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Wang C, Xu G, Liu X, Jiang L, Zhou X, Liu M, Li C. 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting Technique for Identifying and Quantifying G-Quadruplex Topology in Human Telomeric Overhangs. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4741-4751. [PMID: 38346932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures with diverse topological features and biological roles. Human telomeric (Htelo) overhangs consisting of TTAGGG repeats can fold into G4s that adopt different topologies under physiological conditions. These G4s are potential targets for anticancer drugs. Despite intensive research, the existence and topology of G4s at Htelo overhangs in vivo are still unclear because there is no method to distinguish and quantify the topology of Htelo overhangs with native lengths that can form more than three tandem G4s in living cells. Herein, we present a novel 19F chemical shift fingerprinting technique to identify and quantify the topology of the Htelo overhangs up to five G-quadruplexes (G4s) and 120 nucleotides long both in vitro and in living cells. Our results show that longer overhang sequences tend to form stable G4s at the 5'- and 3'-ends, while the interior G4s are dynamic and "sliding" along the sequence, with TTA or 1-3 TTAGGG repeats as a linker. Each G4 in the longer overhang is conformationally heterogeneous, but the predominant ones are hybrid-2, two- or three-tetrad antiparallel, and hybrid-1 at the 5'-terminal, interior, and 3'-terminal, respectively. Additionally, we observed a distinct behavior of different lengths of telomeric sequences in living cells, suggesting that the overhang length and protein accessibility are related to its function. This technique provides a powerful tool for quickly identifying the folding topology and relative population of long Htelo overhangs, which may provide valuable insights into telomere functionality and be beneficial for structure-based anticancer drug development targeting G4s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Maili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Conggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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2
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Xu Y, Komiyama M. G-Quadruplexes in Human Telomere: Structures, Properties, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 29:174. [PMID: 38202757 PMCID: PMC10780218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes, intricate four-stranded structures composed of G-tetrads formed by four guanine bases, are prevalent in both DNA and RNA. Notably, these structures play pivotal roles in human telomeres, contributing to essential cellular functions. Additionally, the existence of DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplexes adds a layer of complexity to their structural diversity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in unraveling the intricacies of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes within human telomeres. Detailed insights into their structural features are presented, encompassing the latest developments in chemical approaches designed to probe these G-quadruplex structures. Furthermore, this review explores the applications of G-quadruplex structures in targeting human telomeres. Finally, the manuscript outlines the imminent challenges in this evolving field, setting the stage for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Makoto Komiyama
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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3
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Wu W, Hu X, Zeng Z, Wu D, Li H, Li H. Characterization of the Binding Properties of Sorafenib to c-MYC G-Quadruplexes: Evidence for Screening Potential Ligands. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:874-883. [PMID: 36656764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib (Sor) is a multitarget kinase inhibitor used clinically to treat hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cancer. In this study, the interaction mechanism of Sor with c-MYC G-quadruplexes (G4) was investigated at the molecular level by computer-aided means and experiments. Molecular docking results predicted the binding of Sor to the groove of G4. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to evaluate the effect of ligand binding to G4. Ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence spectroscopy, and viscosity experiments showed that the binding site was in the groove. The UV and fluorescence titration results showed that compared with traditional G4 ligands represented by compound meso-tetra (N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine (TmPyP4), Sor has a lower affinity for G4. Likewise, results from fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments suggested that Sor could have a limited ability to stabilize G4, but it was not as prominent as that of TmPyP4. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy again supported the results from steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, indicating that a static quenching mechanism mainly drove the process. Studying the interaction mechanism of Sor and c-MYC may inspire the screening of new, selective c-MYC G4 ligands and provide ideas for the design of drugs with good stability, low toxicity, and specific targeting of G4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu610106, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu610106, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu610106, China
| | - Di Wu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu610106, China.,Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu610106, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu610106, China.,Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu610106, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
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4
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Godoy-Gallardo M, Merino-Gómez M, Matiz LC, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Gil FJ, Perez RA. Nucleoside-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels: From Synthesis and Structural Properties to Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:40-61. [PMID: 36524860 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels are of great interest in tissue scaffolding, diagnostics, and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and stimuli-responsive properties. In particular, nucleosides are promising candidates as building blocks due to their manifold noncovalent interactions and ease of chemical modification. Significant progress in the field has been made over recent years to allow the use of nucleoside-based supramolecular hydrogels in the biomedical field, namely drug delivery and 3D bioprinting. For example, their long-term stability, printability, functionality, and bioactivity have been greatly improved by employing more than one gelator, incorporating different cations, including silver for antibacterial activity, or using additives such as boric acid or even biomolecules. This now permits their use as bioinks for 3D printing to produce cell-laden scaffolds with specified geometries and pore sizes as well as a homogeneous distribution of living cells and bioactive molecules. We have summarized the latest advances in nucleoside-based supramolecular hydrogels. Additionally, we discuss their synthesis, structural properties, and potential applications in tissue engineering and provide an outlook and future perspective on ongoing developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Godoy-Gallardo
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Department of Basic Science, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Carrer de Josep Trueta, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Merino-Gómez
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Department of Basic Science, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Carrer de Josep Trueta, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisamaria C Matiz
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Department of Basic Science, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Carrer de Josep Trueta, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Mateos-Timoneda
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Department of Basic Science, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Carrer de Josep Trueta, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Gil
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Department of Basic Science, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Carrer de Josep Trueta, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Carrer de Josep Trueta, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman A Perez
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Department of Basic Science, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Carrer de Josep Trueta, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Zhao L, Ahmed F, Zeng Y, Xu W, Xiong H. Recent Developments in G-Quadruplex Binding Ligands and Specific Beacons on Smart Fluorescent Sensor for Targeting Metal Ions and Biological Analytes. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2833-2856. [PMID: 36112358 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The G-quadruplex structure is crucial in several biological processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and genomic maintenance. G-quadruplex-based fluorescent probes have recently gained popularity because of their ease of use, low cost, excellent selectivity, and sensitivity. This review summarizes the latest applications of G-quadruplex structures as detectors of genome-wide, enantioselective catalysts, disease therapeutics, promising drug targets, and smart fluorescence probes. In every section, sensing of G-quadruplex and employing G4 for the detection of other analytes were introduced, respectively. Since the discovery of the G-quadruplex structure, several studies have been conducted to investigate its conformations, biological potential, stability, reactivity, selectivity for chemical modification, and optical properties. The formation mechanism and advancements for detecting different metal ions (Na+, K+, Ag+, Tl+, Cu+/Cu2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+) and biomolecules (AMP, ATP, DNA/RNA, microRNA, thrombin, T4 PNK, RNase H, ALP, CEA, lipocalin 1, and UDG) using fluorescent sensors based on G-quadruplex modification, such as dye labels, artificial nucleobase moieties, dye complexes, intercalating dyes, and bioconjugated nanomaterials (AgNCs, GO, QDs, CDs, and MOF) is described herein. To investigate these extremely efficient responsive agents for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine, fluorescence sensors based on G-quadruplexes have also been employed as a quantitative visualization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.,College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yating Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hai Xiong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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6
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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7
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Abstract
In-cell structural biology aims at extracting structural information about proteins or nucleic acids in their native, cellular environment. This emerging field holds great promise and is already providing new facts and outlooks of interest at both fundamental and applied levels. NMR spectroscopy has important contributions on this stage: It brings information on a broad variety of nuclei at the atomic scale, which ensures its great versatility and uniqueness. Here, we detail the methods, the fundamental knowledge, and the applications in biomedical engineering related to in-cell structural biology by NMR. We finally propose a brief overview of the main other techniques in the field (EPR, smFRET, cryo-ET, etc.) to draw some advisable developments for in-cell NMR. In the era of large-scale screenings and deep learning, both accurate and qualitative experimental evidence are as essential as ever to understand the interior life of cells. In-cell structural biology by NMR spectroscopy can generate such a knowledge, and it does so at the atomic scale. This review is meant to deliver comprehensive but accessible information, with advanced technical details and reflections on the methods, the nature of the results, and the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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8
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Luchinat E, Cremonini M, Banci L. Radio Signals from Live Cells: The Coming of Age of In-Cell Solution NMR. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9267-9306. [PMID: 35061391 PMCID: PMC9136931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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A detailed knowledge
of the complex processes that make cells and
organisms alive is fundamental in order to understand diseases and
to develop novel drugs and therapeutic treatments. To this aim, biological
macromolecules should ideally be characterized at atomic resolution
directly within the cellular environment. Among the existing structural
techniques, solution NMR stands out as the only one able to investigate
at high resolution the structure and dynamic behavior of macromolecules
directly in living cells. With the advent of more sensitive NMR hardware
and new biotechnological tools, modern in-cell NMR approaches have
been established since the early 2000s. At the coming of age of in-cell
NMR, we provide a detailed overview of its developments and applications
in the 20 years that followed its inception. We review the existing
approaches for cell sample preparation and isotopic labeling, the
application of in-cell NMR to important biological questions, and
the development of NMR bioreactor devices, which greatly increase
the lifetime of the cells allowing real-time monitoring of intracellular
metabolites and proteins. Finally, we share our thoughts on the future
perspectives of the in-cell NMR methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum−Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cremonini
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Bao HL, Masuzawa T, Oyoshi T, Xu Y. Oligonucleotides DNA containing 8-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine for observing Z-DNA structure. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7041-7051. [PMID: 32678885 PMCID: PMC7367190 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Z-DNA is known to be a left-handed alternative form of DNA and has important biological roles as well as being related to cancer and other genetic diseases. It is therefore important to investigate Z-DNA structure and related biological events in living cells. However, the development of molecular probes for the observation of Z-DNA structures inside living cells has not yet been realized. Here, we have succeeded in developing site-specific trifluoromethyl oligonucleotide DNA by incorporation of 8-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyguanosine (FG). 2D NMR strongly suggested that FG adopted a syn conformation. Trifluoromethyl oligonucleotides dramatically stabilized Z-DNA, even under physiological salt concentrations. Furthermore, the trifluoromethyl DNA can be used to directly observe Z-form DNA structure and interaction of DNA with proteins in vitro, as well as in living human cells by19F NMR spectroscopy for the first time. These results provide valuable information to allow understanding of the structure and function of Z-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Bao
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Masuzawa
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takanori Oyoshi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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10
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Yamaoki Y, Nagata T, Sakamoto T, Katahira M. Observation of nucleic acids inside living human cells by in-cell NMR spectroscopy. Biophys Physicobiol 2020; 17:36-41. [PMID: 33110737 PMCID: PMC7550250 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bsj-2020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular environment is highly crowded with biomacromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Under such conditions, the structural and biophysical features of nucleic acids have been thought to be different from those in vitro. To obtain high-resolution structural information on nucleic acids in living cells, the in-cell NMR method is a unique tool. Following the first in-cell NMR measurement of nucleic acids in 2009, several interesting insights were obtained using Xenopus laevis oocytes. However, the in-cell NMR spectrum of nucleic acids in living human cells was not reported until two years ago due to the technical challenges of delivering exogenous nucleic acids. We reported the first in-cell NMR spectra of nucleic acids in living human cells in 2018, where we applied a pore-forming toxic protein, streptolysin O. The in-cell NMR measurements demonstrated that the hairpin structures of nucleic acids can be detected in living human cells. In this review article, we summarize our recent work and discuss the future prospects of the in-cell NMR technique for nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Yamaoki
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Katahira
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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11
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Recent progress of in-cell NMR of nucleic acids in living human cells. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:411-417. [PMID: 32144741 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inside of living cells is highly crowded with biological macromolecules. It has long been considered that the properties of nucleic acids and proteins, such as their structures, dynamics, interactions, and enzymatic activities, in intracellular environments are different from those under in vitro dilute conditions. In-cell NMR is a robust and powerful method used in the direct measurement of those properties in living cells. However, until 2 years ago, in-cell NMR was limited to Xenopus laevis oocytes due to technical challenges of incorporating exogenous nucleic acids. In the last 2 years, in-cell NMR spectra of nucleic acid introduced into living human cells have been reported. By use of the in-cell NMR spectra of nucleic acids in living human cells, the formation of hairpin structures with Watson-Crick base pairs, and i-motif and G-quadruplex structures with non-Watson-Crick base pairs was demonstrated. Others investigated the mRNA-antisense drug interactions and DNA-small compound interactions. In this article, we review these studies to underscore the potential of in-cell NMR for addressing the structures, dynamics, and interactions of nucleic acids in living human cells.
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12
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Chrominski M, Baranowski MR, Chmielinski S, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Purine Ribonucleotides and Their Evaluation as 19F NMR Probes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3440-3453. [PMID: 31994393 PMCID: PMC7497640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protected guanosine and adenosine ribonucleosides and guanine nucleotides are readily functionalized with CF3 substituents within the nucleobase. Protected guanosine is trifluoromethylated at the C8 position under radical-generating conditions in up to 95% yield and guanosine 5'-oligophosphates in up to 35% yield. In the case of adenosine, the selectivity of trifluoromethylation depends heavily on the functional group protection strategy and leads to a set of CF3-modified nucleosides with different substitution patterns (C8, C2, or both) in up to 37% yield. Further transformations based on phosphorimidazolide chemistry afford various CF3-substituted mono- and dinucleoside oligophosphates in good yields. The utility of the trifluoromethylated nucleotides as probes for 19F NMR-based real-time enzymatic reaction monitoring is demonstrated with three different human nucleotide hydrolases (Fhit, DcpS, and cNIIIB). Substrate and product(s) resonances were sufficiently separated to enable effective tracking of each enzymatic activity of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Chrominski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek R Baranowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Chmielinski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Ishizuka T, Bao HL, Xu Y. 19F NMR Spectroscopy for the Analysis of DNA G-Quadruplex Structures Using 19F-Labeled Nucleobase. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2035:407-433. [PMID: 31444766 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9666-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex structures have been suggested to be biologically important in processes such as transcription and translation, gene expression and regulation in human cancer cells, and regulation of telomere length. Investigation of G-quadruplex structures associated with biological events is therefore essential to understanding the functions of these molecules. We developed the 19F-labeled nucleobases and introduced them into DNA sequences for the 19F NMR spectroscopy analysis. We present the 19F NMR methodology used in our research group for the study of G-quadruplex structures in vitro and in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ishizuka
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hong-Liang Bao
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Manna S, Sarkar D, Srivatsan SG. A Dual-App Nucleoside Probe Provides Structural Insights into the Human Telomeric Overhang in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12622-12633. [PMID: 30192541 PMCID: PMC6348103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the topology adopted by individual G-quadruplex (GQ)-forming sequences in vivo and targeting a specific GQ motif among others in the genome will have a profound impact on GQ-directed therapeutic strategies. However, this remains a major challenge as most of the tools poorly distinguish different GQ conformations and are not suitable for both cell-free and in-cell analysis. Here, we describe an innovative probe design to investigate GQ conformations and recognition in both cell-free and native cellular environments by using a conformation-sensitive dual-app nucleoside analogue probe. The nucleoside probe, derived by conjugating fluorobenzofuran at the 5-position of 2'-deoxyuridine, is composed of a microenvironment-sensitive fluorophore and an in-cell NMR compatible 19F label. This noninvasive nucleoside, incorporated into the human telomeric DNA oligonucleotide repeat, serves as a common probe to distinguish different GQ topologies and quantify topology-specific binding of ligands by fluorescence and NMR techniques. Importantly, unique signatures displayed by the 19F-labeled nucleoside for different GQs enabled a systematic study in Xenopus laevis oocytes to provide new structural insights into the GQ topologies adopted by human telomeric overhang in cells, which so far has remained unclear. Studies using synthetic cell models, immunostaining on fixed cells, and crystallization conditions suggest that parallel GQ is the preferred conformation of telomeric DNA repeat. However, our findings using the dual-app probe clearly indicate that multiple structures including hybrid-type parallel-antiparallel and parallel GQs are formed in the cellular environment. Taken together, our findings open new experimental strategies to investigate topology, recognition, and therapeutic potential of individual GQ-forming motifs in a biologically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Seergazhi G. Srivatsan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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15
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Xu Y. Recent progress in human telomere RNA structure and function. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2577-2584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Investigation of higher-order RNA G-quadruplex structures in vitro and in living cells by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2018. [PMID: 29517770 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that RNA G-quadruplexes have important roles in various processes such as transcription, translation, regulation of telomere length, and formation of telomeric heterochromatin. Investigation of RNA G-quadruplex structures associated with biological events is therefore essential to understanding the functions of these RNA molecules. We recently demonstrated that the sensitivity and simplicity of 19F NMR can be used to directly observe higher-order telomeric G-quadruplexes of labeled RNA molecules in vitro and in living cells, as well as their interactions with ligands and proteins. This protocol describes detailed procedures for preparing 19F-labeled RNA, the evaluation of 19F-labeled RNA G-quadruplexes in vitro and in living Xenopus laevis oocytes by 19F NMR spectroscopy, the quantitative characterization of thermodynamic properties of the G-quadruplexes, and monitoring of RNA G-quadruplex interactions with ligand molecules and proteins. This approach has several advantages over existing techniques. First, it is relatively easy to prepare 19F-labeled RNA molecules by introducing a 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene moiety into its 5' terminus. Second, the absence of any natural fluorine background signal in RNA and cells results in a simple and clear 19F NMR spectrum and does not suffer from high background signals as does 1H NMR. Finally, the simplicity and sensitivity of 19F NMR can be used to easily distinguish different RNA G-quadruplex conformations under various conditions, even in living cells, and to obtain the precise thermodynamic parameters of higher-order G-quadruplexes. This protocol can be completed in 2 weeks.
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