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Zhao X, Zhai L, Chen J, Zhou Y, Gao J, Xu W, Li X, Liu K, Zhong T, Xiao Y, Yu X. Recent Advances in Microfluidics for the Early Detection of Plant Diseases in Vegetables, Fruits, and Grains Caused by Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38875493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In the context of global population growth expected in the future, enhancing the agri-food yield is crucial. Plant diseases significantly impact crop production and food security. Modern microfluidics offers a compact and convenient approach for detecting these defects. Although this field is still in its infancy and few comprehensive reviews have explored this topic, practical research has great potential. This paper reviews the principles, materials, and applications of microfluidic technology for detecting plant diseases caused by various pathogens. Its performance in realizing the separation, enrichment, and detection of different pathogens is discussed in depth to shed light on its prospects. With its versatile design, microfluidics has been developed for rapid, sensitive, and low-cost monitoring of plant diseases. Incorporating modules for separation, preconcentration, amplification, and detection enables the early detection of trace amounts of pathogens, enhancing crop security. Coupling with imaging systems, smart and digital devices are increasingly being reported as advanced solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzi Zhai
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuhe Gao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiao Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixu Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Zhang B, Wang L, Peng J, Wu K, Liu T. The development of droplet-based microfluidic virus detection technology for human infectious diseases. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:971-978. [PMID: 38299435 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01795h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Virus-based human infectious diseases have a significant negative impact on people's health and social development. The need for quick, accurate, and early viral infection detection in preventive medicine is expanding. A microfluidic control is particularly suitable for point-of-care-testing virus diagnosis due to its advantages of low sample consumption, quick detection speed, simple operation, multi-functional integration, small size, and easy portability. It is also thought to have significant development potential and a wide range of application prospects in the research on virus detection technology. In an effort to aid researchers in creating novel microfluidic tools for virus detection, this review highlights recent developments of droplet-based microfluidics in virus detection research and also discusses the challenges and opportunities for rapid virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jingjie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Tiancai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Ferreira MFS, Brambilla G, Thévenaz L, Feng X, Zhang L, Sumetsky M, Jones C, Pedireddy S, Vollmer F, Dragic PD, Henderson-Sapir O, Ottaway DJ, Strupiechonski E, Hernandez-Cardoso GG, Hernandez-Serrano AI, González FJ, Castro Camus E, Méndez A, Saccomandi P, Quan Q, Xie Z, Reinhard BM, Diem M. Roadmap on optical sensors. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2024; 26:013001. [PMID: 38116399 PMCID: PMC10726224 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/ad0e85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical sensors and sensing technologies are playing a more and more important role in our modern world. From micro-probes to large devices used in such diverse areas like medical diagnosis, defence, monitoring of industrial and environmental conditions, optics can be used in a variety of ways to achieve compact, low cost, stand-off sensing with extreme sensitivity and selectivity. Actually, the challenges to the design and functioning of an optical sensor for a particular application requires intimate knowledge of the optical, material, and environmental properties that can affect its performance. This roadmap on optical sensors addresses different technologies and application areas. It is constituted by twelve contributions authored by world-leading experts, providing insight into the current state-of-the-art and the challenges their respective fields face. Two articles address the area of optical fibre sensors, encompassing both conventional and specialty optical fibres. Several other articles are dedicated to laser-based sensors, micro- and nano-engineered sensors, whispering-gallery mode and plasmonic sensors. The use of optical sensors in chemical, biological and biomedical areas is discussed in some other papers. Different approaches required to satisfy applications at visible, infrared and THz spectral regions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xian Feng
- Jiangsu Normal University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Zhejiang University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Misha Sumetsky
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Srikanth Pedireddy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Dragic
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Ori Henderson-Sapir
- Department of Physics and Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Mirage Photonics, Oaklands Park, SA, Australia
| | - David J Ottaway
- Department of Physics and Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paola Saccomandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Qimin Quan
- NanoMosaic Inc., United States of America
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center, Boston University, United States of America
| | - Max Diem
- Northeastern University and CIRECA LLC, United States of America
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Trojanowicz M. Impact of nanotechnology on progress of flow methods in chemical analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341643. [PMID: 37573121 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
In evolution of instrumentation for analytical chemistry as crucial technological breakthroughs should be considered a common introduction of electronics with all its progress in integration, and then microprocessors which was followed by a widespread computerization. It is seems that a similar role can be attributed to the introduction of various elements of modern nanotechnology, observed with a fast progress since beginning of this century. It concerns all areas of the applications of analytical chemistry, including also progress in flow analysis, which are being developed since the middle of 20th century. Obviously, it should not be omitted the developed earlier and analytically applied planar structures like lipid membranes or self-assembled monolayers They had essential impact prior to discoveries of numerous extraordinary nanoparticles such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, or nanocrystalline semiconductors (quantum dots). Mostly, due to catalytic effects, significantly developed surface and the possibility of easy functionalization, their application in various stages of flow analytical procedures can significantly improve them. The application of new nanomaterials may be used for the development of new detection methods for flow analytical systems in macro-flow setups as well as in microfluidics and lateral flow immunoassay tests. It is also advantageous that quick flow conditions of measurements may be helpful in preventing unfavorable agglomeration of nanoparticles. A vast literature published already on this subject (e.g. almost 1000 papers about carbon nanotubes and flow-injection analytical systems) implies that for this reviews it was necessary to make an arbitrary selection of reported examples of this trend, focused mainly on achievements reported in the recent decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland.
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Yang J, Kamai H, Wang Y, Xu Y. Nanofluidic Aptamer Nanoarray to Enable Stochastic Capture of Single Proteins at Normal Concentrations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301013. [PMID: 37350189 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule experiments allow understanding of the diversity, stochasticity, and heterogeneity of molecular behaviors and properties hidden by conventional ensemble-averaged measurements. They hence have great importance and significant impacts in a wide range of fields. Despite significant advances in single-molecule experiments at ultralow concentrations, the capture of single molecules in solution at normal concentrations within natural biomolecular processes remains a formidable challenge. Here, a high-density, well-defined nanofluidic aptamer nanoarray (NANa) formed via site-specific self-assembly of well-designed aptamer molecules in nanochannels with nano-in-nano gold nanopatterns is presented. The nanofluidic aptamer nanoarray exhibits a high capability to specifically capture target proteins (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor BB; PDGF-BB) to form uniform protein nanoarrays under optimized nanofluidic conditions. Owing to these fundamental features, the nanofluidic aptamer nanoarray enables the stochastic capture of single PDGF-BB molecules at a normal concentration from a sample with an ultrasmall volume equivalent to a single cell by following Poisson statistics, forming a readily addressable single-protein nanoarray. This approach offers a methodology and device to surpass both the concentration and volume limits of single-protein capture in most conventional methodologies of single-molecule experiments, thus opening an avenue to explore the behavior of individual biomolecules in a manner close to their natural forms, which remains largely unexplored to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kamai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 26 CBEB, University Park, PA, 16802-6804, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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6
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Rathore D, Marino MJ, Nita-Lazar A. Omics and systems view of innate immune pathways. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200407. [PMID: 37269203 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiomics approaches to studying systems biology are very powerful techniques that can elucidate changes in the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels within a cell type in response to an infection. These approaches are valuable for understanding the mechanisms behind disease pathogenesis and how the immune system responds to being challenged. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance and utility of these tools have become evident in garnering a better understanding of the systems biology within the innate and adaptive immune response and for developing treatments and preventative measures for new and emerging pathogens that pose a threat to human health. In this review, we focus on state-of-the-art omics technologies within the scope of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Rathore
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew J Marino
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kazoe Y, Ikeda K, Mino K, Morikawa K, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Quantitative characterization of liquids flowing in geometrically controlled sub-100 nm nanofluidic channels. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:779-784. [PMID: 36884162 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
With development of nanotechnologies, applications exploiting nanospaces such as single-molecule analysis and high-efficiency separation have been reported, and understanding properties of fluid flows in 101 nm to 102 nm scale spaces becomes important. Nanofluidics has provided a platform of nanochannels with defined size and geometry, and revealed various unique liquid properties including higher water viscosity with dominant surface effects in 102 nm spaces. However, experimental investigation of fluid flows in 101 nm spaces is still difficult owing to lack of fabrication procedure for 101 nm nanochannels with smooth walls and precisely controlled geometry. In the present study, we established a top-down fabrication process to realize fused-silica nanochannels with 101 nm scale size, 100 nm roughness and rectangular cross-sectional shape with an aspect ratio of 1. Utilizing a method of mass flowmetry developed by our group, accurate measurements of ultra-low flow rates in sub-100 nm nanochannels with sizes of 70 nm and 100 nm were demonstrated. The results suggested that the viscosity of water in these sub-100 nm nanochannels was approximately 5 times higher than that in the bulk, while that of dimethyl sulfoxide was similar to the bulk value. The obtained liquid permeability in the nanochannels can be explained by a hypothesis of loosely structured liquid phase near the wall generated by interactions between the surface silanol groups and protic solvent molecules. The present results suggest the importance of considering the species of solvent, the surface chemical groups, and the size and geometry of nanospaces when designing nanofluidic devices and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mino
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Sano H, Kazoe Y, Ohta R, Shimizu H, Morikawa K, Kitamori T. Nanofluidic analytical system integrated with nanochannel open/close valves for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:727-736. [PMID: 36484269 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00881e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the field of nanofluidics, and novel technologies such as single-cell analysis have been demonstrated. Despite the evident advantages of nanofluidics, fluid control in nanochannels for complicated analyses is extremely difficult because the fluids are currently manipulated by maintaining the balance of driving pressure. To address this issue, the use of valves will be essential. Our group previously developed a nanochannel open/close valve utilizing glass deformation, but this has not yet been integrated into nanofluidic devices for analytical applications. In the present study, a nanofluidic analytical system integrated with multiple nanochannel open/close valves was developed. This system consists of eight pneumatic pumps, seven nanochannel open/close valves combined with piezoelectric actuators, and an ultra-high sensitivity detector for non-fluorescent molecules. For simultaneous actuation of multiple valves, a device holder was designed that prevented deformation of the entire device caused by operating the valves. A system was subsequently devised to align each valve and actuator with a precision of better than 20 μm to permit the operation of valves. The developed analytical system was verified by analyzing IL-6 molecules using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fluid operations such as sample injection, pL-level aliquot sampling and flow switching were accomplished in this device simply by opening/closing specific valves, and a sample consisting of approximately 1500 IL-6 molecules was successfully detected. This study is expected to significantly improve the usability of nanofluidic analytical devices and lead to the realization of sophisticated analytical techniques such as single-cell proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shimizu
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan.
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan.
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Smirnova A, Ohta R, Mori E, Shimizu H, Morikawa K, Kitamori T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using thin-layered microfluidics with perfect capture of the target protein. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:675-684. [PMID: 36655604 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We developed a process for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on a glass microchip via the use of a thin-layered microfluidic channel. This channel possesses a high aspect ratio (width/depth ∼200) and has an antibody layer immobilized directly on the channel surface. A depth of several microns and an excessive width and length (mm scale) of the channel provide a large-volume capacity (102 nL) and maximum capture efficiency of the analyte for a high level of detection sensitivity (102 pg mL-1). The developed reusable immunosensor has demonstrated high-performance characteristics by requiring less than 50 μL of sample and providing analysis in less than 25 min. This new method could impact the development of point-of-care devices for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Smirnova
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Emi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shimizu
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
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Yamamoto K, Morikawa K, Imanaka H, Imamura K, Kitamori T. Kinetics of Enzymatic Reactions at the Solid/Liquid Interface in Nanofluidic Channels. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15686-15694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan, ROC
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imanaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Koreyoshi Imamura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan, ROC
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
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Liu W, Sun Z, Li N, Qi Z, Wang Z, Wang Z. Binary droplet interactions in shear water-in-oil emulsion: A molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Yang J, Xu Y. Nanofluidics for sub-single cellular studies: Nascent progress, critical technologies, and future perspectives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Badiye A, Kapoor N, Shukla RK. Detection and separation of proteins using micro/nanofluidics devices. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:59-84. [PMID: 35033290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is the technology or system wherein the behavior of fluids' is studied onto a miniaturized device composed of chambers and tunnels. In biological and biomedical sciences, microfluidic technology/system or device serves as an ultra-high-output approach capable of detecting and separating the biomolecules present even in trace quantities. Given the essential role of protein, the identification and quantification of proteins help understand the various living systems' biological function regulation. Microfluidics has enormous potential to enable biological investigation at the cellular and molecular level and maybe a fair substitution of the sophisticated instruments/equipment used for proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics analysis. The current advancement in microfluidic systems' development is achieving momentum and opening new avenues in developing innovative and hybrid methodologies/technologies. This chapter attempts to expound the micro/nanofluidic systems/devices for their wide-ranging application to detect and separate protein. It covers microfluidic chip electrophoresis, microchip gel electrophoresis, and nanofluidic systems as protein separation systems, while methods such as spectrophotometric, mass spectrometry, electrochemical detection, magneto-resistive sensors and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are discussed as proteins' detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ritesh K Shukla
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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Bergua JF, Álvarez-Diduk R, Idili A, Parolo C, Maymó M, Hu L, Merkoçi A. Low-Cost, User-Friendly, All-Integrated Smartphone-Based Microplate Reader for Optical-Based Biological and Chemical Analyses. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1271-1285. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Bergua
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruslán Álvarez-Diduk
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Idili
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Maymó
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liming Hu
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institucio′ Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Kazoe Y, Shibata K, Kitamori T. Super-Resolution Defocusing Nanoparticle Image Velocimetry Utilizing Spherical Aberration for Nanochannel Flows. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13260-13267. [PMID: 34559530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding fluid flows and mass transport in nanospaces is becoming important with recent advances in nanofluidic analytical devices utilizing nanopores and nanochannels. In the present study, we developed a super-resolution and fast particle tracking method utilizing defocusing images with spherical aberration and demonstrated the measurement of nanochannel flow. Since the spherical aberration generates the defocusing nanoparticle image with diffraction rings, the position of fluorescent nanoparticles was determined from the radius of the diffraction ring. Effects of components of an optical system on the diffraction ring of the defocusing image were investigated and optimized to achieve the spatial resolution exceeding the optical diffraction limit. We found that there is an optimal magnitude of spherical aberration to enhance the spatial resolution. Furthermore, we confirmed that nanoparticles with diameters in the order of 101 nm, which is much smaller than the light wavelength, do not affect the defocusing images and the spatial resolution because such nanoparticles can be regarded as point light sources. At optimized conditions, we achieved a spatial resolution of 19 nm and a temporal resolution of 160 μs, which are sufficient for the nanochannel flow measurements. We succeeded in the measurement of pressure-driven flow in a nanochannel with a depth of 370 nm using 67 nm fluorescent nanoparticles. The measured nanoparticle velocities exhibited a parabolic flow profile with a slip velocity even at the hydrophilic glass surface but with an average velocity similar to the Hagen-Poiseuille law. The method will accelerate researches in the nanofluidics and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
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Morikawa K, Ohta R, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Metal-Free Fabrication of Fused Silica Extended Nanofluidic Channel to Remove Artifacts in Chemical Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080917. [PMID: 34442539 PMCID: PMC8399996 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In microfluidics, especially in nanofluidics, nanochannels with functionalized surfaces have recently attracted attention for use as a new tool for the investigation of chemical reaction fields. Molecules handled in the reaction field can reach the single-molecule level due to the small size of the nanochannel. In such surroundings, contamination of the channel surface should be removed at the single-molecule level. In this study, it was assumed that metal materials could contaminate the nanochannels during the fabrication processes; therefore, we aimed to develop metal-free fabrication processes. Fused silica channels 1000 nm-deep were conventionally fabricated using a chromium mask. Instead of chromium, electron beam resists more than 1000 nm thick were used and the lithography conditions were optimized. From the results of optimization, channels with 1000 nm scale width and depth were fabricated on fused silica substrates without the use of a chromium mask. In nanofluidic experiments, an oxidation reaction was observed in a device fabricated by conventional fabrication processes using a chromium mask. It was found that Cr6+ remained on the channel surfaces and reacted with chemicals in the liquid phase in the extended nanochannels; this effect occurred at least to the micromolar level. In contrast, the device fabricated with metal-free processes was free of artifacts induced by the presence of chromium. The developed fabrication processes and results of this study will be a significant contribution to the fundamental technologies employed in the fields of microfluidics and nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Morikawa
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems (iNEMS), Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Zhang N, Horesh A, Friend J. Manipulation and Mixing of 200 Femtoliter Droplets in Nanofluidic Channels Using MHz-Order Surface Acoustic Waves. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100408. [PMID: 34258166 PMCID: PMC8261518 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Controllable manipulation and effective mixing of fluids and colloids at the nanoscale is made exceptionally difficult by the dominance of surface and viscous forces. The use of megahertz (MHz)-order vibration has dramatically expanded in microfluidics, enabling fluid manipulation, atomization, and microscale particle and cell separation. Even more powerful results are found at the nanoscale, with the key discovery of new regimes of acoustic wave interaction with 200 fL droplets of deionized water. It is shown that 40 MHz-order surface acoustic waves can manipulate such droplets within fully transparent, high-aspect ratio, 100 nm tall, 20-130 micron wide, 5-mm long nanoslit channels. By forming traps as locally widened regions along such a channel, individual fluid droplets may be propelled from one trap to the next, split between them, mixed, and merged. A simple theory is provided to describe the mechanisms of droplet transport and splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqing Zhang
- Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0411University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Amihai Horesh
- Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0411University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Lab, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0411University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
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19
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Yamamoto K, Ota N, Tanaka Y. Nanofluidic Devices and Applications for Biological Analyses. Anal Chem 2021; 93:332-349. [PMID: 33125221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ota
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yo Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Morikawa K, Kazoe Y, Takagi Y, Tsuyama Y, Pihosh Y, Tsukahara T, Kitamori T. Advanced Top-Down Fabrication for a Fused Silica Nanofluidic Device. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E995. [PMID: 33182488 PMCID: PMC7697862 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidics have recently attracted significant attention with regard to the development of new functionalities and applications, and producing new functional devices utilizing nanofluidics will require the fabrication of nanochannels. Fused silica nanofluidic devices fabricated by top-down methods are a promising approach to realizing this goal. Our group previously demonstrated the analysis of a living single cell using such a device, incorporating nanochannels having different sizes (102-103 nm) and with branched and confluent structures and surface patterning. However, fabrication of geometrically-controlled nanochannels on the 101 nm size scale by top-down methods on a fused silica substrate, and the fabrication of micro-nano interfaces on a single substrate, remain challenging. In the present study, the smallest-ever square nanochannels (with a size of 50 nm) were fabricated on fused silica substrates by optimizing the electron beam exposure time, and the absence of channel breaks was confirmed by streaming current measurements. In addition, micro-nano interfaces between 103 nm nanochannels and 101 μm microchannels were fabricated on a single substrate by controlling the hydrophobicity of the nanochannel surfaces. A micro-nano interface for a single cell analysis device, in which a nanochannel was connected to a 101 μm single cell chamber, was also fabricated. These new fabrication procedures are expected to advance the basic technologies employed in the field of nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yuto Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuyama
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Yuriy Pihosh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Takehiko Tsukahara
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-6, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.T.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
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21
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Shoda K, Tanaka M, Mino K, Kazoe Y. A Simple Low-Temperature Glass Bonding Process with Surface Activation by Oxygen Plasma for Micro/Nanofluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E804. [PMID: 32854246 PMCID: PMC7570177 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bonding of glass substrates is necessary when constructing micro/nanofluidic devices for sealing micro- and nanochannels. Recently, a low-temperature glass bonding method utilizing surface activation with plasma was developed to realize micro/nanofluidic devices for various applications, but it still has issues for general use. Here, we propose a simple process of low-temperature glass bonding utilizing typical facilities available in clean rooms and applied it to the fabrication of micro/nanofluidic devices made of different glasses. In the process, the substrate surface was activated with oxygen plasma, and the glass substrates were placed in contact in a class ISO 5 clean room. The pre-bonded substrates were heated for annealing. We found an optimal concentration of oxygen plasma and achieved a bonding energy of 0.33-0.48 J/m2 in fused-silica/fused-silica glass bonding. The process was applied to the bonding of fused-silica glass and borosilicate glass, which is generally used in optical microscopy, and revealed higher bonding energy than fused-silica/fused-silica glass bonding. An annealing temperature lower than 200 °C was necessary to avoid crack generation by thermal stress due to the different thermal properties of the glasses. A fabricated micro/nanofluidic device exhibited a pressure resistance higher than 600 kPa. This work will contribute to the advancement of micro/nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan; (K.S.); (M.T.); (K.M.)
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22
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Nakao T, Kazoe Y, Mori E, Morikawa K, Fukasawa T, Yoshizaki A, Kitamori T. Cytokine analysis on a countable number of molecules from living single cells on nanofluidic devices. Analyst 2020; 144:7200-7208. [PMID: 31691693 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01702j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of proteins released from living single cells is strongly required in the fields of biology and medicine to elucidate the mechanism of gene expression, cell-cell communication and cytopathology. However, as living single-cell analysis involves fL sample volumes with ultra-small amounts of analyte, comprehensive integration of entire chemical processing for single cells and proteins into spaces smaller than single cells (pL) would be indispensable to prevent dispersion-associated analyte loss. In this study, we proposed and developed a living single-cell protein analysis device based on micro/nanofluidics and demonstrated analysis of cytokines released from living single B cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Based on our integration method and technologies including top-down nanofabrication, surface modifications and pressure-driven flow control, we designed and prepared the device where pL-microfluidic- and fL-nanofluidic channels are hierarchically allocated for cellular and molecular processing, respectively, and succeeded in micro/nanofluidic control for manipulating single cells and molecules. 13-unit operations for pL-cellular processing including single-cell trapping and stimulation and fL-molecular processing including fL-volumetry, antigen-antibody reactions and detection were entirely integrated into a microchip. The results suggest analytical performances for countable interleukin (IL)-6 molecules at the limit of detection of 5.27 molecules and that stimulated single B cells secrete 3.41 IL-6 molecules per min. The device is a novel tool for single-cell targeted proteomics, and the methodology of device integration is applicable to other single-cell analyses such as single-cell shotgun proteomics. This study thus provides a general approach and technical breakthroughs that will facilitate further advances in micro/nanofluidics, single-cell life science research, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Nakao
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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23
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Yazaki J, Kawashima Y, Ogawa T, Kobayashi A, Okoshi M, Watanabe T, Yoshida S, Kii I, Egami S, Amagai M, Hosoya T, Shiroguchi K, Ohara O. HaloTag-based conjugation of proteins to barcoding-oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e8. [PMID: 31752022 PMCID: PMC6954424 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive protein quantification enables the detection of a small number of protein molecules that serve as markers/triggers for various biological phenomena, such as cancer. Here, we describe the development of a highly sensitive protein quantification system called HaloTag protein barcoding. The method involves covalent linking of a target protein to a unique molecule counting oligonucleotide at a 1:1 conjugation ratio based on an azido-cycloalkyne click reaction. The sensitivity of the HaloTag-based barcoding was remarkably higher than that of a conventional luciferase assay. The HaloTag system was successfully validated by analyzing a set of protein-protein interactions, with the identification rate of 44% protein interactions between positive reference pairs reported in the literature. Desmoglein 3, the target antigen of pemphigus vulgaris, an IgG-mediated autoimmune blistering disease, was used in a HaloTag protein barcode assay to detect the anti-DSG3 antibody. The dynamic range of the assay was over 104-times wider than that of a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The technology was used to detect anti-DSG3 antibody in patient samples with much higher sensitivity compared to conventional ELISA. Our detection system, with its superior sensitivity, enables earlier detection of diseases possibly allowing the initiation of care/treatment at an early disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Yazaki
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama City 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama City 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taisaku Ogawa
- Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama City 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mayu Okoshi
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama City 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama City 230-0045, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Isao Kii
- Common Facilities Unit, Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shohei Egami
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.,Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Shiroguchi
- Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Osaka 565-0874, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama City 230-0045, Japan
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Nakao T, Kazoe Y, Morikawa K, Lin L, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Femtoliter Volumetric Pipette and Flask Utilizing Nanofluidics. Analyst 2020; 145:2669-2675. [PMID: 32049074 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics has achieved integration of analytical processes in microspaces and realized miniaturized analyses in fields such as chemistry and biology. We have proposed a general concept of integration and extended this concept to the 10-1000 nm scale exploring ultimate analytical performances (e.g. immunoassay of a single-protein molecule). However, a sampling method is still challenging for nanofluidics despite its importance in analytical chemistry. In this study, we developed a femtoliter (fL) sampling method for volume measurement and sample transport. Traditionally, sampling has been performed using a volumetric pipette and flask. In this research, a nanofluidic device consisting of a femtoliter volumetric pipette and flask was fabricated on glass substrates. Since gravity, which is exploited in bulk fluidic operations, becomes less dominant than surface effects on the nanometer scale, fluidic operation of the femtoliter sampling was designed utilizing surface tension and air pressure control. The working principle of an 11 fL volumetric pipette and a 50 fL flask, which were connected by a nanochannel, was verified. It was found that evaporation of the sample solution by air flow was a significant source of error because of the ultra-small volumes being processed. Thus, the evaporation issue was solved by suppressing the air flow. As a result, the volumetric measurement error was decreased to ±0.06 fL (CV 0.6%), which is sufficiently low for use in nanofluidic analytical applications. This study will present a fundamental technology for the development of novel analytical methods for femtoliter volume samples such as single molecule analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Nakao
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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25
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Yamamoto K, Morikawa K, Imanaka H, Imamura K, Kitamori T. Picoliter enzyme reactor on a nanofluidic device exceeding the bulk reaction rate. Analyst 2020; 145:5801-5807. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A picoliter enzyme reactor using a trypsin immobilized nanochannel realized 25 times faster reaction than the bulk reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imanaka
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Koreyoshi Imamura
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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26
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Wu C, Shan Y, Wu X, Wang S, Liu F. Quantitative protein detection using single molecule imaging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Anal Biochem 2019; 587:113466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Kazoe Y, Ugajin T, Ohta R, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Parallel multiphase nanofluidics utilizing nanochannels with partial hydrophobic surface modification and application to femtoliter solvent extraction. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3844-3852. [PMID: 31596292 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the field of microfluidics, utilizing parallel multiphase flows with immiscible liquid/liquid or gas/liquid interfaces along a microchannel has achieved the integration of various chemical processes for analyses and syntheses. Recently, our group has developed nanofluidics that exploits 100 nm nanochannels to realize ultra-small (aL to fL scale) and highly efficient chemical operations. Novel applications such as single-molecule analyses and single-cell omics are anticipated. However, the formation of parallel multiphase flows in a nanochannel remains challenging. To this end, here we developed a novel method for nanoscale partial hydrophobic surface modification of a nanochannel utilizing a focused ion beam. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas could be patterned beside one another even in a 60 nm glass nanochannel. Because this patterning maintained the liquid/liquid interface in the nanochannel based on the difference in wettability, stable aqueous/organic parallel two-phase flow in a 40 fL nanochannel was realized for the first time. Utilizing this flow, nanoscale unit operations involving phase confluence, extraction and phase separation were integrated to demonstrate solvent extraction of a lipid according to the Bligh-Dyer method, which is a broadly used pretreatment process in lipidomics. We accomplished the separation of a lipid and an amino acid in a sample volume of 4 fL (250 times smaller than the pL volume of a single cell) with a processing time of 1 ms (10 000 times faster than that in a microchannel). This study therefore provides a technological breakthrough that advances the field of nanofluidics to allow multiphase chemical processing at fL volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takuya Ugajin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Loo JFC, Ho HP, Kong SK, Wang TH, Ho YP. Technological Advances in Multiscale Analysis of Single Cells in Biomedicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900138. [PMID: 32648696 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis has recently received significant attention in biomedicine. With the advances in super-resolution microscopy, fluorescence labeling, and nanoscale biosensing, new information may be obtained for the design of cancer diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. The discovery of cellular heterogeneity further stresses the importance of single-cell analysis to improve our understanding of disease mechanism and to develop new strategies for disease treatment. To this end, many studies are exploited at the single-cell level for high throughput, highly parallel, and quantitative analysis. Technically, microfluidics are also designed to facilitate single-cell isolation and enrichment for downstream detection and manipulation in a robust, sensitive, and automated manner. Further achievements are made possible by consolidating optically label-free, electrical, and molecular sensing techniques. Moreover, these technologies are coupled with computing algorithms for high throughput and automated quantitative analysis with a short turnaround time. To reflect on how the technological developments have advanced single-cell analysis, this mini-review is aimed to offer readers an introduction to single-cell analysis with a brief historical development and the recent progresses that have enabled multiscale analysis of single-cells in the last decade. The challenges and future trends are also discussed with the view to inspire forthcoming technical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Fong-Chuen Loo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.,Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ho Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Siu Kai Kong
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.,Centre for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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Tsuyama Y, Mawatari K. Nonfluorescent Molecule Detection in 102 nm Nanofluidic Channels by Photothermal Optical Diffraction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9741-9746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tsuyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo,
Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo,
Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Kazoe Y, Pihosh Y, Takahashi H, Ohyama T, Sano H, Morikawa K, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Femtoliter nanofluidic valve utilizing glass deformation. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1686-1694. [PMID: 30942790 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01340c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the field of micro/nanofluidics, the channel open/close valves are among the most important technologies for switching and partitioning actions and integration of various operations into fluidic circuits. While several types of valves have been developed in microfluidics, few are capable in nanofluidics. In this study, we proposed a femtoliter (fL) volume nanochannel open/close valve fabricated in glass substrates. The valve consists of a shallow, circular and stepped-bottom valve chamber connected to nanochannels and an actuator. Even with tiny deformation occurring at the nanolevel in glass, an open/closed state of a nanochannel (10-1000 nm) can be achieved. We designed a fL-valve based on an analytical material deformation model, and developed a valve fabrication process. We then verified the open/closed state of the valve using a 308 fL-valve chamber with a four-stepped nanostructure fitting an arc-shape of deflected glass, confirmed its stability and durability over 50 open/close operations, and succeeded in stopping/flowing an aqueous solution at 209 fL s-1 under a 100 kPa pressure in a 900 nm nanochannel with a fast response of ∼0.65 s. A leak flow from the closed valve was sufficiently small even at a 490 kPa pressure-driven flow. Since the developed fL-valve can be applied to various nanofluidic devices made of glass and other rigid materials such as plastic, it is expected that this work will contribute significantly to the development of novel integrated micro/nanofluidics chemical systems for use in various applications, such as single cell/single molecule analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Ohta R, Mawatari K, Takeuchi T, Morikawa K, Kitamori T. Detachable glass micro/nanofluidic device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:024104. [PMID: 30915180 PMCID: PMC6417905 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glass is one of the most ideal materials for micro/nanofluidic devices due to its excellent optical transparency, resistance to a wide range of solvents and reagents, and easy to modify surfaces by silane-coupling reagents. From a practical point of view, glass is a hard material and is suitable for real applications. One of the advantages of glass is its reusability; however, this reusability is difficult to realize in certain conditions. Washing or re-modification of micro/nanofluidic channels is sometimes difficult due to the ultrasmall space in these channels. If the glass devices are detachable, it is easy to access the channel surface, and the channels can be cleaned and re-modified. When the substrates are bonded again, the devices are fabricated easily without repeating laborious and expensive micro/nano-fabrication processes. This technology gives researchers and users a choice of glass substrates in fundamental research studies and real-time applications. In this study, we propose a detachable glass micro/nanofluidic device by our low temperature bonding method. The surface bonding energy is controlled to realize both high pressure capacity for micro/nanofluidics and easy separation of glass substrates without fracturing. As a result, at least four times detaching and bonding is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ohta
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Fax: +81-3-5841-6039
| | - Tomoaki Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Nakao T, Mawatari K, Kazoe Y, Mori E, Shimizu H, Kitamori T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing thin-layered microfluidics. Analyst 2019; 144:6625-6634. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01491h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An antibody-immobilized thin-layered glass microfluidic channel with a high surface-to-volume ratio was developed for rapid and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Nakao
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Emi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Hisashi Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
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Ono T, Ichiki T, Noji H. Digital enzyme assay using attoliter droplet array. Analyst 2018; 143:4923-4929. [PMID: 30221644 PMCID: PMC6180314 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule digital enzyme assay using micron-sized droplet array is a promising analysis method to quantify biomolecules at extremely low concentrations. However, multiplex digital enzyme assays are still difficult to access because the best buffer conditions can vary largely among enzymes. In addition, the best conditions for flurogenic compounds to retain high quantum efficiency and to avoid leakage into the oil phase can be also very different. In this study, digital enzyme assay was performed using an array of nanometer-sized droplets of 200 aL volume, termed 'nanocell'. Due to the small reaction volume, nanocell enhanced the accumulation rate of fluorescent products by a factor of 100 when compared with micron-sized reactors. Nanocell also enabled oil-free sealing of reactors: when flushed with an air flow, nanocell displayed water droplets under air, allowing enzymes to catalyze the reaction at the same rate as in oil-sealed reactors. Dual digital enzyme assay was also demonstrated using β-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at pH 7.4, which is far from the optimum condition for ALP. Even under such a non-optimum condition, ALP molecules were successfully detected. Nanocell could largely expand the applicability of digital bioassay for enzymes under non-optimum conditions or enzymes of low turnover rate. The sealing of the reactor with air would also expand the applicability, allowing the use of fluorescent dyes that leak into oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry
, Graduate School of Engineering
, The University of Tokyo
,
Japan
.
| | - Takanori Ichiki
- Department of Materials Engineering
, Graduate School of Engineering
, The University of Tokyo
,
Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry
, Graduate School of Engineering
, The University of Tokyo
,
Japan
.
- ImPACT Program
, Japan Science and Technology Agency
,
Saitama 332-0012
, Japan
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