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Mrsa A, Nardini G, Halvorsen TG, Thiede B, Reubsaet L. One-step functionalization of paper and simplified antibody immobilization for on-the-spot immunocapture from dried serum in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based targeted protein determination. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4989. [PMID: 38204212 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This work aimed to simplify and improve the process of binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) covalently to filter paper for use in dried blood spot sampling, enabling instant capture of protein biomarkers for targeted protein determination. Incorporating the necessary immunocapture sample preparation step in the initial sampling stage saves time and reduces the workload. The biomarker human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was used as the model analyte. The antibody-based paper samplers were prepared by functionalizing paper discs (6 mm) through a simple reaction using divinyl sulfone (DVS). After DVS activation, the paper discs were incubated with E27 hCG mAbs, followed by 0.05% tween/phosphate buffer saline to block the surface. After sample application and drying, the discs only needed to be washed before tryptic digestion and finally analysed on a nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. The finished DVS-mAbs samplers could selectively capture hCG (100 ng/mL) from human serum, with a recovery of 50%. Sample clean-up reduced the number of identified proteins from 132 to 82 before and after wash, respectively, with a 70% reduction in serum albumin signal while still retaining hCG on the sampler during the washing protocol. An evaluation of the samplers revealed excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9995) for hCG in serum with relative standard deviations below 15%. This work has presented the first ever reported paper samplers immobilized with antibodies utilizing DVS chemistry, showing promise in the future of paper-based sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ago Mrsa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Greta Nardini
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bernd Thiede
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Léon Reubsaet
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Johannsen C, Mrsa A, Halvorsen TG, Reubsaet L. Smart sampling as the "Spot-on" Method for LC-MS protein analysis from dried blood spots. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300394. [PMID: 37582644 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
This perspective explores the feasibility of smart sampling with dried blood spots for the determination of proteins and peptides from human biomatrices using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for clinical purposes. The focus is on innovative approaches to transform filter paper from a mere sample carrier to an active element in sample preparation, with the aim of reducing the need for extensive and intensive sample preparation in the conventional sense. Specifically, we discuss the use of modified cellulose to integrate sample preparation at an early stage of sample handling. The use of paper immobilized with either trypsin or monoclonal antibodies for protein digestion and affinity clean-up is discussed as a potential benefit of starting sample preparation instantly at the moment of sampling to optimize time efficiency and enable faster analysis, diagnosis, and follow-up of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Johannsen
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ago Mrsa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Léon Reubsaet
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Billinger K, Okai CA, Russ M, Koy C, Röwer C, Opuni KFM, Illges H, Pecks U, Glocker MO. Dried serum spots on pre-punched filter paper discs are ready-to-use storage and shipping devices for blood-borne antigens and antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2023; 519:113519. [PMID: 37419022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Dried serum spots that are well prepared can be attractive alternatives to frozen serum samples for shelving specimens in a medical or research center's biobank and mailing freshly prepared serum to specialized laboratories. During the pre-analytical phase, complications can arise which are often challenging to identify or are entirely overlooked. These complications can lead to reproducibility issues, which can be avoided in serum protein analysis by implementing optimized storage and transfer procedures. With a method that ensures accurate loading of filter paper discs with donor or patient serum, a gap in dried serum spot preparation and subsequent serum analysis shall be filled. Pre-punched filter paper discs with a 3 mm diameter are loaded within seconds in a highly reproducible fashion (approximately 10% standard deviation) when fully submerged in 10 μl of serum, named the "Submerge and Dry" protocol. Such prepared dried serum spots can store several hundred micrograms of proteins and other serum components. Serum-borne antigens and antibodies are reproducibly released in 20 μl elution buffer in high yields (approximately 90%). Dried serum spot-stored and eluted antigens kept their epitopes and antibodies their antigen binding abilities as was assessed by SDS-PAGE, 2D gel electrophoresis-based proteomics, and Western blot analysis, suggesting pre-punched filter paper discs as handy solution for serological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Billinger
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Charles A Okai
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Manuela Russ
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Cornelia Koy
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Röwer
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kwabena F M Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG43, Legon, Ghana
| | - Harald Illges
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Functional Gene Analytics, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pecks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael O Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock, Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Johannsen C, Haq AU, Reubsaet L, Halvorsen TG. On the spot immunocapture in targeted biomarker analysis using paper-bound streptavidin as anchor for biotinylated antibodies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5979-5989. [PMID: 35687151 PMCID: PMC9293813 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The modification of an easily available resource like paper to circumvent expensive or intensive sample pretreatment could be the answer to sample analysis in resource-poor regions. Therefore, a novel on-paper device combining sample collection with affinity sample pretreatment is introduced here. Universal smart affinity samplers are produced by a simple KIO4-mediated oxidation of cellulose, which functionalizes the paper. This is followed by immobilization of streptavidin. Streptavidin serves as a universal anchor for biotinylated antibodies, enabling simple preparation of tailor-made affinity samplers. The functionality of the device was tested using a model protein (human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG) and biotinylated anti-hCG antibodies for affinity capture. In a laboratory setting, the performance was demonstrated, and a 14-fold increase of target binding compared to binding without bmAb was achieved. The recovery of hCG captured with bmAb-treated samplers was determined to be 33% and comparable to previously described affinity capture approaches. Application of the smart affinity samplers to human serum containing hCG showed an R2 of 0.98 (200–1000 pg mL−1), precision of ≤ 9.1% RSD, and estimated limit of detection of 65 pg mL−1. Although further optimization and validation are necessary prior to application to real samples in clinical settings, the potential of the device for use in determination of low abundant biomarkers in complex samples has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Johannsen
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anam Ul Haq
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Léon Reubsaet
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Nguyen MT, Halvorsen TG, Thiede B, Reubsaet L. Smart proteolysis samplers for pre‐lab bottom‐up protein analysis – Performance of on‐paper digestion compared to conventional digestion. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thao Nguyen
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | - Bernd Thiede
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Léon Reubsaet
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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Baillargeon K, Brooks JC, Miljanic PR, Mace CR. Patterned Dried Blood Spot Cards for the Improved Sampling of Whole Blood. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:31-38. [PMID: 35211698 PMCID: PMC8855418 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) cards perform many functions for sampling blood that is intended for subsequent laboratory analysis, which include: (i) obviating the need for a phlebotomist by using fingersticks, (ii) enhancing the stability of analytes at ambient or elevated environmental conditions, and (iii) simplifying the transportation of samples without a cold chain. However, a significant drawback of standard DBS cards is the potential for sampling bias due to unrestricted filling caused by the hematocrit of blood, which often limits quantitative or reproducible measurements. Alternative microsampling technologies have minimized or eliminated this bias by restricting blood distribution, but these approaches deviate from clinical protocols and present a barrier to broad adoption. Herein, we describe a patterned dried blood spot (pDBS) card that uses wax barriers to control the flow and restrict the distribution of blood to provide enhanced sampling. These patterned cards reproducibly fill four replicate extraction zones independent of the hematocrit effect. We demonstrate a 3-fold improvement in accuracy for the quantitation of hemoglobin using pDBS cards compared to unpatterned cards. Patterned cards also facilitate the near quantitative recovery (ca. 95%) of sodium with no evidence of a statistically significant difference between dried and liquid blood samples. Similarly, the recovery of select amino acids was conserved in comparison to a recent report with improved intercard precision. We anticipate that this approach presents a viable method for preparing and storing samples of blood in limited resource settings while maintaining current clinical protocols for processing and analyzing dried blood spots.
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Next-Generation Dried Blood Spot Samplers for Protein Analysis: Describing Trypsin-Modified Smart Sampling Paper. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8050066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes smart sampling paper to be used for bottom-up protein analysis. Four different manners to immobilize trypsin on cellulose were evaluated. Untreated paper, potassium-periodate-functionalized paper (with and without post-immobilization reduction) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)/2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone (VDM)-functionalized paper were all used to immobilize trypsin. For the evaluation, Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of proteins on paper and the BAEE trypsin activity assay needed to be modified. These methods allowed, together with data from mass spectrometric analysis of cytochrome C digestions, us to acquire fundamental insight into protein binding, and trypsin action and activity on paper. All functionalized discs bind more protein than the untreated discs. Protein binding to functionalized discs is based on both adsorption and covalent binding. Trypsin immobilized on potassium-periodate-functionalized discs exhibits the highest trypsin activity when using cytochrome C as substrate. It is proven that it is trypsin attached to paper (and not desorbed trypsin) which is responsible for the enzyme activity. The use of discs on complex biological samples shows that all functionalized discs are able to digest diluted serum; for the best-performing disc, HEMA-VDM functionalized, up to 200 high-confidence proteins are qualified, showing its potential.
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Skjaervø Ø, Trimpin S, Halvorsen TG. Matrix-assisted ionization mass spectrometry in targeted protein analysis - An initial evaluation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8437. [PMID: 30883961 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) is a relatively new ionization technique for analysis by mass spectrometry (MS). The technique is simple and has been shown to be less influenced by matrix effects than e.g. electrospray ionization (ESI). These features are of interest in the targeted analysis of proteins from biological samples. METHODS Targeted protein determination by MAI-MS was evaluated using a triple quadrupole mass analyzer equipped with a stripped nanoESI source in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The proteins were analyzed using the bottom-up approach with stable isotopic labeled peptides as internal standards (IS). The MAI matrix was 3-nitrobenzonitrile dissolved in acetonitrile. Aqueous sample and matrix solution were mixed in a 1:3 volume ratio. One microlitre of the dried matrix/analyte sample was introduced into the inlet of the mass spectrometer where ionization commences. RESULTS SRM settings established for ESI-SRM-MS of the peptides here investigated were applicable in MAI-SRM-MS for all evaluated peptides except one that is poorly soluble in water. Addition of IS provided efficient correction at most levels (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤28% (except lowest digest level), r2 ≥ 0.995). This was also true for the more complex biological matrices, diluted urine (1:1; RSD = 20% a synthetic peptide, NLLGLIEAK) and diluted digested serum (1:100; RSD = 7% digested cytochrome C). Biological matrix influenced the signal intensity unless sufficiently diluted. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that MAI-SRM-MS has promising potential in targeted protein determination by the bottom-up approach because of its simplicity, ease of use, and speed. However, more data is needed to confirm the results prior to application in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Skjaervø
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Trine Grønhaug Halvorsen
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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Skjærvø Ø, Halvorsen TG, Reubsaet L. All-in-one paper-based sampling chip for targeted protein analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Skjærvø Ø, Solbakk EJ, Halvorsen TG, Reubsaet L. Paper-based immunocapture for targeted protein analysis. Talanta 2019; 195:764-770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Skjærvø Ø, Halvorsen TG, Reubsaet L. Smart blood spots for whole blood protein analysis. Analyst 2018; 143:3184-3190. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A reactor for whole blood sampling integrated with instant protein digestion in a “lab-on-paper” format is introduced here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Skjærvø
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
| | | | - Léon Reubsaet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
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