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Lin R, Kou D, Gao L, Li S, Gao Z, Li X, Ma W, Zhang S. Biomimetic Photonic Elastomer Exhibiting Stress/Moisture Reconfigurable Wrinkle-Lattice for Reversible Deformation Information Storage. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13346-13360. [PMID: 38726755 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Photonic elastomers, capable of converting imperceptible deformations into visible colors, show significant potential in smart materials. However, instantaneous deformation is arduous to record accurately due to the disappearance of optical information after deformation recovery. Herein, inspired by the folding structures of iridocytes in cephalopods, a stress- and moisture-triggered wrinkling and erasure effect is proposed to be introduced in the construction of a photonic elastomer. Implemented in a dual-network polymer framework with modulatable locking, it allows for reversible deformation storage. The photonic elastomer comprises a surface one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. The deformed 1DPC lattice transforms into a wrinkled state due to a substrate deformation mismatch, preserving strain-induced structural color information through interchain hydrogen bonding and crystalline shape-locking in dual-network polymers. Reading the color provides multidimensional information about the instantaneous deformation degree and distribution. Moreover, the moisture-induced shape-memory feature of the 1DPC can be triggered with a minute amount of water, like fingertip perspiration or humidity change (35% to 80%), to restore the original color. This stress/moisture-responsive photonic elastomer, with its dynamically reconfigurable wrinkle-lattice, holds great promise for applications in mechanical sensing, inkless writing, and anticounterfeiting, significantly enhancing the versatility of photonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xuefen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
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Azimi Dijvejin Z, Khatir B, Golovin K. Suspended Kirigami Surfaces for Multifoulant Adhesion Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6221-6229. [PMID: 35061366 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High foulant adhesion remains a critical issue in a wide range of industries, such as ice accretion on aircraft, biofoulants on ships, wax build-up within pipelines, and scale formation in water remediation. Previous anti-fouling surfaces have only shown promise for reducing the adhesion of a single foulant system; a multi-foulant anti-fouling technology remains elusive. Here, we introduce a mechanical metamaterial-based approach to develop anti-fouling surfaces applicable to a wide range of fouling substances. The suspended kirigami inverted nil-adhesion surfaces, or SKINS, show significantly reduced adhesion of ice, different waxes, dried mud, pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, and a marine hard foulant simulant. SKINS mimic the wrinkling of hard films adhered to soft substrates. Foulant adhesion can be minimized by this wrinkling, which may be controlled by tuning the kirigami motif, sheet material, and foulant dimensions. SKINS reduce adhesion mechanically and were found to be independent of surface energy, enabling their fabrication from commonplace hydrophilic polymers like cellulose acetate. Optimized SKINS exhibited extremely low foulant adhesion, for example, ice adhesion strengths less than 5 kPa (a >250-fold reduction from aluminum substates), and were found to maintain their performance on curved surfaces like transmission cables. The low foulant adhesion persisted over 30 repeated foulant deposition and removal cycles, demonstrating the anti-fouling durability of SKINS. Overall, SKINS offers a previously unexplored route to achieving low foulant adhesion that is highly tunable in both geometry and material selection, is applicable to many different fouling substances, and maintains extremely low foulant adhesion even on complex substrates over large fouled interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Azimi Dijvejin
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Behrooz Khatir
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Kevin Golovin
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Cordella G, Tripodo A, Puosi F, Pisignano D, Leporini D. Nanoscale Elastoplastic Wrinkling of Ultrathin Molecular Films. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11732. [PMID: 34769167 PMCID: PMC8583903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin molecular films deposited on a substrate are ubiquitously used in electronics, photonics, and additive manufacturing methods. The nanoscale surface instability of these systems under uniaxial compression is investigated here by molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on deviations from the homogeneous macroscopic behavior due to the discrete, disordered nature of the deformed system, which might have critical importance for applications. The instability, which develops in the elastoplastic regime above a finite critical strain, leads to the growth of unidimensional wrinkling up to strains as large as 0.5. We highlight both the dominant wavelength and the amplitude of the wavy structure. The wavelength is found to scale geometrically with the film length, λ∝L, up to a compressive strain of ε≃0.4 at least, depending on the film length. The onset and growth of the wrinkling under small compression are quite well described by an extended version of the familiar square-root law in the strain ε observed in macroscopic systems. Under large compression (ε≳0.25), we find that the wrinkling amplitude increases while leaving the cross section nearly constant, offering a novel interpretation of the instability with a large amplitude. The contour length of the film topography is not constant under compression, which is in disagreement with the simple accordion model. These findings might be highly relevant for the design of novel and effective wrinkling and buckling patterns and architectures in flexible platforms for electronics and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Cordella
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (F.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Antonio Tripodo
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (F.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Francesco Puosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (F.P.); (D.P.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (F.P.); (D.P.)
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dino Leporini
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (F.P.); (D.P.)
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPCF-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Lin Y, Tian F, Meng L, Chen X, Lv F, Zhang Q, Li L. Microbuckling: A possible mechanism to trigger nonlinear instability of semicrystalline polymer. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ramachandran RG, Hariharakrishnan S, Fortunato R, Abramowitch SD, Maiti S, Velankar SS. Necking and drawing of rubber-plastic bilayer laminates. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4977-4986. [PMID: 29855018 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examine the stretching behavior of rubber-plastic composites composed of a layer of styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene (SEPS) rubber, bonded to a layer of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) plastic. Dog-bone shaped samples of rubber, plastic, and rubber-plastic bilayers with rubber : plastic thickness ratio in the range of 1.2-9 were subjected to uniaxial tension tests. The degree of inhomogeneity of deformation was quantified by digital image correlation analysis of video recordings of these tests. In tension, the SEPS layer showed homogeneous deformation, whereas the LLDPE layer showed necking followed by stable drawing owing to its elastoplastic deformation behavior and post-yield strain hardening. Bilayer laminates showed behavior intermediate between the plastic and the rubber, with the degree of necking and drawing reducing as the rubber : plastic ratio increased. A simple model was developed in which the force in the bilayer was taken as the sum of forces in the plastic and the rubber layers measured independently. By applying a mechanical energy balance to this model, the changes in bilayer necking behavior with rubber thickness could be predicted qualitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Ramachandran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Yoo SS, Choi GH, Lee W, Park J, Yi GR, Ryu DY, Yoo PJ. Cumulative energy analysis of thermally-induced surface wrinkling of heterogeneously multilayered thin films. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:704-710. [PMID: 29327001 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wrinkling is a well-known example of instability-driven surface deformation that occurs when the accumulated compressive stress exceeds the critical value in multilayered systems. A number of studies have investigated the instability conditions and the corresponding mechanisms of wrinkling deformation. Force balance analysis of bilayer systems, in which the thickness of the capping layer is importantly considered, has offered a useful approach for the quantitative understanding of wrinkling. However, it is inappropriate for multilayer wrinkling (layer number > 3) consisting of heterogeneous materials (e.g. polymer/metal or inorganic), in which the thickness variation in the substrate is also crucial. Therefore, to accommodate the additive characteristics of multilayered systems, we thermally treated tri- or quad-layer samples of polymer/metal multilayers to generate surface wrinkles and used a cumulative energy balance analysis to consider the individual contribution of each constituent layer. Unlike the composite layer model, wherein the thickness effect of the capping layer is highly overestimated for heterogenously stacked multilayers, our approach precisely reflects the bending energy contribution of the given multilayer system, with results that match well with experimental values. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of this approach as a metrological tool for simple and straightforward estimation of the thermomechanical properties of polymers, whereby a delicate change in the Young's modulus of a thin polymeric layer near its glass transition temperature can be successfully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soo Yoo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Alzaid M, Roth J, Wang Y, Almutairi E, Brown SL, Dumitrică T, Hobbie EK. Enhancing the Elasticity of Ultrathin Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films with Colloidal Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7889-7895. [PMID: 28742968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thin bilayers of contrasting nanomaterials are ubiquitous in solution-processed electronic devices and have potential relevance to a number of applications in flexible electronics. Motivated by recent mesoscopic simulations demonstrating synergistic mechanical interactions between thin films of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and spherical nanocrystal (NC) inclusions, we use a thin-film wrinkling approach to query the compressive mechanics of hybrid nanotube/nanocrystal coatings adhered to soft polymer substrates. Our results show an almost 2-fold enhancement in the Young modulus of a sufficiently thin SWCNT film associated with the presence of a thin interpenetrating overlayer of semiconductor NCs. Mesoscopic distinct-element method simulations further support the experimental findings by showing that the additional noncovalent interfaces introduced by nanocrystals enhance the modulus of the SWCNT network and hinder network wrinkling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshal Alzaid
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Joseph Roth
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yuezhou Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eid Almutairi
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Samuel L Brown
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Traian Dumitrică
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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Almutairi E, Alzaid M, Taufique AMN, Semler MR, Hobbie EK. Rigidity of lamellar nanosheets. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2492-2498. [PMID: 28303267 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lamellar nanosheets of contrasting materials are ubiquitous in functional coatings and electronic devices. They also represent a unique paradigm for polymer nanocomposites. Here, we use fluid-assembled lamellar nanosheets - alternating layers of polymer and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) - to gain insight into the flexural mechanics of such hybrid films. Specifically, we measure the modulus and yield strain as a function of both layer thickness and the total number of layers. Overall, we find that the multi-layered films exhibit the greatest synergistic effects near a layer thickness of 20 nm or less, which we relate to the characteristic width of the SWCNT-polymer interface. For all layer thicknesses, we find that the nanosheets have realized the bulk limit by six layers. Our results have potentially profound implications for controlling the rigidity and durability of polymer nanocomposites, thin hybrid films and flexible heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Almutairi
- North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA.
| | - Meshal Alzaid
- North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA.
| | | | | | - Erik K Hobbie
- North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA.
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