1
|
Depta PN, Gurikov P, Schroeter B, Forgács A, Kalmár J, Paul G, Marchese L, Heinrich S, Dosta M. DEM-Based Approach for the Modeling of Gelation and Its Application to Alginate. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:49-70. [PMID: 34936761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gelation of biopolymers is of great interest in the material science community and has gained increasing relevance in the past few decades, especially in the context of aerogels─lightweight open nanoporous materials. Understanding the underlying gel structure and influence of process parameters is of great importance to predict material properties such as mechanical strength. In order to improve understanding of the gelation mechanism in aqueous solution, this work presents a novel approach based on the discrete element method for the mesoscale for modeling gelation of hydrogels, similarly to an extremely coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) approach. For this, polymer chains are abstracted as dimer units connected by flexible bonds and interactions between units and with the environment, that is, diffusion in implicit water, are described. The model is based on Langevin dynamics and includes an implicit probabilistic ion model to capture the effects of ion availability during ion-mediated gelation. The model components are fully derived and parameterized using literature data and theoretical considerations based on a simplified representation of atomistic processes. The presented model enables investigations of the higher-scale network formation during gelation on the micrometer and millisecond scale, which are beyond classical modeling approaches such as MD. As a model system, calcium-mediated alginate gelation is investigated including the influence of ion concentration, polymer composition, polymer concentration, and molecular weight. The model is verified against numerous literature data as well as own experimental results for the corresponding Ca-alginate hydrogels using nitrogen porosimetry, NMR cryoporometry, and small-angle neutron scattering. The model reproduces both bundle size and pore size distribution in a reasonable agreement with the experiments. Overall, the modeling approach paves the way to physically motivated design of alginate gels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nicolas Depta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Laboratory for Development and Modeling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, 21 073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Baldur Schroeter
- Institute for Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, 21 073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Attila Forgács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Kalmár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Geo Paul
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, 15 121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Leonardo Marchese
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, 15 121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maksym Dosta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hydrophobic Modification of Biopolymer Aerogels by Cold Plasma Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13173000. [PMID: 34503040 PMCID: PMC8434000 DOI: 10.3390/polym13173000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of cold plasma polymerization as a simple, fast and versatile technique for deposition of protective hydrophobic and oleophobic polymer layers on hydrophilic biopolymer aerogels. Polymerization of different fluorinated monomers (octafluorocyclobutane C4F8 and perfluoro-acrylates PFAC-6 and PFAC-8) on aerogel monoliths derived from alginate, cellulose, whey protein isolate (WPI) and potato protein isolate (PPI) resulted in fast and significant surface hydrophobization after short process times of 5 min and led to superhydrophobic surfaces with static water contact angles up to 154° after application of poly-C4F8 coatings. Simultaneous introduction of hydro- and oleophobicity was possible by deposition of perfluoro-acrylates. While the porous structure of aerogels stayed intact during the process, polymerization inside the aerogels pores led to the generation of new porous moieties and resulted therefore in significant increase in the specific surface area. The magnitude of the effect depended on the individual process settings and on the overall porosity of the substrates. A maximization of specific surface area increase (+179 m2/g) was obtained by applying a pulsed wave mode in the C4F8-coating of alginate aerogels.
Collapse
|
3
|
Külcü İD, Rege A. Physics-informed constitutive modelling of hydrated biopolymer aerogel networks. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5278-5283. [PMID: 34017970 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydration induces significant structural rearrangements in biopolymer aerogels, resulting in a completely different mechanical behaviour compared to the one in the dry state. A network decomposition concept was earlier introduced to account for these changes, wherein the material network was decomposed into an open-porous aerogel one and a hydrogel-like one. Recent experimental evidences have supported this idea of the formation of a hydrogel-like network. Using these observations as a basis, in this paper, we present a micromechanical model describing the effect of hydration on the structural and mechanical properties of aerogels. The aerogel network is modelled based on the mechanics of their pore-walls, while the hydrogel-like network is modelled based on the statistical mechanics of their polymer chains by means of the Arruda-Boyce eight-chain model. The influence of diverse structural and material parameters on the mechanical behaviour is investigated. The effect of different degrees of wetting, from a pure aerogel to a pure hydrogel-like state, is captured by the model. The results are shown to be in good agreement with available experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Doğan Külcü
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ameya Rege
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Constitutive Modeling of the Densification Behavior in Open-Porous Cellular Solids. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112731. [PMID: 34064256 PMCID: PMC8196814 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The macroscopic mechanical behavior of open-porous cellular materials is dictated by the geometric and material properties of their microscopic cell walls. The overall compressive response of such materials is divided into three regimes, namely, the linear elastic, plateau and densification. In this paper, a constitutive model is presented, which captures not only the linear elastic regime and the subsequent pore-collapse, but is also shown to be capable of capturing the hardening upon the densification of the network. Here, the network is considered to be made up of idealized square-shaped cells, whose cell walls undergo bending and buckling under compression. Depending on the choice of damage criterion, viz. elastic buckling or irreversible bending, the cell walls collapse. These collapsed cells are then assumed to behave as nonlinear springs, acting as a foundation to the elastic network of active open cells. To this end, the network is decomposed into an active network and a collapsed one. The compressive strain at the onset of densification is then shown to be quantified by the point of intersection of the two network stress-strain curves. A parameter sensitivity analysis is presented to demonstrate the range of different material characteristics that the model is capable of capturing. The proposed constitutive model is further validated against two different types of nanoporous materials and shows good agreement.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chandrasekaran R, Hillgärtner M, Ganesan K, Milow B, Itskov M, Rege A. Computational design of biopolymer aerogels and predictive modelling of their nanostructure and mechanical behaviour. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10198. [PMID: 33986367 PMCID: PMC8119483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the challenge of reconstructing or designing the three-dimensional microstructure of nanoporous materials, we develop a computational approach by combining the random closed packing of polydisperse spheres together with the Laguerre-Voronoi tessellation. Open-porous cellular network structures that adhere to the real pore-size distributions of the nanoporous materials are generated. As an example, κ-carrageenan aerogels are considered. The mechanical structure-property relationships are further explored by means of finite elements. Here we show that one can predict the macroscopic stress-strain curve of the bulk porous material if only the pore-size distributions, solid fractions, and Young's modulus of the pore-wall fibres are known a priori. The objective of such reconstruction and predictive modelling is to reverse engineer the parameters of their synthesis process for tailored applications. Structural and mechanical property predictions of the proposed modelling approach are shown to be in good agreement with the available experimental data. The presented approach is free of parameter-fitting and is capable of generating dispersed Voronoi structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandrasekaran
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Markus Hillgärtner
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathirvel Ganesan
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Milow
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mikhail Itskov
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ameya Rege
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rege A, Aney S, Milow B. Influence of pore-size distributions and pore-wall mechanics on the mechanical behavior of cellular solids like aerogels. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:043001. [PMID: 34005958 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pore-size distributions play a critical role in the determination of the properties of nanoporous cellular materials like aerogels. In this paper, we propose a micromechanical model, and by further designing artificial normal pore-size distributions, we inspect their effect on the macroscopic stress-strain curves. We show that the location of the mean pore size as well as the broadness of the distribution strongly affects the overall macroscopic behavior. Moreover, we also show that by using different damage criteria within the proposed model, the elastic, inelastic, and brittle nature of the macroscopic material can be captured. The damage criteria are based on the different modes of deformation in the pore walls, namely, elastic buckling, irreversible bending and brittle collapse under compression, and combined bending and stretching under tension. The proposed model approach serves as a reverse engineering tool to develop cellular solids with desired mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Rege
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shivangi Aney
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Milow
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santos-Rosales V, Alvarez-Rivera G, Hillgärtner M, Cifuentes A, Itskov M, García-González CA, Rege A. Stability Studies of Starch Aerogel Formulations for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5336-5344. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Santos-Rosales
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma group (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales (AeMAT), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Spain
| | - Gerardo Alvarez-Rivera
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Markus Hillgärtner
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Mikhail Itskov
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma group (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales (AeMAT), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Spain
| | - Ameya Rege
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel Composites, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, Cologne 51147, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Budtova T, Aguilera DA, Beluns S, Berglund L, Chartier C, Espinosa E, Gaidukovs S, Klimek-Kopyra A, Kmita A, Lachowicz D, Liebner F, Platnieks O, Rodríguez A, Tinoco Navarro LK, Zou F, Buwalda SJ. Biorefinery Approach for Aerogels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2779. [PMID: 33255498 PMCID: PMC7760295 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the International Energy Agency, biorefinery is "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable bio-based products (chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (fuels, power, heat)". In this review, we survey how the biorefinery approach can be applied to highly porous and nanostructured materials, namely aerogels. Historically, aerogels were first developed using inorganic matter. Subsequently, synthetic polymers were also employed. At the beginning of the 21st century, new aerogels were created based on biomass. Which sources of biomass can be used to make aerogels and how? This review answers these questions, paying special attention to bio-aerogels' environmental and biomedical applications. The article is a result of fruitful exchanges in the frame of the European project COST Action "CA 18125 AERoGELS: Advanced Engineering and Research of aeroGels for Environment and Life Sciences".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daniel Antonio Aguilera
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Sergejs Beluns
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV, 1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.B.); (S.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Linn Berglund
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden;
| | - Coraline Chartier
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Eduardo Espinosa
- Bioagres Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (E.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV, 1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.B.); (S.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra
- Department of Agroecology and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture, Aleja Mickieiwcza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Angelika Kmita
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.L.)
| | - Dorota Lachowicz
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.L.)
| | - Falk Liebner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV, 1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.B.); (S.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- Bioagres Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (E.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Lizeth Katherine Tinoco Navarro
- CEITEC-VUT Central European Institute of Technology—Brno university of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno-Královo Pole, Czech Republic;
| | - Fangxin Zou
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Sytze J. Buwalda
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rege A, Patil SP. On the Molecular to Continuum Modeling of Fiber‐Reinforced Composites. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Rege
- Department of Aerogels and Aerogel CompositesInstitute of Materials ResearchGerman Aerospace Center Linder Höhe 51147 Cologne Germany
| | - Sandeep P. Patil
- Institute of General MechanicsRWTH Aachen University Templergraben 64 52062 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buchtová N, Pradille C, Bouvard JL, Budtova T. Mechanical properties of cellulose aerogels and cryogels. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7901-7908. [PMID: 31535679 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly porous and lightweight cellulose materials were prepared via dissolution-coagulation and different drying routes. Cellulose of three different molecular weights was dissolved in an ionic liquid/dimethyl sulfoxide mixture. Drying was performed either with supercritical CO2 resulting in "aerogels", or via freeze-drying resulting in "cryogels". The influence of cellulose molecular weight, concentration and drying method on the morphology, density, porosity and specific surface area was determined. The mechanical properties of cellulose cryogels and aerogels under uniaxial compression were studied in detail and analyzed in the view of existing models developed for porous materials. It was demonstrated that the Poisson's ratio of cellulose aerogels is not equal to zero, contrary to what is usually reported in the literature, but decreases with an increase in density. Compressive modulus and yield stress of cryogels turned out to be higher than those of aerogels taken at the same density. This was interpreted by the different morphology of the porous materials studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nela Buchtová
- MINES ParisTech, CEMEF - Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7635, PSL Research University, CS 10207 rue Claude Daunesse, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rege A, Voepel P, Okumus E, Hillgärtner M, Itskov M, Milow B. Temperature-Dependent Stiffening and Inelastic Behavior of Newly Synthesized Fiber-Reinforced Super Flexible Silica Aerogels. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182878. [PMID: 31489902 PMCID: PMC6766033 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, flexible silica aerogels have gained significant attention, owing to their excellent thermal and acoustic insulation properties accompanied by mechanical flexibility. Fiber reinforcement of such aerogels results in a further enhancement of the strength and durability of the composite, while retaining the excellent insulation properties. In this paper, the influence of four different kinds of fibers within a flexible silica aerogel matrix is studied and reported. First, a description of the synthesis procedure and the resulting morphology of the four aerogel composites is presented. Their mechanical behavior under uniaxial quasi-static tension and compression is investigated, particularly their performance under uniaxial compression at different temperature conditions (50 °C, 0 °C, and −50 °C). The reinforcement of the flexible silica aerogels with four different fiber types only marginally influences the thermal conductivity but strongly enhances their mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Rege
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Pascal Voepel
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Emrah Okumus
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Markus Hillgärtner
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Mikhail Itskov
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Milow
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rege A, Hillgärtner M, Itskov M. Mechanics of biopolymer aerogels based on microstructures generated from 2-d Voronoi tessellations. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
13
|
Modelling of Mechanical Behavior of Biopolymer Alginate Aerogels Using the Bonded-Particle Model. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142543. [PMID: 31336896 PMCID: PMC6681117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel mesoscale modelling approach for the investigation of mechanical properties of alginate aerogels is proposed. This method is based on the discrete element method and bonded-particle model. The nanostructure of aerogel is not directly considered, instead the highly porous structure of aerogels is represented on the mesoscale as a set of solid particles connected by solid bonds. To describe the rheological material behavior, a new elastic-plastic functional model for the solids bonds has been developed. This model has been derived based on the self-similarity principle for the material behavior on the macro and mesoscales. To analyze the effectiveness of the proposed method, the behavior of alginate aerogels with different crosslinking degrees (calcium content) was analyzed. The comparison between experimental and numerical results has shown that the proposed approach can be effectively used to predict the mechanical behavior of aerogels on the macroscale.
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu X, Dong F, Yang X, Liu H, Guo L, Qian Y, Wang A, Wang S, Luo J. Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Grafted with Epoxidized Soybean Oil Aerogels for Oil-Absorbing Materials. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:637-643. [PMID: 30601645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The absorbent materials synthesized from biosources with low cost and high selectivity for oils and organic solvents have attracted increasing attention in the field of oil spillage and discharge of organic chemicals. We developed a convenient surface-grafting method to prepare efficient and recyclable biobased aerogels from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO)-modified cellulose at room temperature. The porous network-like structure of the cellulose aerogel was still fully retained after undergoing hydrophobic modification with ESO. Moreover, the modified aerogels possessed excellent hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 132.6°. Moreover, the absorbent ability of the hydrophobic cellulose aerogels was systematically assessed. The results showed that modified aerogels could retain more than 90% absorption capacity even after 30 absorption-desorption cycles, indicating that the ESO-grafted cellulose aerogels have practical applications in the oil-water separation from industrial wastewater and oil-leakage removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Fuhao Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products , Chinese Academy of Forestry , Nanjing 210042 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - He Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products , Chinese Academy of Forestry , Nanjing 210042 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Lizhen Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Yuehan Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Aiting Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products , Chinese Academy of Forestry , Nanjing 210042 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Shifa Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Jinyue Luo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources , Nanjing 210037 , Jiangsu Province , China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Plappert SF, Nedelec JM, Rennhofer H, Lichtenegger HC, Bernstorff S, Liebner FW. Self-Assembly of Cellulose in Super-Cooled Ionic Liquid under the Impact of Decelerated Antisolvent Infusion: An Approach toward Anisotropic Gels and Aerogels. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4411-4422. [PMID: 30252450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of (bio)polymers into long-range anisotropic nanostructured gels and aerogels is of great interest in advanced material engineering since it enables directional tuning of properties, such as diffusivity, light, heat, and sound propagation, cell proliferation, and mechanical properties. Here we present an approach toward anisotropic cellulose II gels and aerogels that employs specific diffusion and phase separation phenomena occurring during decelerated infusion of an antisolvent into isotropic supercooled solutions of cellulose in an ionic liquid to effectuate supramolecular assembly of cellulose in anisotropic colloidal network structures. At the example of the distillable ionic liquid 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium acetate, the antisolvent ethanol, and spherocylindrical porous molds, we demonstrate that the proposed facile, environmental-benign and versatile route affords gels and aerogels whose specific anisotropic nanomorphology and properties reflect the preferred supramolecular cellulose orientation during phase separation, which is perpendicular to the direction of antisolvent diffusion. Comprehensive X-ray scattering experiments revealed that the (aero)gels are composed of an interconnected, fibrous, highly crystalline (CrI ≈ 72%), cellulose II with a cross-sectional Guinier radius of the struts of about 2.5 nm, and an order parameter gradient from about 0.1 to 0.2. The obtained gels and aerogels feature high specific surface areas (350-630 m2 g-1) and excellent mechanical properties like high toughness (up to 471 kJ m-3 for a 60% compression, ρB = 80 mg cm-3) and resilience (up to 13.4 kJ m-3, ρB = 65 mg cm-3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven F Plappert
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Harald Rennhofer
- Institute of Physics and Material Sciences , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Peter-Jordan-Straße 82 , 1190 Vienna , Austria
| | - Helga C Lichtenegger
- Institute of Physics and Material Sciences , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Peter-Jordan-Straße 82 , 1190 Vienna , Austria
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 , 34149 Basovizza , Trieste , Italy
| | - Falk W Liebner
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rege A, Preibisch I, Schestakow M, Ganesan K, Gurikov P, Milow B, Smirnova I, Itskov M. Correlating Synthesis Parameters to Morphological Entities: Predictive Modeling of Biopolymer Aerogels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1670. [PMID: 30205623 PMCID: PMC6163492 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, biopolymer aerogels have gained significant research attention due to their typical properties, such as low density and thermal insulation, which are reinforced with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of functionalization. Mechanical properties of these aerogels play an important role in several applications and should be evaluated based on synthesis parameters. To this end, preparation and characterization of polysaccharide-based aerogels, such as pectin, cellulose and k-carrageenan, is first discussed. An interrelationship between their synthesis parameters and morphological entities is established. Such aerogels are usually characterized by a cellular morphology, and under compression undergo large deformations. Therefore, a nonlinear constitutive model is proposed based on large deflections in microcell walls of the aerogel network. Different sizes of the microcells within the network are identified via nitrogen desorption isotherms. Damage is initiated upon pore collapse, which is shown to result from the failure of the microcell wall fibrils. Finally, the model predictions are validated against experimental data of pectin, cellulose, and k-carrageenan aerogels. Given the micromechanical nature of the model, a clear correlation-qualitative and quantitative-between synthesis parameters and the model parameters is also substantiated. The proposed model is shown to be useful in tailoring the mechanical properties of biopolymer aerogels subject to changes in synthesis parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Rege
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstraße 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Imke Preibisch
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Schestakow
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kathirvel Ganesan
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Milow
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mikhail Itskov
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstraße 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao S, Malfait WJ, Guerrero-Alburquerque N, Koebel MM, Nyström G. Biopolymer-Aerogele und -Schäume: Chemie, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Zhao
- Building Energy Materials & Components; Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Building Energy Materials & Components; Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Natalia Guerrero-Alburquerque
- Building Energy Materials & Components; Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Matthias M. Koebel
- Building Energy Materials & Components; Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Angewandte Holzforschung; Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
- Departement Gesundheitswissenschaften und Technologie; ETH Zürich; Schmelzbergstrasse 9 CH-8092 Zürich Schweiz
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao S, Malfait WJ, Guerrero-Alburquerque N, Koebel MM, Nyström G. Biopolymer Aerogels and Foams: Chemistry, Properties, and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7580-7608. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Zhao
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Natalia Guerrero-Alburquerque
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Matthias M. Koebel
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Applied Wood Materials Laboratory; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa); Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology; ETH Zurich; Schmelzbergstrasse 9 CH-8092 Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Foster EJ, Moon RJ, Agarwal UP, Bortner MJ, Bras J, Camarero-Espinosa S, Chan KJ, Clift MJD, Cranston ED, Eichhorn SJ, Fox DM, Hamad WY, Heux L, Jean B, Korey M, Nieh W, Ong KJ, Reid MS, Renneckar S, Roberts R, Shatkin JA, Simonsen J, Stinson-Bagby K, Wanasekara N, Youngblood J. Current characterization methods for cellulose nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2609-2679. [PMID: 29658545 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new family of materials comprised of cellulose, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), having properties and functionalities distinct from molecular cellulose and wood pulp, is being developed for applications that were once thought impossible for cellulosic materials. Commercialization, paralleled by research in this field, is fueled by the unique combination of characteristics, such as high on-axis stiffness, sustainability, scalability, and mechanical reinforcement of a wide variety of materials, leading to their utility across a broad spectrum of high-performance material applications. However, with this exponential growth in interest/activity, the development of measurement protocols necessary for consistent, reliable and accurate materials characterization has been outpaced. These protocols, developed in the broader research community, are critical for the advancement in understanding, process optimization, and utilization of CNMs in materials development. This review establishes detailed best practices, methods and techniques for characterizing CNM particle morphology, surface chemistry, surface charge, purity, crystallinity, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and toxicity for two distinct forms of CNMs: cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, 445 Old Turner St, 203 Holden Hall, Blacksburg, 24061, VA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Druel L, Bardl R, Vorwerg W, Budtova T. Starch Aerogels: A Member of the Family of Thermal Superinsulating Materials. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4232-4239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Druel
- MINES ParisTech,
PSL Research University, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), UMR
CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Richard Bardl
- MINES ParisTech,
PSL Research University, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), UMR
CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Waltraud Vorwerg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech,
PSL Research University, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), UMR
CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Patil SP, Rege A, Sagardas, Itskov M, Markert B. Mechanics of Nanostructured Porous Silica Aerogel Resulting from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5660-5668. [PMID: 28556665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silica aerogels are nanostructured, highly porous solids which have, compared to other soft materials, special mechanical properties, such as extremely low densities. In the present work, the mechanical properties of silica aerogels have been studied with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The aerogel model of 192 000 atoms was created with different densities by direct expansion of β-cristobalite and subjected to series of thermal treatments. Because of the high number of atoms and improved modeling procedure, the proposed model was more stable and showed significant improvement in the smoothness of the resulting stress-strain curves in comparison to previous models. Resulting Poisson's ratio values for silica aerogels lie between 0.18 and 0.21. The elasticity moduli display a power law dependence on the density, with the exponent estimated to be 3.25 ± 0.1. These results are in excellent agreement with reported experimental as well as computational values. Two different deformation scenarios have been discussed. Under tension, the low-density aerogels were more ductile while the denser ones behaved rather brittle. In the compression simulations of low-density aerogels, deformation occurred without significant increase in stress. However, for high densities, atoms offer a higher resistance to the deformation, resulting in a more stiff response and an early densification. The relationship between different mechanical parameters has been found in the cyclic loading simulations of silica aerogels with different densities. The residual strain grows linearly with the applied strain (≥0.16) and can be approximated by a phenomenological relation ϵp = 1.09ϵmax - 0.12. The dissipation energy also varies with the compressive strain according to a power law with an exponent of 2.31 ± 0.07. Moreover, the tangent modulus under cyclic loading varies exponentially with the compressive strain. The results of the study pave the way toward multiscale modeling of silica as well as reinforced silica aerogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep P Patil
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University , Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ameya Rege
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University , Kackertstraße 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sagardas
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University , Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mikhail Itskov
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University , Kackertstraße 9, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Markert
- Institute of General Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University , Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|