1
|
Arakawa C, Kanemoto K, Nakai K, Wang C, Morohashi S, Kwon E, Ito S, Yoshikai N. Carboiodanation of Arynes: Organoiodine(III) Compounds as Nucleophilic Organometalloids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3910-3919. [PMID: 38315817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic iodine(III) compounds represent the most widely used hypervalent halogen compounds in organic synthesis, where they typically perform the role of an electrophile or oxidant to functionalize electron-rich or -nucleophilic organic compounds. In contrast to this convention, we discovered their unique reactivity as organometallic-like nucleophiles toward arynes. Equipped with diverse transferable ligands and supported by a tethered spectator ligand, the organoiodine(III) compounds undergo addition across the electrophilic C-C triple bond of arynes while retaining the trivalency of the iodine center. This carboiodanation reaction can forge a variety of aryl-alkynyl, aryl-alkenyl, and aryl-(hetero)aryl bonds along with the concurrent formation of an aryl-iodine(III) bond under mild conditions. The newly formed aryl-iodine(III) bond serves as a versatile linchpin for downstream transformations, particularly as an electrophilic reaction site. The amphoteric nature of the iodine(III) group as a metalloid and a leaving group in this sequence enables the flexible and expedient synthesis of extended π-conjugated molecules and privileged biarylphosphine ligands, where all of the iodine(III)-containing compounds can be handled as air- and thermally stable materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisaki Arakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kanemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemical Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunya Morohashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Endowed Research Laboratory of Dimensional Integrated Nanomaterials, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yanagawa A, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Synthesis and characterization of one-handed helical oligo( o-phenylene)s: control of axial chirality by planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1468-1471. [PMID: 38223998 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Optically active oligo(o-phenylene)-layered molecules were synthesized from planar chiral enantiopure [2.2]paracyclophane. Their structures and optical properties were characterized by experimental and theoretical approaches. The axial chiralities between phenylene rings of the oligo(o-phenylene)s were controlled by the planar chirality to form one-handed helical structures. The o-quinquephenyl-layered molecule was emissive, and circularly polarized luminescence was observed with a high anisotropy factor (|glum| value) of 0.012.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Yanagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
General protocols for the N-functionalization of 1,2-azaborines with C(sp3), C(sp2), or C(sp) electrophiles are described. The syntheses of a new parental BN isostere of trans-stilbene and a BN isostere of a lisdexamfetamine derivative were accomplished with the developed methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyelee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
- Accent Therapeutics, Inc., 1050 Waltham Street, Suite 201, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Marisol Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
| | - Sarah Ingram
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Banjare SK, Leifert D, Weidlich F, Daniliuc CG, Alasmary FA, Studer A. Access to Polyheterocyclic Compounds through Iron(II)-Mediated Radical Cascade Cyclization Utilizing 2-Ethynylbenzaldehydes and Aryl Isonitriles. Org Lett 2023; 25:6424-6428. [PMID: 37610878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative radical cascade addition cyclization approach for the synthesis of quinoline-based π-extended polyheterocyclic compounds is reported. Eco-friendly iron catalysis and inexpensive tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant have been utilized in the transformation of various readily available ortho-alkynylated aromatic aldehydes as radical precursors with aryl isonitriles as radical acceptors. Indole and thiophene-based carbaldehydes allow the preparation of quinolines that are π-conjugated with an additional heteroarene moiety in a single sequence by applying the introduced method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Banjare
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frauke Weidlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fatmah A Alasmary
- Chemistry Department College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Chemistry Department College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang X, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. A Series of Soluble Thieno-Fused Coronene Nanoribbons of Precise Lengths. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9883-9892. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi W, Yang X, Li X, Meng L, Zhang D, Zhu Z, Xiao X, Zhao D. Syntheses of Anthracene‐Centered Large PAH Diimides and Conjugated Polymers**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104598. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xingye Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Linghao Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bürger M, Ehrhardt N, Barber T, Ball LT, Namyslo JC, Jones PG, Werz DB. Phosphine-Catalyzed Aryne Oligomerization: Direct Access to α,ω-Bisfunctionalized Oligo( ortho-arylenes). J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16796-16803. [PMID: 34585921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A phosphine-catalyzed oligomerization of arynes using selenocyanates was developed. The use of JohnPhos as a bulky phosphine is the key to accessing α,ω-bisfunctionalized oligo(ortho-arylenes) with RSe as the substituent at one terminus and CN as the substituent at the other. The in situ formation of R3PSeR' cations, serving as sterically encumbered electrophiles, hinders the immediate reaction that affords the 1,2-bisfunctionalization product and instead opens a competitive pathway leading to oligomerization. Various optimized conditions for the predominant formation of dimers, but also for higher oligomers such as trimers and tetramers, were developed. Depending on the electronic properties of the electrophilic reaction partner, even compounds up to octamers were isolated. Optimization experiments revealed that a properly tuned phosphine as catalyst is of crucial importance. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the cascade starts with the attack of cyanide; aryne insertion into n-mers leading to (n+1)-mers was ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Barber
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Liam T Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Driscoll LJ, Bryce MR. A review of oligo(arylene ethynylene) derivatives in molecular junctions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10668-10711. [PMID: 34110337 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(arylene ethynylene) (OAE) derivatives are the "workhorse" molecules of molecular electronics. Their ease of synthesis and flexibility of functionalisation mean that a diverse array of OAE molecular wires have been designed, synthesised and studied theoretically and experimentally in molecular junctions using both single-molecule and ensemble methods. This review summarises the breadth of molecular designs that have been investigated with emphasis on structure-property relationships with respect to the electronic conductance of OAEs. The factors considered include molecular length, connectivity, conjugation, (anti)aromaticity, heteroatom effects and quantum interference (QI). Growing interest in the thermoelectric properties of OAE derivatives, which are expected to be at the forefront of research into organic thermoelectric devices, is also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J O'Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aksakal R, Mertens C, Soete M, Badi N, Du Prez F. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Life and Materials Science: Recent and Future Trends. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004038. [PMID: 33747749 PMCID: PMC7967060 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the field of sequence-defined polymers and related ultraprecise, monodisperse synthetic macromolecules has grown exponentially. In the early stage, mainly articles or reviews dedicated to the development of synthetic routes toward their preparation have been published. Nowadays, those synthetic methodologies, combined with the elucidation of the structure-property relationships, allow envisioning many promising applications. Consequently, in the past 3 years, application-oriented papers based on discrete synthetic macromolecules emerged. Hence, material science applications such as macromolecular data storage and encryption, self-assembly of discrete structures and foldamers have been the object of many fascinating studies. Moreover, in the area of life sciences, such structures have also been the focus of numerous research studies. Here, it is aimed to highlight these recent applications and to give the reader a critical overview of the future trends in this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Resat Aksakal
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Matthieu Soete
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee M, Kang SI, Song S, Kim H, Lee D. Sharp Turns and Fluorescent Repeats: Modular Construction and Shape-Dependent Electronic Properties of π-Conjugated Chain Molecules. Chempluschem 2021; 86:313-318. [PMID: 33620771 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In search of the design rules for structural ordering of open-chain molecules, we have built a series of zig-zag shaped π-conjugated structures with ring-fused heteroaromatics as sharp turns and tolane-based linear fragments as light-emitting units. Using only a finite number of common building blocks, an efficient "double-elongation" strategy was implemented to construct a series of π-conjugated oligomers with precise length control (55-89 % yields). Our approach takes advantage of the modular nature of the bis(triazolo)benzene synthesis and the masked reactivity of the nitro group. A combination of photophysical and DFT computational studies revealed that the bis(triazolo)benzene-tolane repeat units behave as electronically decoupled light-absorbing/emitting units (λmax,em = 408-422 nm; ΦF = 20-25 % in THF). Such context-independent photophysical properties promise their potential applications in chemical sensing and switching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Il Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsik Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo Z, Yang X, Cai K, Fu X, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhao D. Toward Möbius and Tubular Cyclopolyarene Nanorings via Arylbutadiyne Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Kang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo Z, Yang X, Cai K, Fu X, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhao D. Toward Möbius and Tubular Cyclopolyarene Nanorings via Arylbutadiyne Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14854-14860. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Kang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Well-Defined Conjugated Macromolecules Based on Oligo(Arylene Ethynylene)s in Sensing. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromolecules with well-defined structures in terms of molar mass and monomer sequence became interesting building blocks for modern materials. The precision of the macromolecular structure makes fine-tuning of the properties of resulting materials possible. Conjugated macromolecules exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties that make them exceptional candidates for sensor construction. The importance of chain length and monomer sequence is particularly important in conjugated systems. The oligomer length, monomer sequence, and structural modification often influence the energy bang gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the molecules that reflect in their properties. Moreover, the supramolecular aggregation that is often observed in oligo-conjugated systems is usually strongly affected by even minor structural changes that are used for sensor designs. This review discusses the examples of well-defined conjugated macromolecules based on oligo(arylene ethynylene) skeleton used for sensor applications. Here, exclusively examples of uniform macromolecules are summarized. The sensing mechanisms and importance of uniformity of structure are deliberated.
Collapse
|
15
|
Magiera KM, Aryal V, Chalifoux WA. Alkyne benzannulations in the preparation of contorted nanographenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2372-2386. [PMID: 32196052 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanographenes are a popular area of research due to their promising properties for electronics. Over the last twenty years there has been a significant increase in interest in the development of contorted nanographenes. While many top-down techniques are employed in the synthesis of these planar nanographenes, the use of alkynes in bottom-up syntheses allows for easy functionalization and the development of contorted nanographenes. The syntheses of contorted nanographenes with a focus on utilizing alkynes is reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M Magiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Vivek Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jolly A, Miao D, Daigle M, Morin J. Emerging Bottom‐Up Strategies for the Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons and Related Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jolly
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Dandan Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Maxime Daigle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean‐François Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux AvancésUniversité Laval 1045 Ave de la Médecine Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jolly A, Miao D, Daigle M, Morin JF. Emerging Bottom-Up Strategies for the Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons and Related Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:4624-4633. [PMID: 31265750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The solution-phase synthesis is one of the most promising strategies for the preparation of well-defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) in large scale. To prepare high quality, defect-free GNRs, cycloaromatization reactions need to be very efficient, proceed without side reaction and mild enough to accommodate the presence of various functional groups. In this Minireview, we present the latest synthetic approaches for the synthesis of GNRs and related structures, including alkyne benzannulation, photochemical cyclodehydrohalogenation, Mallory and Pd- and Ni-catalyzed reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jolly
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dandan Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maxime Daigle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jones LO, Mosquera MA, Fu B, Schatz GC, Marks TJ, Ratner MA. Quantum Interference and Substantial Property Tuning in Conjugated Z- ortho-Regio-Resistive Organic (ZORRO) Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8956-8963. [PMID: 31682761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coherence is a significant factor in nanoscale electronic insulator technology and necessitates an understanding of the structure-property relationship between constructive and destructive quantum interference. This is particularly important in organic dielectric circuitry, which is the subject of this work. It is known that molecular wires composed of (i) meta-substituted phenylene rings, (ii) cross-conjugated double bonds (orthogonal to the molecular long axis), and (iii) single bonds can dramatically reduce electrical transmission. Here we add to these tools the use of an unexplored molecular shape to create strong and counterintuitive interference: a fully conjugated molecular wire with a structure that is forced back on itself in a Z shape, thereby exhibiting remarkably low conductance (G = 0.43 × 10-9 S) even though the phenylene arrangements are ortho- rather than meta-disposed. We call these Z-shaped molecules having ultralow conduction Z-ortho-regio-resistive organics (ZORROs). Here we analyze a series of ZORRO molecules and find them to have significant insulating properties in the coherent electron-transport regime due to interfering transmission pathways in the phenylene rings. Importantly, we find that both electron-withdrawing (fluorine) and electron-donating (methoxy) substituents enhance the transmission, which is not desirable. The former is due to the suppression of the destructive quantum interference at the F site, thereby enhancing the overall transmission, much like a Büttiker probe. The latter is due to a methoxy unit resonance additive effect, akin to oxygen doping, and positively contributes to the transmission. We then examine the effects of replacing the phenylene rings with 4,5- and 3,4-disubstituted thiophenes and how this ZORRO modification further reduces the transmission. An ultralow conductance of 0.13 × 10-9 S and a relatively high dielectric constant (εr) of ∼5 are predicted for the 3,4-thiophene ZORRO derivative, which closely resembles two cross-conjugated units, making it an intriguing candidate for a gate dielectric material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Martín A Mosquera
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Mark A Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dobscha JR, Castillo HD, Li Y, Fadler RE, Taylor RD, Brown AA, Trainor CQ, Tait SL, Flood AH. Sequence-Defined Macrocycles for Understanding and Controlling the Build-up of Hierarchical Order in Self-Assembled 2D Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17588-17600. [PMID: 31503483 PMCID: PMC7461245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anfinsen's dogma that sequence dictates structure is fundamental to understanding the activity and assembly of proteins. This idea has been applied to all manner of oligomers but not to the behavior of cyclic oligomers, aka macrocycles. We do this here by providing the first proofs that sequence controls the hierarchical assembly of nonbiological macrocycles, in this case, at graphite surfaces. To design macrocycles with one (AAA), two (AAB), or three (ABC) different carbazole units, we needed to subvert the synthetic preferences for one-pot macrocyclizations. We developed a new stepwise synthesis with sequence-defined targets made in 11, 17, and 22 steps with 25, 10, and 5% yields, respectively. The linear build up of primary sequence (1°) also enabled a thermal Huisgen cycloaddition to proceed regioselectively for the first time using geometric control. The resulting macrocycles are planar (2° structure) and form H-bonded dimers (3°) at surfaces. Primary sequences encoded into the suite of tricarb macrocycles were shown by scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) to impact the next levels of supramolecular ordering (4°) and 2D crystalline polymorphs (5°) at solution-graphite interfaces. STM imaging of an AAB macrocycle revealed the formation of a new gap phase that was inaccessible using only C3-symmetric macrocycles. STM imaging of two additional sequence-controlled macrocycles (AAD, ABE) allowed us to identify the factors driving the formation of this new polymorph. This demonstration of how sequence controls the hierarchical patterning of macrocycles raises the importance of stepwise syntheses relative to one-pot macrocyclizations to offer new approaches for greater understanding and control of hierarchical assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Dobscha
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Henry D. Castillo
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Rachel E. Fadler
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Rose D. Taylor
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew A. Brown
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Colleen Q. Trainor
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Steven L. Tait
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kinney ZJ, Kirinda VC, Hartley CS. Macrocycles of higher ortho-phenylenes: assembly and folding. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9057-9068. [PMID: 31762983 PMCID: PMC6857672 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The sizes and geometries of macrocycles assembled from ortho-phenylenes are predicted by the stabilities and bite angles of possible conformers.
Higher-order structure in abiotic foldamer systems represents an important but largely unrealized goal. As one approach to this challenge, covalent assembly can be used to assemble macrocycles with foldamer subunits in well-defined spatial relationships. Such systems have previously been shown to exhibit self-sorting, new folding motifs, and dynamic stereoisomerism, yet there remain important questions about the interplay between folding and macrocyclization and the effect of structural confinement on folding behavior. Here, we explore the dynamic covalent assembly of extended ortho-phenylenes (hexamer and decamer) with rod-shaped linkers. Characteristic 1H chemical shift differences between cyclic and acyclic systems can be compared with computational conformer libraries to determine the folding states of the macrocycles. We show that the bite angle provides a measure of the fit of an o-phenylene conformer within a shape-persistent macrocycle, affecting both assembly and ultimate folding behavior. For the o-phenylene hexamer, the bite angle and conformer stability work synergistically to direct assembly toward triangular [3 + 3] macrocycles of well-folded oligomers. For the decamer, the energetic accessibility of conformers with small bite angles allows [2 + 2] macrocycles to be formed as the predominant species. In these systems, the o-phenylenes are forced into unusual folding states, preferentially adopting a backbone geometry with distinct helical blocks of opposite handedness. The results show that simple geometric restrictions can be used to direct foldamers toward increasingly complex folds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias J Kinney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| | - Viraj C Kirinda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chaudhuri S, Mohanan M, Willems AV, Bertke JA, Gavvalapalli N. β-Strand inspired bifacial π-conjugated polymers. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5976-5982. [PMID: 31360404 PMCID: PMC6566302 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to diverse, relatively high molecular weight soluble linear polymers without pendant solubilizing chains is the key to solution state synthesis of structurally diverse nanoribbons of conjugated materials. However, realizing soluble 1D-π-conjugated polymers without pendant solubilizing chains is a daunting task. Herein, inspired from the polypeptide β-strand architecture, we have designed and developed novel bifacial π-conjugated polymers (M n: ca. 24 kDa) that are soluble (ca. 70 to >250 mM) despite the absence of pendant solubilizing chains. The impact of varying the bifacial monomer height on polymer solubility, optical properties, and interactions with small molecules is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology , Georgetown University , 3700 O st NW , Washington , D.C. 20057 , USA .
| | - Manikandan Mohanan
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology , Georgetown University , 3700 O st NW , Washington , D.C. 20057 , USA .
| | - Andreas V Willems
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology , Georgetown University , 3700 O st NW , Washington , D.C. 20057 , USA .
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology , Georgetown University , 3700 O st NW , Washington , D.C. 20057 , USA .
| | - Nagarjuna Gavvalapalli
- Department of Chemistry , Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology , Georgetown University , 3700 O st NW , Washington , D.C. 20057 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Li
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Dayun Huang
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjin Shi
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Guobing Yan
- Department of ChemistryLishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Senese AD, Chalifoux WA. Nanographene and Graphene Nanoribbon Synthesis via Alkyne Benzannulations. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010118. [PMID: 30598009 PMCID: PMC6337508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extension of π-conjugation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via alkyne benzannulation reactions has become an increasingly utilized tool over the past few years. This short review will highlight recent work of alkyne benzannulations in the context of large nanographene as well as graphene nanoribbon synthesis along with a brief discussion of the interesting physical properties these molecules display.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Senese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Malzkuhn S, Guo X, Häussinger D, Wenger OS. Electron Transfer across o-Phenylene Wires. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:96-102. [PMID: 30592217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer across rigid rod-like oligo- p-phenylenes has been thoroughly investigated in the past, but their o-connected counterparts are yet entirely unexplored in this regard. We report on three molecular dyads comprised of a triarylamine donor and a Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy =2,2'-bipyridine) acceptor connected covalently by 2 to 6 o-phenylene units. Pulsed excitation of the Ru(II) sensitizer at 532 nm leads to the rapid formation of oxidized triarylamine and reduced ruthenium complex via intramolecular electron transfer. The subsequent thermal reverse charge-shift reaction to reinstate the electronic ground-state occurs on a time scale of 120-220 ns in deaerated CH3CN at 25 °C. The conformational flexibility of the o-phenylene bridges causes multiexponential transient absorption kinetics for the photoinduced forward process, but the thermal reverse reaction produces single-exponential transient absorption decays. The key finding is that the flexible o-phenylene bridges permit rapid formation of photoproducts storing ca. 1.7 eV of energy with lifetimes on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds, similar to what is possible with rigid rod-like donor-acceptor compounds. Thus, the conformational flexibility of the o-phenylenes represents no disadvantage with regard to the photoproduct lifetimes, and this is relevant in the greater context of light-to-chemical energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Malzkuhn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vemuri GN, Pandian RR, Spinello BJ, Stopler EB, Kinney ZJ, Hartley CS. Twist sense control in terminally functionalized ortho-phenylenes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8260-8270. [PMID: 30542575 PMCID: PMC6240895 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02821d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral groups induce opposite twist senses of o-phenylene helices depending on their positions in dynamic mixtures.
Many abiotic foldamers are based on achiral repeat units but adopt chiral geometries, especially helices. In these systems, there is no inherent preference for one handedness of the fold; however, it is well-established that the point chirality of substituents can be communicated to the helix. This capability represents a basic level of control over folding that is necessary for applications in molecular recognition and in the assembly of higher-order structures. The ortho-phenylenes are a structurally simple class of aromatic foldamers that fold into helices driven by arene–arene stacking interactions. Although their folding is now reasonably well-understood, access to o-phenylenes enriched in one twist sense has been limited to resolution, yielding conformationally dynamic samples that racemize over the course of minutes to hours. Here, we report a detailed structure–property study of chiral induction from o-phenylene termini using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and computational chemistry. We uncover mechanistic details of chiral induction and show that the same substituents can give effective twist sense control in opposite directions in mixtures of interconverting conformers; that is, they are “ambidextrous”. This behavior should be general and can be rationalized using a simple model based on sterics, noting that arene–arene stacking is, to a first approximation, unaffected by flipping either partner. We demonstrate control over this mechanism by showing that chiral groups can be chosen such that they both favor one orientation and provide effective chiral induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Nath Vemuri
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| | - Rathiesh R Pandian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| | - Brian J Spinello
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| | - Erika B Stopler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| | - Zacharias J Kinney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang X, Yuan L, Chen Z, Liu Z, Miao Q. A Trefoil Macrocycle Synthesized by 3-Fold Benzannulation. Org Lett 2018; 20:6952-6956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luyan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xiong JB, Feng HT, Wang JH, Zhang C, Li B, Zheng YS. Tetraphenylethylene Foldamers with Double Hairpin-Turn Linkers, TNT-Binding Mode and Detection of Highly Diluted TNT Vapor. Chemistry 2018; 24:2004-2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bin Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology; Huazhong University of, Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Bao Li
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Yan-Song Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cortizo‐Lacalle D, Mora‐Fuentes JP, Strutyński K, Saeki A, Melle‐Franco M, Mateo‐Alonso A. Monodisperse N-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons Reaching 7.7 Nanometers in Length. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:703-708. [PMID: 29193535 PMCID: PMC5768023 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The properties of graphene nanoribbons are highly dependent on structural variables such as width, length, edge structure, and heteroatom doping. Therefore, atomic precision over all these variables is necessary for establishing their fundamental properties and exploring their potential applications. An iterative approach is presented that assembles a small and carefully designed molecular building block into monodisperse N-doped graphene nanoribbons with different lengths. To showcase this approach, the synthesis and characterisation of a series of nanoribbons constituted of 10, 20 and 30 conjugated linearly-fused rings (2.9, 5.3, and 7.7 nm in length, respectively) is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cortizo‐Lacalle
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018 Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Juan P. Mora‐Fuentes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018 Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro3810-193AveiroPortugal
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaOsaka565-0871Japan
| | - Manuel Melle‐Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro3810-193AveiroPortugal
| | - Aurelio Mateo‐Alonso
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018 Donostia-San SebastianSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for Science48011BilbaoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sahu H, Shukla R, Goswami J, Gaur P, Panda AN. Alternating phenylene and furan/pyrrole/thiophene units-based oligomers: A computational study of the structures and optoelectronic properties. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
Zhang HH, Zhu YX, Wang W, Zhu J, Bonnesen PV, Hong K. Controlled synthesis of ortho, para-alternating linked polyarenes via catalyst-transfer Suzuki coupling polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of ortho, para-alternating linked polyarenes is synthesized via catalyst-transfer Suzuki coupling polymerization with Pd2(dba)3/t-Bu3P/p-BrC6H4COPh as initiator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
- P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
- P.R. China
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Peter V. Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Katoono R, Kusaka K, Tanaka Y, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Supramolecular chiroptical switching of helical-sense preferences through the two-way intramolecular transmission of a single chiral source. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1167-1171. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03057f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexation-induced reversal of helical-sense preferences is demonstrated with a simple molecule with a pair of exciton-coupled chromophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Keiichi Kusaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cortizo‐Lacalle D, Mora‐Fuentes JP, Strutyński K, Saeki A, Melle‐Franco M, Mateo‐Alonso A. Monodisperse N‐Doped Graphene Nanoribbons Reaching 7.7 Nanometers in Length. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cortizo‐Lacalle
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia- San Sebastian Spain
| | - Juan P. Mora‐Fuentes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia- San Sebastian Spain
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Manuel Melle‐Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Aurelio Mateo‐Alonso
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia- San Sebastian Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for Science 48011 Bilbao Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hein SJ, Lehnherr D, Arslan H, J. Uribe-Romo F, Dichtel WR. Alkyne Benzannulation Reactions for the Synthesis of Novel Aromatic Architectures. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2776-2788. [PMID: 29112367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds and polymers are integrated into organic field effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, and redox-flow batteries. These compounds and materials feature increasingly complex designs, and substituents influence energy levels, bandgaps, solution conformation, and crystal packing, all of which impact performance. However, many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of interest are difficult to prepare because their substitution patterns lie outside the scope of current synthetic methods, as strategies for functionalizing benzene are often unselective when applied to naphthalene or larger systems. For example, cross-coupling and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions rely on prefunctionalized arenes, and even directed metalation methods most often modify positions near Lewis basic sites. Similarly, electrophilic aromatic substitutions access single regioisomers under substrate control. Cycloadditions provide a convergent route to densely functionalized aromatic compounds that compliment the above methods. After surveying cycloaddition reactions that might be used to modify the conjugated backbone of poly(phenylene ethynylene)s, we discovered that the Asao-Yamamoto benzannulation reaction is notably efficient. Although this reaction had been reported a decade earlier, its scope and usefulness for synthesizing complex aromatic systems had been under-recognized. This benzannulation reaction combines substituted 2-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehydes and substituted alkynes to form 2,3-substituted naphthalenes. The reaction tolerates a variety of sterically congested alkynes, making it well-suited for accessing poly- and oligo(ortho-arylene)s and contorted hexabenzocoronenes. In many cases in which asymmetric benzaldehyde and alkyne cycloaddition partners are used, the reaction is regiospecific based on the electronic character of the alkyne substrate. Recognizing these desirable features, we broadened the substrate scope to include silyl- and halogen-substituted alkynes. Through a combined experimental and computational approach, we have elucidated mechanistic insight and key principles that govern the regioselectivity outcome of the benzannulation of structurally diverse alkynes. We have applied these methods to prepare sterically hindered, shape-persistent aromatic systems, heterocyclic aromatic compounds, functionalized 2-aryne precursors, polyheterohalogenated naphthalenes, ortho-arylene foldamers, and graphene nanoribbons. As a result of these new synthetic avenues, aromatic structures with interesting properties were uncovered such as ambipolar charge transport in field effect transistors based on our graphene nanoribbons, conformational aspects of ortho-arylene architectures resulting from intramolecular π-stacking, and modulation of frontier molecular orbitals via protonation of heteroatom containing aromatic systems. Given the availability of many substituted 2-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehydes and the regioselectivity of the benzannulation reaction, naphthalenes can be prepared with control of the substitution pattern at seven of the eight substitutable positions. Researchers in a range of fields are likely to benefit directly from newly accessible molecular and polymeric systems derived from polyfunctionalized naphthalenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hasan Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Fernando J. Uribe-Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hein SJ, Lehnherr D, Dichtel WR. Rapid access to substituted 2-naphthyne intermediates via the benzannulation of halogenated silylalkynes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5675-5681. [PMID: 28989606 PMCID: PMC5621055 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A ZnCl2-catalyzed, regioselective benzannulation of halogenated silylacetylenes provides access to 2-naphthyne precursors.
Aryne intermediates are versatile and important reactive intermediates for natural product and polymer synthesis. 2-Naphthynes are relatively unexplored because few methods provide precursors to these intermediates, especially for those bearing additional substituents. Here we report a general synthetic strategy to access 2-naphthyne precursors through an Asao-Yamamoto benzannulation of ortho-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehydes with halo-silylalkynes. This transformation provides 2-halo-3-silylnaphthalenes with complete regioselectivity. These naphthalene products undergo desilylation/dehalogenation in the presence of F– to generate the corresponding 2-naphthyne intermediate, as evidenced by furan trapping experiments. When these 2-naphthynes are generated in the presence of a copper catalyst, ortho-naphthalene oligomers, trinaphthalene, or binaphthalene products are formed selectively by varying the catalyst loading and reaction temperature. The efficiency, mild conditions, and versatility of the naphthalene products and naphthyne intermediates will provide efficient access to many new functional aromatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hein
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tokoro Y, Ohtsuka N, Kusakabe A, Fukuzawa S. Helical Folding of Hydroxy‐Substituted N‐Hetero‐
ortho
‐phenylenes Directed by Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Tokoro
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya‐ku 240‐8501 Yokohama Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohtsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Institute of Science and Engineering Chuo University 1‐13‐27 Kasuga, Bunkyo‐ku 112‐8551 Tokyo Japan
| | - Akinori Kusakabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry Institute of Science and Engineering Chuo University 1‐13‐27 Kasuga, Bunkyo‐ku 112‐8551 Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Fukuzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Institute of Science and Engineering Chuo University 1‐13‐27 Kasuga, Bunkyo‐ku 112‐8551 Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kinney ZJ, Hartley CS. Twisted Macrocycles with Folded ortho-Phenylene Subunits. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4821-4827. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias J. Kinney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lehnherr D, Alzola JM, Mulzer CR, Hein SJ, Dichtel WR. Diazatetracenes Derived from the Benzannulation of Acetylenes: Electronic Tuning via Substituent Effects and External Stimuli. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2004-2010. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lehnherr
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joaquin M. Alzola
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Catherine R. Mulzer
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samuel J. Hein
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|