglik SG, Lambry JC, Lamarre I, Raman CS, Nioche P, Negrerie M. The H-NOX protein structure adapts to different mechanisms in sensors interacting with nitric oxide. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8408-8420. [PMID: 37564404 PMCID: PMC10411614 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01685d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Some classes of bacteria within phyla possess protein sensors identified as homologous to the heme domain of soluble guanylate cyclase, the mammalian NO-receptor. Named H-NOX domain (Heme-Nitric Oxide or OXygen-binding), their heme binds nitric oxide (NO) and O2 for some of them. The signaling pathways where these proteins act as NO or O2 sensors appear various and are fully established for only some species. Here, we investigated the reactivity of H-NOX from bacterial species toward NO with a mechanistic point of view using time-resolved spectroscopy. The present data show that H-NOXs modulate the dynamics of NO as a function of temperature, but in different ranges, changing its affinity by changing the probability of NO rebinding after dissociation in the picosecond time scale. This fundamental mechanism provides a means to adapt the heme structural response to the environment. In one particular H-NOX sensor the heme distortion induced by NO binding is relaxed in an ultrafast manner (∼15 ps) after NO dissociation, contrarily to other H-NOX proteins, providing another sensing mechanism through the H-NOX domain. Overall, our study links molecular dynamics with functional mechanism and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kuk Yoo
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, INSERM U-1182, Ecole Polytechnique 91120 Palaiseau France
| | - Sergei G Kruglik
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lambry
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, INSERM U-1182, Ecole Polytechnique 91120 Palaiseau France
| | - Isabelle Lamarre
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, INSERM U-1182, Ecole Polytechnique 91120 Palaiseau France
| | - C S Raman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore Maryland 21201 USA
| | - Pierre Nioche
- Environmental Toxicity, Therapeutic Targets, Cellular Signaling and Biomarkers, UMR S1124, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université Paris Descartes 75006 Paris France
- Structural and Molecular Analysis Platform, BioMedTech Facilities, INSERM US36-CNRS-UMS2009, Paris Université Paris France
| | - Michel Negrerie
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, INSERM U-1182, Ecole Polytechnique 91120 Palaiseau France
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2
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Bollmeyer MM, Coleman RE, Majer SH, Ferrao SD, Lancaster KM. Cytochrome P460 Cofactor Maturation Proceeds via Peroxide-Dependent Post-translational Modification. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:14404-14416. [PMID: 37338957 PMCID: PMC10431212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P460s are heme enzymes that oxidize hydroxylamine to nitrous oxide. They bear specialized "heme P460" cofactors that are cross-linked to their host polypeptides by a post-translationally modified lysine residue. Wild-type N. europaea cytochrome P460 may be isolated as a cross-link-deficient proenzyme following anaerobic overexpression in E. coli. When treated with peroxide, this proenzyme undergoes maturation to active enzyme with spectroscopic and catalytic properties that match wild-type cyt P460. This maturation reactivity requires no chaperones─it is intrinsic to the protein. This behavior extends to the broader cytochrome c'β superfamily. Accumulated data reveal key contributions from the secondary coordination sphere that enable selective, complete maturation. Spectroscopic data support the intermediacy of a ferryl species along the maturation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Bollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rachael E. Coleman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sean H. Majer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Silas D. Ferrao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kyle M. Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Van Brempt N, Sgammato R, Beirinckx Q, Hammerschmid D, Sobott F, Dewilde S, Moens L, Herrebout W, Johannessen C, Van Doorslaer S. The effect of pH and nitrite on the haem pocket of GLB-33, a globin-coupled neuronal transmembrane receptor of Caenorhabditis elegans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140913. [PMID: 37004900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Out of the 34 globins in Caenorhabditis elegans, GLB-33 is a putative globin-coupled transmembrane receptor with a yet unknown function. The globin domain (GD) contains a particularly hydrophobic haem pocket, that rapidly oxidizes to a low-spin hydroxide-ligated haem state at physiological pH. Moreover, the GD has one of the fastest nitrite reductase activity ever reported for globins. Here, we use a combination of electronic circular dichroism, resonance Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with mass spectrometry to study the pH dependence of the ferric form of the recombinantly over-expressed GD in the presence and absence of nitrite. The competitive binding of nitrite and hydroxide is examined as well as nitrite-induced haem modifications at acidic pH. Comparison of the spectroscopic results with data from other haem proteins allows to deduce the important effect of Arg at position E10 in stabilization of exogenous ligands. Furthermore, continuous-wave and pulsed EPR indicate that ligation of nitrite occurs in a nitrito mode at pH 5.0 and above. At pH 4.0, an additional formation of a nitro-bound haem form is observed along with fast formation of a nitri-globin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Van Brempt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roberta Sgammato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Quinten Beirinckx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Sobott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Moens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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4
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Sgammato R, Van Brempt N, Aerts R, Van Doorslaer S, Dewilde S, Herrebout W, Johannessen C. Interaction of nitrite with ferric protoglobin from Methanosarcina acetivorans - an interesting model for spectroscopic studies of the haem-ligand interaction. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2976-2987. [PMID: 36651272 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protoglobin from Methanosarcina acetivorans (MaPgb) is a dimeric globin belonging to the same lineage of the globin superfamily as globin-coupled sensors. A putative role in the scavenging of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species has been suggested as a possible adaptation mechanism of the host organism to different gaseous environments in the course of evolution. A combination of optical absorption, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), resonance Raman (rRaman), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) reveal the unusual in vitro reaction of ferric MaPgb with nitrite. In contrast to other globins, a large excess of nitrite did not induce the formation of a nitriglobin form in MaPgb. Surprisingly, the addition of nitrite in mildly acidic pH led to the formation of a stable nitric-oxide ligated ferric form of the protein (MaPgb-NO). Furthermore, the 300-700 nm ECD spectrum of ferric MaPgb is for the first time reported and discussed, showing strong differences in the Soret and Q ellipticity compared to ferric myoglobin, in line with the unusually strongly ruffled haem group of MaPgb and the related quantum-mechanical admixture of the S = 5/2 and S = 3/2 state of its ferric form. The Soret and Q ellipticity change strongly upon formation of MaPgb-NO, revealing a significant effect of the nitric-oxide ligation on the haem group and pocket. The related changes in the asymmetric pyrrole half-ring stretching vibration modes observed in the rRaman spectra give experimental support to earlier theoretical models, in which an important role of the in-plane breathing modes of the haem was predicted for the stabilization of the binding of diatomic gases to MaPgb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sgammato
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Niels Van Brempt
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Roy Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sabine Van Doorslaer
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wouter Herrebout
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Christian Johannessen
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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5
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Huang S, Deng WH, Liao RZ, He C. Repurposing a Nitric Oxide Transport Hemoprotein Nitrophorin 2 for Olefin Cyclopropanation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunzhi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
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6
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Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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7
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Serra I, Schmidt D, Pfanzagl V, Mlynek G, Hofbauer S, Djinović-Carugo K, Furtmüller PG, García-Rubio I, Van Doorslaer S, Obinger C. Impact of the dynamics of the catalytic arginine on nitrite and chlorite binding by dimeric chlorite dismutase. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111689. [PMID: 34922158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorite dismutases (Clds) are heme b containing oxidoreductases able to decompose chlorite to chloride and molecular oxygen. This work analyses the impact of the distal, flexible and catalytic arginine on the binding of anionic angulate ligands like nitrite and the substrate chlorite. Dimeric Cld from Cyanothece sp. PCC7425 was used as a model enzyme. We have investigated wild-type CCld having the distal catalytic R127 hydrogen-bonded to glutamine Q74 and variants with R127 (i) being arrested in a salt-bridge with a glutamate (Q74E), (ii) being fully flexible (Q74V) or (iii) substituted by either alanine (R127A) or lysine (R127K). We present the electronic and spectral signatures of the high-spin ferric proteins and the corresponding low-spin nitrite complexes elucidated by UV-visible, circular dichroism and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. Furthermore, we demonstrate the impact of the dynamics of R127 on the thermal stability of the respective nitrite adducts and present the X-ray crystal structures of the nitrite complexes of wild-type CCld and the variants Q74V, Q74E and R127A. In addition, the molecular dynamics (MD) and the binding modi of nitrite and chlorite to the ferric wild-type enzyme and the mutant proteins and the interaction of the oxoanions with R127 have been analysed by MD simulations. The findings are discussed with respect to the role(s) of R127 in ligand and chlorite binding and substrate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Serra
- BIMEF Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Pfanzagl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Mlynek
- Core Facility Biomolecular & Cellular Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, A-1030, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Inés García-Rubio
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro Universitario de la Defensa, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Coleman RE, Vilbert AC, Lancaster KM. The Heme-Lys Cross-Link in Cytochrome P460 Promotes Catalysis by Enforcing Secondary Coordination Sphere Architecture. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2289-2298. [PMID: 32525655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome (cyt) P460 is a c-type monoheme enzyme found in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and methanotrophs; additionally, genes encoding it have been found in some pathogenic bacteria. Cyt P460 is defined by a unique post-translational modification to the heme macrocycle, where a lysine (Lys) residue covalently attaches to the 13' meso carbon of the porphyrin, modifying this heme macrocycle into the enzyme's eponymous P460 cofactor, similar to the cofactor found in the enzyme hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. This cross-link imbues the protein with unique spectroscopic properties, the most obvious of which is the enzyme's green color in solution. Cyt P460 from the AOB Nitrosomonas europaea is a homodimeric redox enzyme that produces nitrous oxide (N2O) from 2 equiv of hydroxylamine. Mutation of the Lys cross-link results in spectroscopic features that are more similar to those of standard cyt c' proteins and renders the enzyme catalytically incompetent for NH2OH oxidation. Recently, the necessity of a second-sphere glutamate (Glu) residue for redox catalysis was established; it plausibly serves as proton relay during the first oxidative half of the catalytic cycle. Herein, we report the first crystal structure of a cross-link deficient cyt P460. This structure shows that the positioning of the catalytically essential Glu changes by approximately 0.8 Å when compared to a cross-linked, catalytically competent cyt P460. It appears that the heme-Lys cross-link affects the relative position of the P460 cofactor with respect to the second-sphere Glu residue, therefore dictating the catalytic competency of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Coleman
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Avery C Vilbert
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Wang B, Shi Y, Tejero J, Powell SM, Thomas LM, Gladwin MT, Shiva S, Zhang Y, Richter-Addo GB. Nitrosyl Myoglobins and Their Nitrite Precursors: Crystal Structural and Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Mechanics Theoretical Investigations of Preferred Fe -NO Ligand Orientations in Myoglobin Distal Pockets. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4788-4802. [PMID: 29999305 PMCID: PMC6474360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The globular dioxygen binding heme protein myoglobin (Mb) is present in several species. Its interactions with the simple nitrogen oxides, namely, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite, have been known for decades, but the physiological relevance has only recently become more fully appreciated. We previously reported the O-nitrito mode of binding of nitrite to ferric horse heart wild-type (wt) MbIII and human hemoglobin. We have expanded on this work and report the interactions of nitrite with wt sperm whale (sw) MbIII and its H64A, H64Q, and V68A/I107Y mutants whose dissociation constants increase in the following order: H64Q < wt < V68A/I107Y < H64A. We also report their X-ray crystal structures that reveal the O-nitrito mode of binding of nitrite to these derivatives. The MbII-mediated reductions of nitrite to NO and structural data for the wt and mutant MbII-NOs are described. We show that their FeNO orientations vary with distal pocket identity, with the FeNO moieties pointing toward the hydrophobic interiors when the His64 residue is present but toward the hydrophilic exterior when this His64 residue is absent in this set of mutants. This correlates with the nature of H-bonding to the bound NO ligand (nitrosyl O vs N atom). Quantum mechanics and hybrid quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics calculations help elucidate the origin of the experimentally preferred NO orientations. In a few cases, the calculations reproduce the experimentally observed orientations only when the whole protein is taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Yelu Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson,
Hoboken, NJ 07030
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace
Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Samantha M. Powell
- Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Leonard M. Thomas
- Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace
Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA
15213
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson,
Hoboken, NJ 07030
| | - George B. Richter-Addo
- Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019
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