1
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Li C, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Xue N, Li R, Zhong M, Wu T, Wang Y, Li N, Shen Z, Hou S, Berndt R, Wang Y, Gao S. Structure transformation from Sierpiński triangles to chains assisted by gas molecules. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad088. [PMID: 37564921 PMCID: PMC10411674 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible transformations between fractals and periodic structures are of fundamental importance for understanding the formation mechanism of fractals. Currently, it is still a challenge to controllably achieve such a transformation. We investigate the effect of CO and CO2 molecules on Sierpiński triangles (STs) assembled from Fe atoms and 4,4″-dicyano-1,1':3',1″-terphenyl (C3PC) molecules on Au surfaces. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we discover that the gas molecules induce a transition from STs into 1D chains. Based on density functional theory modeling, we propose that the atomistic mechanism involves the transformation of a stable 3-fold coordination Fe(C3PC)3 motif to Fe(C3PC)4 with an axially bonded CO molecule. CO2 causes the structural transformation through a molecular catassembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Zhen Xu
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Xue
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development in Preterm Infants, the Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Ruoning Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingjun Zhong
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziyong Shen
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Spin Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China
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2
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Dai J, Zhao X, Peng Z, Li J, Lin Y, Wen X, Xing L, Zhao W, Shang J, Wang Y, Liu J, Wu K. Assembling Surface Molecular Sierpiński Triangle Fractals via K +-Invoked Electrostatic Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37314227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular Sierpiński triangles (STs), a family of elegant and well-known fractals, can be prepared on surfaces with atomic precision. Up to date, several kinds of intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bond, halogen bond, coordination, and even covalent bond have been employed to construct molecular STs on metal surfaces. Herein a series of defect-free molecular STs have been fabricated via electrostatic attraction between potassium cations and electronically polarized chlorine atoms in 4,4″-dichloro-1,1':3',1″-terphenyl (DCTP) molecules on Cu(111) and Ag(111). The electrostatic interaction is confirmed both experimentally by scanning tunneling microscopy and theoretically by density functional theory calculations. These findings illustrate that electrostatic interaction can serve as an efficient driving force to construct molecular fractals, which enriches our toolbox for the bottom-up fabrication of complex functional supramolecular nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Dai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhantao Peng
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaojie Wen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Shang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Modelling of Electron and Thermal Transport in Quasi-Fractal Carbon Nitride Nanoribbons. FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract6020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, using calculations based on the density functional theory, molecular dynamics, non-equilibrium Green functions method, and Monte Carlo simulation, we study electronic and phonon transport in a device based on quasi-fractal carbon nitride nanoribbons with Sierpinski triangle blocks. Modifications of electronic and thermal conductance with increase in generation g of quasi-fractal segments are estimated. Introducing energetic disorder, we study hopping electron transport in the quasi-fractal nanoribbons by Monte Carlo simulation of a biased random walk with generalized Miller–Abrahams transfer rates. Calculated time dependencies of the mean square displacement bear evidence of transient anomalous diffusion. Variations of anomalous drift-diffusion parameters with localization radius, temperature, electric field intensity, and energy disorder level are estimated. The hopping in quasi-fractal nanoribbons can serve as an explicit physical implementation of the generalized comb model.
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4
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Lopes Lage L, Latge A. Electronic fractal patterns in building Sierpinski-triangles molecular systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19576-19583. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Sierpinski Triangle (ST) is a fractal mathematical structure that has been used to explore the emergence of flat bands in lattices of different geometries and dimensions in condensed matter....
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5
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Li C, Li R, Xu Z, Li J, Zhang X, Li N, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Tang H, Wang Y. Packing Biomolecules into Sierpiński Triangles with Global Organizational Chirality. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14417-14421. [PMID: 34387475 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fractals are found in nature and play important roles in biological functions. However, it is challenging to controllably prepare biomolecule fractals. In this study, a series of Sierpiński triangles with global organizational chirality is successfully constructed by the coassembly of l-tryptophan and 1,3-bi(4-pyridyl)benzene molecules on Ag(111). The chirality is switched when replacing l-tryptophan by d-tryptophan. The fractal structures are characterized by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at the single-molecule level. Density functional theory calculations reveal that intermolecular hydrogen bonds stabilize the Sierpiński triangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruoning Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziyong Shen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Tang
- CEMES-CNRS, Boîte Postale 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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6
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Liu C, Zhou Y, Wang G, Yin Y, Li C, Huang H, Guan D, Li Y, Wang S, Zheng H, Liu C, Han Y, Evans JW, Liu F, Jia J. Sierpiński Structure and Electronic Topology in Bi Thin Films on InSb(111)B Surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:176102. [PMID: 33988396 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.176102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of Bi on InSb(111)B reveals a striking Sierpiński-triangle (ST)-like structure in Bi thin films. Such a fractal geometric topology is further shown to turn off the intrinsic electronic topology in a thin film. Relaxation of a huge misfit strain of about 30% to 40% between Bi adlayer and substrate is revealed to drive the ST-like island formation. A Frenkel-Kontrova model is developed to illustrate the enhanced strain relief in the ST islands offsetting the additional step energy cost. Besides a sufficiently large tensile strain, forming ST-like structures also requires larger adlayer-substrate and intra-adlayer elastic stiffnesses, and weaker intra-adlayer interatomic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Guanyong Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haili Huang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dandan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Canhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - James W Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jinfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Feng G, Shen Y, Yu Y, Liang Q, Dong J, Lei S, Hu W. Boronic ester Sierpiński triangle fractals: from precursor design to on-surface synthesis and self-assembling superstructures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2065-2068. [PMID: 33507169 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we designed and synthesized a precursor with a three-fold node and successfully constructed covalent Sierpiński triangle (ST) fractals with boronic ester linkages both at the liquid/solid interface at room temperature and by thermal annealing in a water atmosphere under ambient conditions. Remarkably, large-scale ordered superstructures of covalent STs are constructed by thermal annealing, which paves the way for property investigation of STs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhao S, Hou S, Wu K, Wang Y. Packing Sierpiński Triangles into Two-Dimensional Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17928-17932. [PMID: 33026224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fractals are of fundamental importance in science and technology. Theoretical simulations indicate that Sierpiński triangles (STs) possess specific optical and electronic properties. To study their properties and uncover their potential applications, it is necessary to pack STs into large-scale two-dimensional crystalline structures. Here, a series of ordered structures consisting of ST units are successfully constructed on gold surfaces through coordination between 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl) benzene molecules and Fe atoms. Crystals of STs are characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy. K-map analysis explains the structural formation mechanism, which is further verified by density functional theory calculations. The molecular free diffusion and nice structure matching between STs and gold surfaces play important roles in the formation of crystals of STs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Peking University, Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Shuting Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking University, Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Clamons S, Qian L, Winfree E. Programming and simulating chemical reaction networks on a surface. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190790. [PMID: 32453979 PMCID: PMC7276541 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Models of well-mixed chemical reaction networks (CRNs) have provided a solid foundation for the study of programmable molecular systems, but the importance of spatial organization in such systems has increasingly been recognized. In this paper, we explore an alternative chemical computing model introduced by Qian & Winfree in 2014, the surface CRN, which uses molecules attached to a surface such that each molecule only interacts with its immediate neighbours. Expanding on the constructions in that work, we first demonstrate that surface CRNs can emulate asynchronous and synchronous deterministic cellular automata and implement continuously active Boolean logic circuits. We introduce three new techniques for enforcing synchronization within local regions, each with a different trade-off in spatial and chemical complexity. We also demonstrate that surface CRNs can manufacture complex spatial patterns from simple initial conditions and implement interesting swarm robotic behaviours using simple local rules. Throughout all example constructions of surface CRNs, we highlight the trade-off between the ability to precisely place molecules and the ability to precisely control molecular interactions. Finally, we provide a Python simulator for surface CRNs with an easy-to-use web interface, so that readers may follow along with our examples or create their own surface CRN designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clamons
- Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lulu Qian
- Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Erik Winfree
- Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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10
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He L, Wang SC, Lin LT, Cai JY, Li L, Tu TH, Chan YT. Multicomponent Metallo-Supramolecular Nanocapsules Assembled from Calix[4]resorcinarene-Based Terpyridine Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7134-7144. [PMID: 32150683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetrafunctionalized calix[4]resorcinarene cavitands commonly serve as supramolecular scaffolds for construction of coordination-driven self-assembled capsules. However, due to the calix-like shape, the structural diversity of assemblies is mostly restricted to dimeric and hexameric capsules. Previously, we reported a spontaneous heteroleptic complexation strategy based on a pair of self-recognizable terpyridine-based ligands and CdII ions. Building on this complementary ligand pairing system, herein three types of nanocapsules, including a dimeric capsule, a Sierpiński triangular prism, and a cubic star, could be readily obtained through dynamic complexation reactions between a tetratopic cavitand-based ligand and various multitopic counterparts in the presence of CdII ions. The dimeric capsular assemblies display the spacer-length-dependent self-sorting behavior in a four-component system. Moreover, the precise multicomponent self-assembly of a Sierpiński triangular prism and a cubic star possessing three and six cavitand-based motifs, respectively, demonstrates that such self-assembly methodology is able to efficiently enhance architectural complexity for calix[4]resorcinarene-containing metallo-supramolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng He
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lijie Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Tu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsu Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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11
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Wang Y, Xue N, Li R, Wu T, Li N, Hou S, Wang Y. Construction and Properties of Sierpiński Triangular Fractals on Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2262-2270. [PMID: 31291053 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fractal structures are of fundamental importance in science, engineering, mathematics, and aesthetics. Construction of molecular fractals on surfaces can help to understand the formation mechanism of fractals and a series of achievements have been acquired in the preparation of molecular fractals. This review focuses on Sierpiński triangles (STs), representatives of various prototypical fractals, on surfaces. They are investigated by Monte Carlo simulations and ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy. STs are bonded through halogen bonds, hydrogen bonds, metal-organic coordination bonds and covalent bonds. The coexistence of and competition between fractals and crystals are realized for a hydrogen-bonded system. Electronic properties of two types of STs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Na Xue
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruoning Li
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shimin Hou
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
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12
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Mo Y, Chen T, Dai J, Wu K, Wang D. On-Surface Synthesis of Highly Ordered Covalent Sierpiński Triangle Fractals. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11378-11382. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education
Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of
Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry
of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education
Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingxin Dai
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemical and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemical and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education
Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Hu JY, Sun YQ, Xiao R, Cheng S, He J, Zeller M, Wong WY, Xu Z. Symmetrically backfolded molecules emulating the self-similar features of a Sierpinski triangle. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6032-6037. [PMID: 31165853 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized self-similar molecules (G3 and G2; based on phenylalkynyl backbones) with symmetrically backfolded shapes inspired by the famous fractal of a Sierpinski triangle. Unlike the more traditional, starburst dendrimers, the centripetal-shaped Sierpinski molecules feature side branches symmetrically bent away from the growth direction of the main branch, thus contrasting the natural-tree shape. Molecule G3 exhibits three distinct levels of the structural hierarchy comprising the primary, secondary and tertiary branches, while the smaller G2 contains only features of the 1st and 2nd orders. In spite of the much larger conjugated backbone of G3, its solution UV-vis absorption and fluorescence exhibit no red shift relative to G2. In a test of nitrobenzene sensing, a thin film of G3 deposited from THF was more sensitively quenched in fluorescence than the smaller G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ying Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yan-Qiong Sun
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shengxian Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drives, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, China and HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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15
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Zhang X, Li R, Li N, Gu G, Zhang Y, Hou S, Wang Y. Sierpiński triangles formed by molecules with linear backbones on Au(111). CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Zhang X, Gu G, Li N, Wang H, Tang H, Zhang Y, Hou S, Wang Y. One-dimensional molecular chains formed by Sierpiński triangles on Au(111). RSC Adv 2018; 8:1852-1856. [PMID: 35542577 PMCID: PMC9077047 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11825b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One-dimensional molecular chains with Sierpiński triangles as building blocks were prepared on Au(111) and studied by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Gaochen Gu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Hao Tang
- Groupe Matériaux Crystallins sous Contrainte
- CEMES-CNRS
- Toulouse 31055
- France
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
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17
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Li C, Zhang X, Li N, Wang Y, Yang J, Gu G, Zhang Y, Hou S, Peng L, Wu K, Nieckarz D, Szabelski P, Tang H, Wang Y. Construction of Sierpiński Triangles up to the Fifth Order. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13749-13753. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gaochen Gu
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lianmao Peng
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS,
SKLSCUSS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Damian Nieckarz
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Laboratory, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Maria-Curie Skzodowska University, Pl. M.C.
Skzodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hao Tang
- CEMES-CNRS, Boîte Postale 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Information Technology Institute, Tianjin 300450, China
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18
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Brown RD, Quardokus RC, Wasio NA, Petersen JP, Silski AM, Corcelli SA, Kandel SA. Non-intuitive clustering of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone on Au(111). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1801-1807. [PMID: 28904841 PMCID: PMC5588540 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The direct injection of a 9,10-phenanthrenequinone in tetrahydrofuran solution on a Au(111) substrate in high vacuum results in the formation of metastable clusters with a non-intuitive structure. Metastable, rectangular tetramers of this molecule form in which the net molecular dipoles all orient toward the center of the cluster. This structure does not allow for additional hydrogen bonding and thus the origin of its metastability is not clear. We compare this feature to other structures observed on this surface, as well as those formed during the deposition of 9-fluorenone, which does not exhibit this anomalous clustering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | | | - Natalie A Wasio
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - Jacob P Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Angela M Silski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Steven A Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - S Alex Kandel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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19
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Zhang X, Li N, Gu G, Zhang Y, Hou S, Wang Y. Construction of Sierpiński triangles with the coexistence of C60or MnPc molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11826-11829. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sierpiński triangles up to the fourth order were successfully prepared using 4,4′′-dicyano-1,1′:3′,1′′-terphenyl molecules and Fe or Co atoms with the coexistence of the third molecules (C60or MnPc) on a reconstructed Au(111) substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Gaochen Gu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
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