1
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Ghosh D, Samal AK, Parida A, Ikbal M, Jana A, Jana R, Sahu PK, Giri S, Samanta S. Progress in Electrochemically Empowered C-O Bond Formation: Unveiling the Pathway of Efficient Green Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400116. [PMID: 38584137 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
(C-X) bonds (X=C, N, O) are the main backbone for making different skeleton in the organic synthetic transformations. Among all the sustainable techniques, electro-organic synthesis for C-X bond formation is the advanced tool as it offers a greener and more cost-effective approach to chemical reactions by utilizing electrons as reagents. In this review, we want to explore the recent advancements in electrochemical C-O bond formation. The electrochemically driven C-O bond formation represents an emerging and exciting area of research. In this context, electrochemical techniques offers numerous advantages, including higher yields, cost-efficient production, and simplified work-up procedures. This method enables the continuous and consistent formation of C-O bonds in molecules, significantly enhancing overall reaction yields. Furthermore, both intramolecular and intermolecular C-O bond forming reaction provided valuable products of O-containing acyclic/cyclic analogue. Hence, carbonyl (C=O), ether -O-), and ester (-COOR) functionalization in both cyclic/acyclic analogues have been prepared continuously via this innovative pathway. In this context, we want to discuss one-decade electrochemical synthetic pathways of various C-O bond contains functional group in chronological manner. This review focused on all the synthetic aspects including mechanistic path and has also mentioned overall critical finding regarding the C-O bond formation via electrochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debosmit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Bidhannagar College, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Aroop Kumar Samal
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
| | - Anita Parida
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
| | - Mohammed Ikbal
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampore Girls' College, Berhampore, 742101, India
| | - Akash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Rathin Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Matangini Hazra Govt. General Degree College for women, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradeepta Kumar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
| | - Soumen Giri
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
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2
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Corbin N, Junor GP, Ton TN, Baker RJ, Manthiram K. Toward Improving the Selectivity of Organic Halide Electrocarboxylation with Mechanistically Informed Solvent Selection. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1740-1748. [PMID: 36626202 PMCID: PMC9880992 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of a liquid electrolyte is nearly ubiquitous in electrosynthetic systems and can have a significant impact on the selectivity and efficiency of electrochemical reactions. Solvent selection is thus a key step during optimization, yet this selection process usually involves trial-and-error. As a step toward more rational solvent selection, this work examines how the electrolyte solvent impacts the selectivity of electrocarboxylation of organic halides. For the carboxylation of a model alkyl bromide, hydrogenolysis is the primary side reaction. Isotope-labeling studies indicate the hydrogen atom in the hydrogenolysis product comes solely from the aprotic electrolyte solvent. Further mechanistic studies reveal that under synthetically relevant electrocarboxylation conditions, the hydrogenolysis product is formed via deprotonation of the solvent. Guided by these mechanistic findings, a simple computational descriptor based on the free energy to deprotonate a solvent molecule was shown to correlate strongly with carboxylation selectivity, overcoming limitations of traditional solvent descriptors such as pKa. Through careful mechanistic analysis surrounding the role of the solvent, this work furthers the development of selective electrocarboxylation systems and more broadly highlights the benefits of such analysis to electrosynthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Corbin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Glen P. Junor
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Thu N. Ton
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Rachel J. Baker
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States,Email
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3
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Jang J, Kim DY. Electrochemical
N
‐Centered Radical Addition/Semipinacol Rearrangement Sequence of Alkenyl Cyclobutanols: Synthesis of β‐Amino Cyclic Ketones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of ICT Environmental Health System Soonchunhyang University Asan 31538 Chungnam Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of ICT Environmental Health System Soonchunhyang University Asan 31538 Chungnam Republic of Korea
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4
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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5
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Bao L, Liu C, Li W, Yu J, Wang M, Zhang Y. Electrochemical Synthesis of Polysubstituted Oxazoles from Ketones and Acetonitrile. Org Lett 2022; 24:5762-5766. [PMID: 35912587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report an electrochemical strategy for the construction of polysubstituted oxazoles from easily available ketones and acetonitrile under room temperature. The method shows high efficiency, a broad substrate scope, and requires no external chemical oxidant. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the reaction proceeds through a Ritter-type reaction/oxidative cyclization using acetonitrile as the reactant and solvent. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that the reaction involves the attack of acetonitrile on the carbonyl carbon instead of the α-carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Bao
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jiage Yu
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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6
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Okamoto K, Shida N, Morizumi H, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Oxidation Potential Gap (ΔE ox ): The Hidden Parameter in Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206064. [PMID: 35610179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative biaryl coupling of aryls with different electronic features generally fails. However, this has not been systematically studied via theoretical analysis, and thus, the crucial factor governing coupling efficiency remains unclear. Herein, we propose that the "oxidation potential gap (ΔEox )" is a key parameter in predicting the efficiency of an intramolecular oxidative coupling reaction, with ΔEox defined as a difference in the oxidation potentials of the relevant aromatic rings. Our experimental and computational analyses revealed that the efficiency of an aromatic intramolecular coupling reaction correlates with the activation energy (ΔE≠ ) of C-C bond formation of the radical cation intermediates. Furthermore, ΔE≠ correlates with ΔEox . Therefore, we demonstrate the tuning of ΔEox by attaching cleavable extra electron-donating/-withdrawing groups, enabling the rational synthesis of a phenanthridone skeleton using aromatic rings with an electronic gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Department of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Morizumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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7
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Berger M, Lenhard MS, Waldvogel SR. Para-Fluorination of Anilides Using Electrochemically Generated Hypervalent Iodoarenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201029. [PMID: 35510825 PMCID: PMC9401020 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The para-selective fluorination reaction of anilides using electrochemically generated hypervalent ArIF2 is reported, with Et3 N ⋅ 5HF serving as fluoride source and as supporting electrolyte. This electrochemical reaction is characterized by a simple set-up, easy scalability and affords a broad variety of fluorinated anilides from easily accessible anilides in good yields up to 86 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berger
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Marola S. Lenhard
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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8
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Devi S, Jyoti, Kiran, Wadhwa D, Sindhu J. Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5163-5229. [PMID: 35730661 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are considered to be one of the most established structural classes due to their extensive application in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and organic materials. Over the past few years, the development of heterocyclic compounds has gone through a considerable renaissance from conventional traditional methodologies to non-conventional electro-organic synthesis. Replacing metal catalysts, strong oxidants and multi-step methodologies with metal and strong oxidant-free single-step protocols has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic synthesis. Electro-organic synthesis has evolved as a scalable and sustainable approach in different synthetic protocols in an environment-benign manner. The current review outlines the recent developments in C-C, C-N, C-S and C-O/Se bond formation for heterocycle synthesis using electrochemical methods. Different synthetic strategies and their detailed mechanistic description are presented to enlighten the future applications of electrochemistry in heterocycle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
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9
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Okamoto K, Shida N, Morizumi H, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Oxidation Potential Gap (ΔEox): The Hidden Parameter in Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Naoki Shida
- Yokohama National University: Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Department of Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Haruka Morizumi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Applied Biological Science 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo JAPAN
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10
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Liu W, Hao L, Zhang J, Zhu T. Progress in the Electrochemical Reactions of Sulfonyl Compounds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102557. [PMID: 35174969 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis has recently attracted more and more attention due to its great potential to replace chemical oxidants or reductants in molecule-electrode electron transfer. Sulfonyl compounds such as sulfonyl hydrazides, sulfinic acids (and their salts), sulfonyl halides have been discovered as practical precursors of several radicals. As electrochemical redox reactions can provide green and efficient pathways for the activation of sulfonyl compounds, studies for electrosynthesis have rapidly increased. Several types of radicals can be generated from anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction of sulfonyl compounds and can initiate fluoroalkylation, benzenesulfonylation, cyclization or rearrangement. In this Review, we summarize the electrosynthesis developments involving sulfonyl compounds mainly in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lin Hao
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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11
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Yount J, Piercey DG. Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8809-8840. [PMID: 35290022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis is a valuable method for the preparation of molecules. It is innately eco-friendly, as potentially hazardous oxidation and reduction agents are replaced with electrochemical potentials. Electrochemistry is commonly applied globally in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, but the energetic materials field lags in this regard. In this review, we endeavor to cover the entire history of synthetic electrochemistry for the preparation of energetic materials and detail the electrochemical transformations of high-nitrogen materials that are relevant for the preparation of new energetic molecules. We hope this review serves as a starting point to inform those involved in synthetic energetic materials chemistry, and those interested in other applications of high-nitrogen molecules, about the environmentally friendly electrochemical methods available for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yount
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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12
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Du J, Gao D, Zhang D, Lin X, Liu C, Zhu N, Yang Z, He W, Fang Z, Guo K. Electrochemical Oxidative
ortho
‐Selective Trifluoromethylation of
N
‐Arylamides. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Du
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Di Gao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Yang
- College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210003 P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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13
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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14
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Xu Y, Long Y, Ye R, Li Q, Ke F, Zhou X. Fe( iii)-catalysed selective C–N bond cleavage of N-phenylamides by an electrochemical method. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24217-24221. [PMID: 36128521 PMCID: PMC9403817 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04709h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An Fe(iii)-catalysed transformation of secondary N-phenyl substituted amides to primary amides by an electrochemical method is developed. Regioselective aryl C–H oxygenation occurs during the reaction, promoting selective C(phenyl)-N bond cleavage to form primary amides in yields of up to 92%. An Fe(iii)-catalysed transformation of secondary N-phenyl substituted amides to primary amides by an electrochemical method is developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yang Long
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Runyou Ye
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fang Ke
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Xiangge Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road 29, Chengdu 610064, China
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15
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Bugaenko DI, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Transition metal-free cross-coupling reactions with the formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Bieniek JC, Grünewald M, Winter J, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of
N
,
N
’‑ Disubstituted Indazolin-3-ones via Intramolecular Anodic DehydrogenativeN-NCoupling Reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8180-8186. [PMID: 35919432 PMCID: PMC9278119 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01827f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electricity as a traceless oxidant enables a sustainable and novel approach to N,N′-disubstituted indazolin-3-ones by an intramolecular anodic dehydrogenative N–N coupling reaction. This method is characterized by mild reaction conditions, an easy experimental setup, excellent scalability, and a high atom economy. It was used to synthesize various indazolin-3-one derivatives in yields up to 78%, applying inexpensive and sustainable electrode materials and a low supporting electrolyte concentration. Mechanistic studies, based on cyclic voltammetry experiments, revealed a biradical pathway. Furthermore, the access to single 2-aryl substituted indazolin-3-ones by cleavage of the protecting group could be demonstrated. A novel sustainable electrochemical synthetic route to N,N′-disubstituted indazolin-3-ones by direct anodic oxidation with mild reaction conditions, a simple galvanostatic setup, broad scope and excellent scalability is established.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Michele Grünewald
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
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17
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Deprez NR, Clausen DJ, Yan JX, Peng F, Zhang S, Kong J, Bai Y. Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Functionalized Pyrrolidines. Org Lett 2021; 23:8834-8837. [PMID: 34730984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the selective electrochemical aminoxyl-mediated Shono-type oxidation of pyrrolidines to pyrrolidinones is described. These transformations show the high selectivity and functional group compatibility. This chemistry also demonstrates the use of an operationally simple ElectraSyn 2.0 and cost-effective stainless-steel electrode for the electrochemical oxidation of functionalized pyrrolidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Deprez
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dane J Clausen
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jia-Xuan Yan
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jongrock Kong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yanguang Bai
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
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18
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Wu S, Zhou D, Geng F, Dong J, Su L, Zhou Y, Yin S. Metal‐Free Oxidative Condensation of Catechols, Aldehydes and NH
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OAc towards Benzoxazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wu
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Furong Geng
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Dong
- Department of Educational Science Hunan First Normal University Changsha 410205 People's Republic of China
| | - Lebin Su
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Zhou
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang‐Feng Yin
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
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19
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproducibility in Electroorganic Synthesis-Myths and Misunderstandings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14750-14759. [PMID: 33428811 PMCID: PMC8251947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric current as a traceless activator and reagent is experiencing a renaissance. This sustainable synthetic method is evolving into a hot topic in contemporary organic chemistry. Since researchers with various scientific backgrounds are entering this interdisciplinary field, different parameters and methods are reported to describe the experiments. The variation in the reported parameters can lead to problems with the reproducibility of the reported electroorganic syntheses. As an example, parameters such as current density or electrode distance are in some cases more significant than often anticipated. This Minireview provides guidelines on reporting electrosynthetic data and dispels myths about this technique, thereby streamlining the experimental parameters to facilitate reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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20
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Chicas-Baños DF, Frontana-Uribe BA. Electrochemical Generation and Use in Organic Synthesis of C-, O-, and N-Centered Radicals. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2538-2573. [PMID: 34047059 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade several research groups have been developing electrochemical procedures to access highly functionalized organic molecules. Among the most exciting advances, the possibility of using free radical chemistry has attracted the attention of the most important synthetic groups. Nowadays, electrochemical strategies based on these species with a synthetic purpose are published continuously in scientific journals, increasing the alternatives for the synthetic organic chemistry laboratories. Free radicals can be obtained in organic electrochemical reactions; thus, this review reassembles the last decade's (2010-2020) efforts of the electrosynthetic community to generate and take advantage of the C-, O-, and N-centered radicals' reactivity. The electrochemical reactions that occur, as well as the proposed mechanism, are discussed, trying to give clear information about the used conditions and reactivity of these reactive intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Chicas-Baños
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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21
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He M, Wu Y, Yao Y, Mo Z, Pan Y, Tang H. Paired Electrosynthesis of Aromatic Azo Compounds from Aryl Diazonium Salts with Pyrroles or Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu‐Xue He
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zu‐Yu Mo
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying‐Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
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22
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproduzierbarkeit in der elektroorganischen Synthese – Mythen und Missverständnisse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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23
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Sattler LE, Hilt G. Iodonium Cation-Pool Electrolysis for the Three-Component Synthesis of 1,3-Oxazoles. Chemistry 2021; 27:605-608. [PMID: 33270278 PMCID: PMC7839530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1,3-oxazoles from symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes was realized by an iodonium cation-pool electrolysis of I2 in acetonitrile with a well-defined water content. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the alkyne reacts with the acetonitrile-stabilized I+ ions, followed by a Ritter-type reaction of the solvent to a nitrilium ion, which is then attacked by water. The ring closure to the 1,3-oxazoles released molecular iodine, which was visible by the naked eye. Also, some unsymmetrical internal alkynes were tested and a regioselective formation of a single isomer was determined by two-dimensional NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars E. Sattler
- Institut für ChemieOldenburg UniversityCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126111OldenburgGermany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für ChemieOldenburg UniversityCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126111OldenburgGermany
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24
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Blum SP, Schäffer L, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical synthesis of sulfamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4775-4778. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01428e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis enables the formation of symmetrical sulfamides directly from anilines and SO2 mediated by iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P. Blum
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- Mainz 55128
- Germany
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- Mainz 55128
- Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- Mainz 55128
- Germany
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25
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Kehl A, Schupp N, Breising VM, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Carbazoles by Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2020; 26:15847-15851. [PMID: 32737905 PMCID: PMC7756279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A constant current protocol, employing undivided cells, a remarkably low supporting electrolyte concentration, inexpensive electrode materials, and a straightforward precursor synthesis enabling a novel access to N‐protected carbazoles by anodic N,C bond formation using directly generated amidyl radicals is reported. Scalability of the reaction is demonstrated and an easy deblocking of the benzoyl protecting group is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kehl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valentina M Breising
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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26
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An Q, He C, Fan X, Hou C, Zhao J, Liu Y, Liu H, Ma J, Sun Z, Chu W. Synthesis of Benzazoles through Electrochemical Oxidative Cyclization Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Chaoyin He
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Chuanfu Hou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Junjie Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Zhizhong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Chu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion College of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 P. R. China
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27
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Röckl JL, Dörr M, Waldvogel SR. Electrosynthesis 2.0 in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoroisopropanol/Amine Mixtures. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
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28
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Dörr M, Röckl JL, Rein J, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical C-H Functionalization of (Hetero)Arenes-Optimized by DoE. Chemistry 2020; 26:10195-10198. [PMID: 32232873 PMCID: PMC7496267 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach towards the activation of different arenes and purines including caffeine and theophylline is presented. The simple, safe and scalable electrochemical synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) aryl ethers was conducted using an easy electrolysis setup with boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Good yields up to 59 % were achieved. Triethylamine was used as a base as it forms a highly conductive media with HFIP, making additional supporting electrolytes superfluous. The synthesis was optimized using Design of Experiment (DoE) techniques giving a detailed insight to the significance of the reaction parameters. The mechanism was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Subsequent transition metal‐catalyzed as well as metal‐free functionalization led to interesting motifs in excellent yields up to 94 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes L Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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29
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Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Electro-organic synthesis - a 21 st century technique. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12386-12400. [PMID: 34123227 PMCID: PMC8162804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe limitations of fossil fuels and finite resources influence the scientific community to reconsider chemical synthesis and establish sustainable techniques. Several promising methods have emerged, and electro-organic conversion has attracted particular attention from international academia and industry as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. The easy application, precise control, and safe conversion of substrates with intermediates only accessible by this method reveal novel pathways in synthetic organic chemistry. The popularity of electricity as a reagent is accompanied by the feasible conversion of bio-based feedstocks to limit the carbon footprint. Several milestones have been achieved in electro-organic conversion at rapid frequency, which have opened up various perspectives for forthcoming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
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30
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Li J, Yang P, Xie X, Jiang S, Tao L, Li Z, Lu C, Liu W. Catalyst‐Free Electrosynthesis of Benzimidazolones through Intramolecular Oxidative C−N Coupling. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang‐Sheng Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, School of Chemistry and Food EngineeringChangsha University of Science & Technology Changsha 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Pan‐Pan Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, School of Chemistry and Food EngineeringChangsha University of Science & Technology Changsha 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin‐Yun Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, School of Chemistry and Food EngineeringChangsha University of Science & Technology Changsha 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Si Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, School of Chemistry and Food EngineeringChangsha University of Science & Technology Changsha 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tao
- State Grid Hunan Electric Power Company Limited Research Institute Changsha 410004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, School of Chemistry and Food EngineeringChangsha University of Science & Technology Changsha 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Cui‐Hong Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, School of Chemistry and Food EngineeringChangsha University of Science & Technology Changsha 410114 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei‐Dong Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for AgrochemicalsHunan Research Institute of Chemical Industry Changsha 410007 People's Republic of China
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31
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Anderson K, Eastabrook AS, Sperry J. One-pot oxidative hydrolysis-oxidative cleavage of 7-borylindoles enables access to o-amidophenols and 4-acylbenzoxazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3559-3562. [PMID: 32104796 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09807k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
7-Borylindoles undergo a one-pot oxidative-hydrolysis of the arylboronate and oxidative cleavage of the indole C2-C3 double bond to afford o-amidophenol derivatives. Subsequent cyclisation delivers benzoxazoles bearing an acyl group at C4, a substitution pattern common to fungal-derived benzoxazole alkaloids. Using 7-borylindoles as substrates to access functionalised o-amidophenols circumvents the difficult preparation of these compounds from arenes, streamlining access to substituted 4-acylbenzoxazoles in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
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32
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Wang Y, Tian B, Ding M, Shi Z. Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling between Phenols and β-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Facile Construction of Benzofurans. Chemistry 2020; 26:4297-4303. [PMID: 31900957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preparative electrochemical synthesis is an ideal method for establishing green, sustainable processes. The major benefits of an electro-organic strategy over that of conventional chemical synthesis are the avoidance of reagent waste and mild reaction conditions. Here, an intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling between phenols and β-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed to build various benzofurans under undivided electrolytic conditions. Neither transition metals nor external chemical oxidants are required to facilitate the dehydrogenation and dehydration processes. The key factor in success was the use of nBu4 NBF4 as the electrolyte and hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent, which play key roles in the cyclocondensation step. This electrolysis is scalable and can be used as a key step in drug synthesis. On the basis of several experimental results, the mechanism, particularly of the remarkable anodic oxidation and cyclization process, was illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
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33
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Breising VM, Kayser JM, Kehl A, Schollmeyer D, Liermann JC, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical formation of N,N′-diarylhydrazines by dehydrogenative N–N homocoupling reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4348-4351. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical access to N,N′-diarylhydrazines is developed using commercial anilines, a simple setup, and an ecologically efficient electrolyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob M. Kayser
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Anton Kehl
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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34
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Bao X, Jiang W, Liang J, Huo C. One-electron oxidative dehydrogenative annulation and cyclization reactions. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in one-electron oxidation involved oxidative dehydrogenative annulations and cyclizations for the intermolecular and intramolecular construction of valuable ring structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiazhen Bao
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Jia Liang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Congde Huo
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
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35
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Ge B, Peng Y, Liu J, Wen S, Peng C, Cheng G. Acid-promoted cleavage of the C–C double bond of N-(2-Hydroxylphenyl)enaminones for the synthesis of benzoxazoles. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Huang M, Dai J, Cheng X, Ding M. Electrochemical Approach for Direct C-H Phosphonylation of Unprotected Secondary Amine. Org Lett 2019; 21:7759-7762. [PMID: 31525939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct α-phosphonylation of an unprotected secondary amine in a single step is of practical importance to amino phophophates. However, this protocol is limited due to the high redox barrier of unprotected amine. In this paper, we report C-H phosphonylation of an unprotected secondary amine via an electrochemical approach in the presence of catalytic carboxylate salt. This metal-free and exogenous oxidant-free method furnishes diverse target molecules with satisfactory yield under mild reaction conditions. Successful application of the protocol in a gram-scale experiment demonstrates the potential utility for further functionalization.
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37
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Elsherbini M, Winterson B, Alharbi H, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Génot C, Wirth T. Continuous‐Flow Electrochemical Generator of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthetic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9811-9815. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Bethan Winterson
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Haifa Alharbi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | | | - Célina Génot
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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38
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Tang L, Matuska JH, Huang YH, He YH, Guan Z. Amide Synthesis from Thiocarboxylic Acids and Amines by Spontaneous Reaction and Electrosynthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2570-2575. [PMID: 30994975 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amide bond formation is one of the most important basic reactions in chemistry. A catalyst-free approach for constructing amide bonds from thiocarboxylic acids and amines was developed. The mechanistic studies showed that the disulfide was the key intermediate for this amide synthesis. Thiobenzoic acids could be automatically oxidized to disulfides in air, thioaliphatic acids could be electro-oxidized to disulfides, and the resulting disulfides reacted with amines to give the corresponding amides. By this method, various amides could be easily synthesized in excellent yields without using any catalyst or activator. The successful synthesis of bioactive compounds also highlights the synthetic utility of this strategy in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Jack H Matuska
- Department of Chemistry, College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, Collegeville, MN, 56321, USA
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
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39
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Elsherbini M, Winterson B, Alharbi H, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Génot C, Wirth T. Elektrochemischer Durchlaufgenerator für hypervalente Iodreagenzien: Synthetische Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Bethan Winterson
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Haifa Alharbi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | | | - Célina Génot
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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40
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Xu F, Long H, Song J, Xu H. De Novo Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Benzimidazolones and Benzoxazolones through an Electrochemical Dehydrogenative Cyclization Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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41
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Xu F, Long H, Song J, Xu H. De Novo Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Benzimidazolones and Benzoxazolones through an Electrochemical Dehydrogenative Cyclization Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9017-9021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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42
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Nikolaienko P, Jentsch M, Kale AP, Cai Y, Rueping M. Electrochemical and Scalable Dehydrogenative C(sp
3
)−H Amination via Remote Hydrogen Atom Transfer in Batch and Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2019; 25:7177-7184. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Nikolaienko
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Marc Jentsch
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH-Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ajit P. Kale
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunfei Cai
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH-Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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43
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Ye Z, Zhang F. Recent Advances in Constructing Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles
via
Electrochemical Dehydrogenation. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green PharmaceuticalsZhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green PharmaceuticalsZhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
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44
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Wang Y, Deng L, Wang X, Wu Z, Wang Y, Pan Y. Electrochemically Promoted Nickel-Catalyzed Carbon–Sulfur Bond Formation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lingling Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhengguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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45
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Rodrigo E, Baunis H, Suna E, Waldvogel SR. Simple and scalable electrochemical synthesis of 2,1-benzisoxazoles and quinoline N-oxides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12255-12258. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
At carbon electrodes in a scalable electrosynthetic way to two classes of useful heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Haralds Baunis
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Aizkraukles 21
- Latvia
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46
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Nath AR, Chee CF, Rahman NA. Application of Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Couplings in the Syntheses of Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES VIA CROSS DEHYDROGENATIVE COUPLING 2019:445-494. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9144-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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47
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Yu H, Jiao M, Huang R, Fang X. Electrochemical Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Coupling of N
-Benzyl(thio)amides: A Direct and Facile Synthesis of 4H
-1,3-Benzoxazines and 4H
-1,3-Benzothiazines. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Substainability; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mingdong Jiao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Substainability; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Ruohe Huang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Substainability; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Fang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Substainability; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
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48
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Gao Y, Mei H, Han J, Pan Y. Electrochemical Alkynyl/Alkenyl Migration for the Radical Difunctionalization of Alkenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17205-17209. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Haibo Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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49
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Breising VM, Gieshoff T, Kehl A, Kilian V, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Formation of 3,5-Diimido-1,2-dithiolanes by Dehydrogenative Coupling. Org Lett 2018; 20:6785-6788. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina M. Breising
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anton Kehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vincent Kilian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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50
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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