1
|
Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ying A, Gong S. A Rising Star: Luminescent Carbene-Metal-Amide Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301885. [PMID: 37431981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Coinage metal (gold, silver, and copper) complexes are attractive candidates to substitute the widely studied noble metal complexes, such as, iridium(III) and platinum(II), as luminescent materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the development of coinage metal complexes exhibiting high emission quantum yields and short exciton lifetimes is still a formidable challenge. In the past few years, coinage metal complexes featuring a carbene-metal-amide (CMA) motif have emerged as a new class of luminescent materials in OLEDs. Thanks to the coinage metal-bridged linear geometry, coplanar conformation, and the formation of excited states with dominant ligand-to-ligand charge transfer character and reduced metal d-orbital participation, most CMA complexes have high radiative rates via thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Currently, the family of CMA complexes have rapidly evolved and remarkable progresses in CMA-based OLEDs have been made. Here, a Concept article on CMA complexes is presented, with a focus on molecular design principles, the correlation between molecular structure/conformation and optoelectronic properties, as well as OLED performance. The future prospects of CMA complexes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ying
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Powley SL, Riley C, Cho HH, Le Phuoc N, Linnolahti M, Greenham N, Romanov AS. Highly phosphorescent carbene-metal-carboranyl complexes of copper(I) and gold(I). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12035-12038. [PMID: 37729393 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
New phosphorescent "carbene-metal-carboranyl" (CMC) Cu(I) and Au(I) complexes based on the diamidocarbene (DAC) ligand show up to 68% photoluminescence quantum yield and microsecond range lifetimes. CMC organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit sky-blue and warm white electroluminescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Powley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlotte Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Neil Greenham
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muthig AMT, Wieland J, Lenczyk C, Koop S, Tessarolo J, Clever GH, Hupp B, Steffen A. Towards Fast Circularly Polarized Luminescence in 2-Coordinate Chiral Mechanochromic Copper(I) Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300946. [PMID: 37272620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of chiral mechanochromic copper(I) cAAC (cAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene) complexes with a variety of amide ligands have been studied with regard to their photophysical and chiroptical properties to elucidate structure-property relationships for the design of efficient triplet exciton emitters exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence. Depending on the environment, which determines the excited state energies, either thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from 1/3 LLCT states or phosphorescence from 3 LLCT/LC states occurs. However, neither chiral moieties at the carbene nor at the carbazolate ligands provide detectable luminescence dissymmetries glum . An exception is [Cu(phenoxazinyl)(cAAC)], showing orange to deep red TADF with λmax =601-715 nm in solution, powders and in PMMA. In this case, the amide ligand can undergo distortions in the excited state. This design motif leads to the first linear, non-aggregated CPL-active copper(I) complex with glum of -3.4 ⋅ 10-3 combined with a high radiative rate constant of 6.7 ⋅ 105 s-1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André M T Muthig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Justin Wieland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Koop
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruduss A, Belyakov S, Stucere KA, Vembris A, Traskovskis K. Light emission mechanism in dimers of carbene-metal-amide complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3220-3231. [PMID: 36625398 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently an efficient dual electroluminescence from monomers and dimers was observed among the structural examples of the emerging emitter class of carbene-metal-amides (CMAs), allowing the preparation of simple design white organic light emitting diodes (wOLEDs). Here we investigate in detail the light emission mechanism in the dimeric species of CMA emitters on the basis of a copper(I) complex TCP bearing thiazoline carbene and 10H-phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide (Ptz) ligands. The X-ray structure for crystals with dimer-only emission was obtained, revealing that emissive aggregates consist of face-to-face stacked molecular pairs with an intermolecular distance of 3.673 Å. The close packing is aided by reduced sterical bulk at the carbene ligand, as well as by a torsional twist between the carbene and amide fragments. Experimental and computational data show that the emission mechanism in aggregates is related to the formation of a persistent dimer, not the excimer. Radiative relaxation proceeds through an intermolecular charge transfer process between the carbene and amide ligands of the neighbouring molecules. In comparison to the monomer, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) process in the dimer is characterized with significantly higher energy gaps (ΔEST) between the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited states. At the same time the aggregated species exhibit a significantly increased phosphorescence rate (τ = 12 μs at 10 K temperature) due to the presence of two metal atoms, resulting in a sixfold increase in the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) matrix element in comparison to the monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armands Ruduss
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kitija A Stucere
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Traskovskis
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muthig AMT, Wieland J, Koop S, Lenczyk C, Kerner F, Hupp B, Steffen A. Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Copper(I) CAAC Half-Sandwich Complexes as a Highly Modifiable Class of Emitters. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17427-17437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André M. T. Muthig
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Justin Wieland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Koop
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Kerner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muniz CN, Schaab J, Razgoniaev A, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. π-Extended Ligands in Two-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17916-17928. [PMID: 36126274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-coordinate carbene-MI-amide (cMa, MI = Cu, Ag, Au) complexes have emerged as highly efficient luminescent materials for use in a variety of photonic applications due to their extremely fast radiative rates through thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from an interligand charge transfer (ICT) process. A series of cMa derivatives was prepared to examine the variables that affect the radiative rate, with the goal of understanding the parameters that control the radiative TADF process in these materials. We find that blue-emissive complexes with high photoluminescence efficiencies (ΦPL > 0.95) and fast radiative rates (kr = 4 × 106 s-1) can be achieved by selectively extending the π-system of the carbene and amide ligands. Of note is the role played by the increased separation between the hole and electron in the ICT excited state. Analysis of temperature-dependent luminescence data and theoretical calculations indicate that the hole-electron separation exerts a primary effect on the energy gap between the lowest-energy singlet and triplet states (ΔEST) while keeping the radiative rate for the singlet state relatively unchanged. This interpretation provides guidelines for the design of new cMa derivatives with even faster radiative rates in addition to those with slower radiative rates and thus extended excited state lifetimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin N Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anton Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muthig AMT, Krumrein M, Wieland J, Gernert M, Kerner F, Pflaum J, Steffen A. Trigonal Copper(I) Complexes with Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Ligands for Single-Photon Near-IR Triplet Emission. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14833-14844. [PMID: 36069727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular near-IR (NIR) triplet-state emitters are of importance for the development of new, organic-electronics-based telecommunication technologies as optical fibers operating in the corresponding spectral bands allow for data transfer over much longer distances due to the significantly lower attenuation. However, achieving such low-energy triplet excited states with good radiative rate constants is very challenging, and studies regarding the single-photon emission of organometallics in this energy range are scarce. We have prepared a series of trigonal CuI CAAC complexes bearing chelating ligands with O, N, S, and Se donor atoms and studied their photophysical properties in this context. The compounds show weak low-energy absorption in solution between 400 and 500 nm due to mixed Cu → CAAC 1MLCT/LLCT states, resulting in yellow-green to orange appearance, which we have also correlated to the 15N NMR resonances of the π-accepting carbene ligand. In the solid state, phosphorescence from dominant 3(Cu → CAAC) CT states is observed at room temperature. The emission of the complexes is bathochromically shifted in comparison to structurally related linearly coordinated copper(I) CAAC complexes due to structural reorganization in the excited state to a T-shape. For [Cu(dbm)(CAACMe)], the broad phosphorescence with outstanding λmax = 760 nm tailors out to ca. 1100 nm and leads to its proof-of-concept application as a nonclassical single-photon light source, constituting key functional units for the implementation of tap-proof data transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André M T Muthig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Krumrein
- Experimental Physics, Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Justin Wieland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Gernert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Kerner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics, Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing 1,1‐Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202637. [PMID: 35362643 PMCID: PMC9400972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report secondary pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a source of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAAC) for the synthesis of CAAC‐CuI‐complexes and cyclic thiones when reacted with CuI‐salts and elemental sulfur, respectively, under reductive elimination of water from the carbon(IV)‐center. This result demonstrates a convenient and facile access to CAAC‐based CuI‐salts, which are well known catalysts for different organic transformations. It further establishes secondary alcohols to be a viable source of carbenes—realizing after 185 years Dumas’ dream who tried to prepare the parent carbene (CH2) by 1,1‐dehydration of methanol. Addressed is also the reactivity of water towards CAACs, which proceeds through an oxidative addition of the O−H bond to the carbon(II)‐center. This emphasizes the ability of carbon‐compounds to mimic the reactivity of transition‐metal complexes: reversible oxidative addition and reductive elimination of the O−H bond to/from the C(II)/C(IV)‐centre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Benedict J. Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | | | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Aksaray University Aksaray 68100 Turkey
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ruduss A, Turovska B, Belyakov S, Stucere KA, Vembris A, Baryshnikov G, Ågren H, Lu JC, Lin WH, Chang CH, Traskovskis K. Thiazoline Carbene-Cu(I)-Amide complexes: Efficient White Electroluminescence from Combined Monomer and Excimer Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15478-15493. [PMID: 35345881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent carbene-metal-amide complexes bearing group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, Au) have recently attracted great attention due to their exceptional emission efficiency and high radiative decay rates (kr). These materials provide a less costly alternative to organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitters based on more scarce metals, such as Ir and Pt. Herein, a series of eight Cu(I) complexes bearing as yet unexplored 1,3-thiazoline carbenes have been investigated and analyzed with respect to their light emission properties and OLED application. For the first time among the class of copper-based organometallic compounds the formation of efficient electroluminescent excimers is demonstrated. The prevalence of electroluminescence (EL) from either the monomer (bluish green) or the excimer (orange-red) can be adjusted in vacuum-deposited emissive layers by altering the extent of steric encumbrance of the emitter or its concentration. Optimized conditions in terms of the emitter structure and mass fraction allowed a simultaneous EL from the monomer and excimer, which laid the basis for a preparation of a single-emitter white OLED (WOLED) with external quantum efficiency of 16.5% and a maximum luminance of over 40000 cd m-2. Wide overlapping emission bands of the monomer and excimer ensure a device color rendering index (CRI) of above 80. In such a way the prospects of copper complexes as cost-effective materials for lighting devices are demonstrated, offering expense reduction through a cheaper emissive component and a simplified device architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armands Ruduss
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Turovska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kitija A Stucere
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jhao-Cheng Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Kaspars Traskovskis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing the 1,1‐Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | | | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Aksaray Universitesi Aromatic and Medicinal Plants TURKEY
| | - Anukul Jana
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences Chemical Science 21, Brundavan Colony, Narsingi 500075 Hyderabad INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Q, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhao F, He H, Wang Y. Luminescent copper(I) complexes bearing benzothiazole-imidazolylidene ligand with various substituents: Synthesis, photophysical properties and computational studies. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
Roesky HW, Kushvaha SK, Mishra A, Mondal KC. Recent advances in the domain of Cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101301. [PMID: 34989475 PMCID: PMC9307053 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of cyclic (alkyl) amino carbenes (cAACs) in 2005 has been a major achievement in the field of stable carbenes due to their better electronic properties. cAACs and bicyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (BicAAC) in essence are the most electrophilic as well as nucleophilic carbenes are known till date. Due to their excellent electronic properties in terms of nucleophilic and electrophilic character, cAACs have been utilized in different areas of chemistry, including stabilization of low valent main group and transition metal species, activation of small molecules, and catalysis. The applications of cAACs in catalysis have opened up new avenues of research in the field of cAAC chemistry. This review summarizes the major results of cAAC chemistry published until August 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert W Roesky
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Department of Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, GERMANY
| | | | - Ankush Mishra
- IIT Madras: Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chemistry, INDIA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands: Electronic structure and application as chemically- and redox-non-innocent ligands and chromophores. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Hölzel T, Belyaev A, Terzi M, Stenzel L, Gernert M, Marian CM, Steffen A, Ganter C. Linear Carbene Pyridine Copper Complexes with Sterically Demanding N, N'-Bis(trityl)imidazolylidene: Syntheses, Molecular Structures, and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18529-18543. [PMID: 34793149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sterically demanding carbene ITr (N,N'-bis(triphenylmethyl)imidazolylidene) was used as a ligand for the preparation of luminescent copper(I) complexes of the type [(ITr)Cu(R-pyridine/R'-quinoline)]BF4 (R = H, 4-CN, 4-CHO, 2,6-NH2, and R' = 8-Cl, 6-Me). The selective formation of linear, bis(coordinated) complexes was observed for a series of pyridine and quinoline derivatives. Only in the case of 4-cyanopyridine a one-dimensional coordination polymer was formed, in which the cyano group of the cyanopyridine ligand additionally binds to another Cu atom in a bridging manner, thus leading to a trigonal planar coordination environment. In contrast, employing sterically less demanding monotrityl-substituted carbene 3, no (NHC)Cu-pyridine complexes could be prepared. Instead, a bis-carbene complex [(3)2Cu]PF6 was obtained which showed no luminescence. All linear pyridine/quinoline coordinated complexes show weak emission in solution but intense blue to orange luminescence doped with 10% in PMMA films and in the solid state either from triplet excited states with unusually long lifetimes of up to 4.8 ms or via TADF with high radiative rate constants of up to 1.7 × 105 s-1 at room temperature. Combined density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction calculations have been performed to rationalize the involved photophysics of these complexes. They reveal a high density of low-lying electronic states with mixed MLCT, LLCT, and LC character where the electronic structures of the absorbing and emitting state are not necessarily identical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Hölzel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Meryem Terzi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Stenzel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Gernert
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Ganter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Romanov AS, Linnolahti M, Bochmann M. Synthesis and photophysical properties of linear gold(I) complexes based on a CCC carbene. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17156-17164. [PMID: 34781337 PMCID: PMC8631002 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between allenylpyridine (L1) and (Me2S)AuCl resulted in the quantitative formation of the (Indolizy)gold chloride complex 1 (Indolizy = indolizin-2-ylidene). The reaction of 1 with carbazole in the presence of KOtBu affords the corresponding (Indolizy)Au(Cz) complex 2. Both compounds show high air- and temperature stability. The crystal structure of 2 confirmed the linear co-planar geometry. Complex 1 shows an intense low energy absorption of mixed character in the UV-vis spectrum, ascribed to intraligand and (M + Hal)L charge transfer processes, and exhibits bright yellow phosphorescence with an excited state lifetime of 62.8 μs in the crystal and a luminescence quantum yield up to 65%. On the other hand, the carbazolate complex 2 in a polystyrene matrix shows bright red delayed fluorescence at 617 nm with a sub-microsecond excited state lifetime and a quantum yield of 21.6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Romanov
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK. .,School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Albalad J, Peralta RA, Huxley MT, Tsoukatos S, Shi Z, Zhang YB, Evans JD, Sumby CJ, Doonan CJ. Coordination modulated on-off switching of flexibility in a metal-organic framework. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14893-14900. [PMID: 34820105 PMCID: PMC8597854 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04712d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit dynamic, and typically reversible, structural changes upon exposure to external stimuli. This process often induces drastic changes in their adsorption properties. Herein, we present a stimuli-responsive MOF, 1·[CuCl], that shows temperature dependent switching from a rigid to flexible phase. This conversion is associated with a dramatic reversible change in the gas adsorption properties, from Type-I to S-shaped isotherms. The structural transition is facilitated by a novel mechanism that involves both a change in coordination number (3 to 2) and geometry (trigonal planar to linear) of the post-synthetically added Cu(i) ion. This process serves to 'unlock' the framework rigidity imposed by metal chelation of the bis-pyrazolyl groups and realises the intrinsic flexibility of the organic link.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Albalad
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - Ricardo A Peralta
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - Michael T Huxley
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - Steven Tsoukatos
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - Zhaolin Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Jack D Evans
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Christopher J Sumby
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shibahara F, Shibata Y, Murai T. Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridinylidenes as π-Accepting NHC Ligands in Catalysis. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Shibahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshifuru Shibata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Murai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Braker EE, Mukthar NFM, Schley ND, Ung G. Substituent Effect on the Circularly Polarized Luminescence of
C
1
‐Symmetric Carbene‐Copper(I) Complexes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Braker
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235 USA
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cai X, Ma T, Ding D, Wang Z, Li M, Chen S, Ma Z, Teng S, Du Y, Zhang T, Xu C. Investigation on the photophysical properties of Cu(I) complexes supported by
N
‐heterocyclic carbene ligands with electron‐donating/withdrawing groups on imidazolylidene unit. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100 China
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100 China
| | - Danli Ding
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100 China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang, Henan 471022 China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang, Henan 471022 China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang, Henan 471022 China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang, Henan 471022 China
| | - Sen Teng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang, Henan 471022 China
| | - Yibo Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang, Henan 471022 China
| | - Tianci Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang, Henan 471022 China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Li TY, Shlian DG, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. A Luminescent Two-Coordinate Au I Bimetallic Complex with a Tandem-Carbene Structure: A Molecular Design for the Enhancement of TADF Radiative Decay Rate. Chemistry 2021; 27:6191-6197. [PMID: 33561304 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A luminescent bimetallic AuI complex comprised of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and carbazole (Cz) ligands, that is, (NHC')Au(NHC)AuCz has been synthesized and studied. Both carbene ligands in the bimetallic complex act as electron acceptors in tandem to increase the energy separation between the ground and excited state, which is higher than those found in either monometallic analogue, (NHC)AuCz and (NHC')AuCz. A coplanar geometry designed into the tandem complex ensures sufficient electronic coupling between the π-orbitals of the ligands to impart a strong oscillator strength to the singlet intra-ligand charge-transfer (1 ICT) transition. Theoretical modelling indicates that the emissive ICT excited state involves both NHC ligands. The tandem complex gives blue luminescence (λmax =480 nm) with a high photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL =0.80) with a short decay lifetime (τ=0.52 μs). Temperature-dependent photophysical studies indicate that emission is via thermally assisted delayed fluorescence (TADF) and give a small singlet-triplet energy difference (ΔEST =50 meV, 400 cm-1 ) consistent with the short TADF lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Daniel G Shlian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li TY, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Phosphorescent monometallic and bimetallic two-coordinate Au(I) complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene and aryl ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Lüdtke N, Föller J, Marian CM. Understanding the luminescence properties of Cu(i) complexes: a quantum chemical perusal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23530-23544. [PMID: 33074271 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structures and excited-state properties of Cu(i) complexes with varying coordination numbers have been investigated by means of advanced quantum chemical methods. The computational protocol employs density functional-based methods for geometry optimizations and vibrational analyses including solvent effects through continuum models. Excitation energies, spin-orbit couplings and luminescence properties are evaluated using multireference configuration interaction methods. Rate constants of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions have been determined according to the Fermi golden rule. The computational results for the 4-coordinate (DPEPhos)Cu(PyrTet), the 3-coordinate [IPr-Cu-Py2]+, and the linear CAACMe2-Cu-Cl complexes agree well with experimental absorption and emission wavelengths, intersystem crossing (ISC) time constants, and radiative lifetimes in liquid solution. Spectral shifts on the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions caused by the polarity of the environment are well represented by the continuum models whereas the shifts caused by pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortions in the MLCT states are too pronounced in comparison to solid-state data. Systematic variation of the ligands in linear Cu(i) carbene complexes shows that only those complexes with S1 and T1 states of LLCT character possess sufficiently small singlet-triplet energy gaps ΔEST to enable thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Complexes whose S1 and T1 wavefunctions are dominated by MLCT excitations tend to emit phosphorescence instead. Unlike the situation in metal-free TADF emitters, the presence of low-lying locally excited triplet states does not promote ISC. These states rather hold the danger of trapping the excitation with nonradiative deactivation being the major deactivation channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lüdtke
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jelena Föller
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Manar KK, Chakrabortty S, Porwal VK, Prakash D, Thakur SK, Choudhury AR, Singh S. Two‐Coordinate Cu(I) and Au(I) Complexes Supported by BICAAC and CAAC Ligands. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K. Manar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Soumyadeep Chakrabortty
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Vishal Kumar Porwal
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Darsana Prakash
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Angshuman Roy Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zheng J, Lu Z, Wu K, Ning GH, Li D. Coinage-Metal-Based Cyclic Trinuclear Complexes with Metal-Metal Interactions: Theories to Experiments and Structures to Functions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9675-9742. [PMID: 32786416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the d10 coinage metal complexes, cyclic trinuclear complexes (CTCs) or trinuclear metallocycles with intratrimer metal-metal interactions are fascinating and important metal-organic or organometallic π-acids/bases. Each CTC of characteristic planar or near-planar trimetal nine-membered rings consists of Au(I)/Ag(I)/Cu(I) cations that linearly coordinate with N and/or C atoms in ditopic anionic bridging ligands. Since the first discovery of Au(I) CTC in the 1970s, research of CTCs has involved several fundamental areas, including noncovalent and metallophilic interaction, excimer/exciplex, acid-base chemistry, metalloaromaticity, supramolecular assemblies, and host/guest chemistry. These allow CTCs to be embraced in a wide range of innovative potential applications that include chemical sensing, semiconducting, gas and liquid adsorption/separation, catalysis, full-color display, and solid-state lighting. This review aims to provide a historic and comprehensive summary on CTCs and their extension to higher nuclearity complexes and coordination polymers from the perspectives of synthesis, structure, theoretical insight, and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hong Ning
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee K, Lai PN, Parveen R, Donahue CM, Wymore MM, Massman BA, Vlaisavljevich B, Teets TS, Daly SR. Modifying the luminescent properties of a Cu(i) diphosphine complex using ligand-centered reactions in single crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9110-9113. [PMID: 32648569 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03427d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report how reactions at a chemically reactive diphosphine shift the long-lived luminescent colour of a crystalline three-coordinate Cu(i) complex from green to blue. The results demonstrate how vapochromism and single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations can be achieved using ligand-centered reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Po-Ni Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Room 112, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Riffat Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Courtney M Donahue
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Mikayla M Wymore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Blake A Massman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Room 112, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Scott R Daly
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu T, Zhao F, Hu Q, Cui Y, Huang T, Zheng D, Liu Q, Lei Y, Jia L, Luo C. Structural characterization, DFT studied, luminescent properties of cationic/neutral three‐coordinated copper (I) complexes and application in warm‐white light‐emitting diode. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Cheng Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Fang‐Zheng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Qiao‐Long Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Yi‐Shun Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Ting‐Hong Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
- School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering Southwest University for Nationalities Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ying Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Lin Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hamze R, Idris M, Muthiah Ravinson DS, Jung MC, Haiges R, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Highly Efficient Deep Blue Luminescence of 2-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes Bearing Bulky NHC Benzimidazolyl Carbene. Front Chem 2020; 8:401. [PMID: 32457877 PMCID: PMC7225363 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of three luminescent 2-coordinate coinage metal (i.e., M = Cu, Ag, Au) complexes bearing a sterically bulky benzimidazolyl carbene, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene (BZI), and carbazolide (Cz) as the anionic ligand were investigated. All the complexes emit in the deep blue region (~430 nm) with relatively narrow spectra (full width at half maximum = 44 nm, 2,300 cm−1) characterized by vibronic fine structure in nonpolar media (methylcyclohexane at room temperature), and with high photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦPL > 80%) and radiative rate constants (kr ~ 7.8 × 105 s−1). The luminescence is solvatochromic, undergoing a red-shift in a polar solvent (CH2Cl2) at room temperature that are accompanied by a decrease in quantum yields (ΦPL < 23%) and radiative rate constants (kr < 4.0 × 104 s−1), whereas the non-radiative rate constants remain nearly constant (knr ~ 1.0 × 105 s−1). The radiative rate is controlled via thermally assisted delayed fluorescence (TADF) and temperature-dependent luminescence studies of the gold complex (AuBZI) in methylcyclohexane solution reveal an energy difference between the lowest singlet and triplet excited states of 920 cm−1. An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) fabricated using AuBZI as a luminescent dopant has an external quantum efficiency of 12% and narrow, deep-blue emission (CIE = 0.16, 0.06).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Hamze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Muazzam Idris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Moon Chul Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Matavos-Aramyan S, Soukhakian S, Jazebizadeh MH. Mononuclear Cu Complexes Based on Nitrogen Heterocyclic Carbene: A Comprehensive Review. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:39. [PMID: 32367181 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, organometallic, coordination, and catalytic chemistry of the three-dimensional metals such as copper (Cu) has been greatly affected by the emergence of nitrogen heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The NHCs, and in particular the mononuclear CuI-based ones, have been proven vastly useful in several applications such as in biosynthesis, catalysis, photochemistry, etc. This review tries to thoroughly describe a series of mononuclear CuI NHC complexes and their subcategories such as heteroleptics, and bidentate and tridentate heteroatom complexes, and give some detailed insights on their development, emergence, and applications. A brief outlook is also disclosed to enable other researchers to further develop a platform for future advances and studies in the field of CuI-based NHCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Matavos-Aramyan
- Research and Development Department, Division of Chemistry, Raazi Environmental Protection Foundation, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sadaf Soukhakian
- Research and Development Department, Division of Chemistry, Raazi Environmental Protection Foundation, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Jazebizadeh
- Research and Development Department, Division of Chemistry, Raazi Environmental Protection Foundation, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gernert M, Balles-Wolf L, Kerner F, Müller U, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Marian CM, Pflaum J, Lambert C, Steffen A. Cyclic (Amino)(aryl)carbenes Enter the Field of Chromophore Ligands: Expanded π System Leads to Unusually Deep Red Emitting Cu I Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8897-8909. [PMID: 32302135 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of copper(I) complexes bearing a cyclic (amino)(aryl)carbene (CAArC) ligand with various complex geometries have been investigated in great detail with regard to their structural, electronic, and photophysical properties. Comparison of [CuX(CAArC)] (X = Br (1), Cbz (2), acac (3), Ph2acac (4), Cp (5), and Cp* (6)) with known CuI complexes bearing cyclic (amino)(alkyl), monoamido, or diamido carbenes (CAAC, MAC, or DAC, respectively) as chromophore ligands reveals that the expanded π-system of the CAArC leads to relatively low energy absorption maxima between 350 and 550 nm in THF with high absorption coefficients of 5-15 × 103 M-1 cm-1 for 1-6. Furthermore, 1-5 show intense deep red to near-IR emission involving their triplet excited states in the solid state and in PMMA films with λemmax = 621-784 nm. Linear [Cu(Cbz)(DippCAArC)] (2) has been found to be an exceptional deep red (λmax = 621 nm, ϕ = 0.32, τav = 366 ns) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter with a radiative rate constant kr of ca. 9 × 105 s-1, exceeding those of commercially employed IrIII- or PtII-based emitters. Time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence upconversion experiments complemented by quantum chemical calculations employing Kohn-Sham density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction methods as well as temperature-dependent steady-state and time-resolved luminescence studies provide a detailed picture of the excited-state dynamics of 2. To demonstrate the potential applicability of this new class of low-energy emitters in future photonic applications, such as nonclassical light sources for quantum communication or quantum cryptography, we have successfully conducted single-molecule photon-correlation experiments of 2, showing distinct antibunching as required for single-photon emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gernert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lukas Balles-Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kerner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Eng J, Penfold TJ. Understanding and Designing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Beyond the Energy Gap Approximation. CHEM REC 2020; 20:831-856. [PMID: 32267093 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article recent progress in the development of molecules exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) is discussed with a particular focus upon their application as emitters in highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The key aspects controlling the desirable functional properties, e. g. fast intersystem crossing, high radiative rate and unity quantum yield, are introduced with a particular focus upon the competition between the key requirements needed to achieve high performance OLEDs. The design rules required for organic and metal organic materials are discussed, and the correlation between them outlined. Recent progress towards understanding the influence of the interaction between a molecule and its environment are explained as is the role of the mechanism for excited state formation in OLEDs. Finally, all of these aspects are combined to discuss the ability to implement high level design rules for achieving higher quality materials for commercial applications. This article highlights the significant progress that has been made in recent years, but also outlines the significant challenges which persist to achieve a full understanding of the TADF mechanism and improve the stability and performance of these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Eng
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thomas J Penfold
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jazzar R, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Cyclic (Alkyl)- and (Aryl)-(amino)carbene Coinage Metal Complexes and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4141-4168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Michele Soleilhavoup
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hamze R, Kapper SC, Sylvinson Muthiah Ravinson D, Haiges R, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Molecular dynamics of four-coordinate carbene-Cu(I) complexes employing tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
37
|
Yazdani S, Junor GP, Peltier JL, Gembicky M, Jazzar R, Grotjahn DB, Bertrand G. Influence of Carbene and Phosphine Ligands on the Catalytic Activity of Gold Complexes in the Hydroamination and Hydrohydrazination of Alkynes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Yazdani
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Glen P. Junor
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Jesse L. Peltier
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Douglas B. Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xing LR, Lu Z, Li M, Zheng J, Li D. Revealing High-Lying Intersystem Crossing in Brightly Luminescent Cyclic Trinuclear Cu I/Ag I Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2067-2073. [PMID: 32083873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increased attention to luminescent copper(I) complexes, mostly mononuclear and dinuclear ones, in the past few years was mainly due to the new pathways established in the intersystem crossing (ISC) for highly efficient singlet/triplet harvesting, which showed great potential in light-emitting devices. Governing the photophysical processes of planar cyclic trinuclear complexes is more challenging owing to the rich intra- and intermolecular metal-metal interactions involved, but new opportunities also accompany this. Herein reported is a hidden route to the ultra-long-lived, highly efficient phosphorescence of cyclic trinuclear two-coordinate CuI-pyrazolate complexes through pushing the unfavorable metal-to-ligand charge transfer events to the high-lying ISC pathways. Moreover, an anomaly of much higher quantum yields of a trinuclear AgI-pyrazolate complex relative to its CuI analogue is observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rui Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Ji Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li J, Wang L, Zhao Z, Li X, Yu X, Huo P, Jin Q, Liu Z, Bian Z, Huang C. Two‐Coordinate Copper(I)/NHC Complexes: Dual Emission Properties and Ultralong Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8210-8217. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Liding Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zifeng Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Peihao Huo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qionghua Jin
- Department of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zuqiang Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li J, Wang L, Zhao Z, Li X, Yu X, Huo P, Jin Q, Liu Z, Bian Z, Huang C. Two‐Coordinate Copper(I)/NHC Complexes: Dual Emission Properties and Ultralong Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Liding Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zifeng Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Peihao Huo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qionghua Jin
- Department of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zuqiang Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsBeijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active DisplayCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li TY, Muthiah Ravinson DS, Haiges R, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Enhancement of the Luminescent Efficiency in Carbene-Au(I)-Aryl Complexes by the Restriction of Renner–Teller Distortion and Bond Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6158-6172. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I. Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang D, Yang G, Zhao Y, Shao S, Zhu G, Liu P, Liu J, Hu X, Zhang Z. Efficient methanol carbonylation to methyl acetate catalyzed by a cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene iridium complex. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene iridium complex (C-2) was developed for methanol carbonylation to methyl acetate (MA) directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Shouyan Shao
- Jiangsu SOPO (Group) CO., LTD
- Zhengjiang
- P. R. China
| | - Guisheng Zhu
- Jiangsu SOPO (Group) CO., LTD
- Zhengjiang
- P. R. China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Jiangsu SOPO (Group) CO., LTD
- Zhengjiang
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Deng M, Mukthar NFM, Schley ND, Ung G. Yellow Circularly Polarized Luminescence from
C
1
‐Symmetrical Copper(I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Deng M, Mukthar NFM, Schley ND, Ung G. Yellow Circularly Polarized Luminescence from
C
1
‐Symmetrical Copper(I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1228-1231. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chotard F, Romanov AS, Hughes DL, Linnolahti M, Bochmann M. Zwitterionic Mixed-Carbene Coinage Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, and Photophysical Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chotard
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | | | - David L. Hughes
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Eastern Finland; Joensuu Campus FI-80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang Z, Sun X, Xu C, Ji B. Synthesis, Structures, and Photophysical Properties of Novel Four-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes Supported by Chelating N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Front Chem 2019; 7:422. [PMID: 31231640 PMCID: PMC6561309 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Luminescent Cu(I) complexes are promising emitting materials for electroluminescent devices due to their low cost and abundant resources, as well as high emission efficiency. It is well-known that N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are excellent ligands for transition metal complexes. To investigate the photophysical properties of Cu(I)-NHC complexes, a series of new mononuclear four-coordinate Cu(I) complexes supported by the diphosphine ligand bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (POP) and the NHC ligands, consisting of imidazolylidene and pyrimidine units, were synthesized and fully characterized. To tune the photophysical properties of these Cu(I)-NHC complexes, the NHC ligands were attached with electron-withdrawing/donating groups (fluorine, chlorine, methyl and methoxyl) at the pyrimidine unit. All of these Cu(I)-NHC complexes adopt the typical distorted tetrahedral configuration. The electron-donating groups can lead to shorter Cu–N bond distances and longer Cu–C bond distances compared to the electron-withdrawing groups. Theoretical calculation results show that the highest occupied molecular orbitals are mainly distributed on the Cu(I) ion, POP, and carbene unit, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals are mostly located on the pyrimidine unit of NHC ligands. The lowest energy electronic transitions of these Cu(I)-NHC complexes are mainly the metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer transition. These Cu(I)-NHC complexes in solid state show tunable emissions from 530 to 618 nm with efficiencies of 0.5–38.1% at room temperature. The photophysical behaviors of these complexes at 298 and 50 K match well with the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Baoming Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang K, Shen Y, Yang X, Liu J, Jiang T, Finney N, Spingler B, Duttwyler S. Atomically Defined Monocarborane Copper(I) Acetylides with Structural and Luminescence Properties Tuned by Ligand Sterics. Chemistry 2019; 25:8754-8759. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yunjun Shen
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Nathaniel Finney
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University 92 Weijin Road 300072 Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liske A, Wallbaum L, Hölzel T, Föller J, Gernert M, Hupp B, Ganter C, Marian CM, Steffen A. Cu–F Interactions between Cationic Linear N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Pyridine Complexes and Their Counterions Greatly Enhance Blue Luminescence Efficiency. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5433-5445. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Markus Gernert
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Danopoulos AA, Simler T, Braunstein P. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3730-3961. [PMID: 30843688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands across the Periodic Table had an impact on various aspects of the coordination, organometallic, and catalytic chemistry of the 3d metals, including Cu, Ni, and Co, both from the fundamental viewpoint but also in applications, including catalysis, photophysics, bioorganometallic chemistry, materials, etc. In this review, the emergence, development, and state of the art in these three areas are described in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Danopoulos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , Athens GR 15771 , Greece.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| | - Thomas Simler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shi S, Jung MC, Coburn C, Tadle A, Sylvinson M R D, Djurovich PI, Forrest SR, Thompson ME. Highly Efficient Photo- and Electroluminescence from Two-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes Featuring Nonconventional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3576-3588. [PMID: 30768250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of six luminescent two-coordinate Cu(I) complexes were investigated bearing nonconventional N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, monoamido-aminocarbene (MAC*) and diamidocarbene (DAC*), along with carbazolyl (Cz) as well as mono- and dicyano-substituted Cz derivatives. The emission color can be systematically varied over 270 nm, from violet to red, through proper choice of the acceptor (carbene) and donor (carbazolyl) groups. The compounds exhibit photoluminescent quantum efficiencies up to 100% in fluid solution and polystyrene films with short decay lifetimes (τ ≈ 1 μs). The radiative rate constants for the Cu(I) complexes ( kr = 105-106 s-1) are comparable to state of the art phosphorescent emitters with noble metals such as Ir and Pt. All complexes show strong solvatochromism due to the large dipole moment of the ground states and the transition dipole moment that is in the opposite direction. Temperature-dependent studies of (MAC*)Cu(Cz) reveal a small energy separation between the lowest singlet and triplet states (Δ ES1-T1 = 500 cm-1) and an exceptionally large zero-field splitting (ZFS = 85 cm-1). Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricated with (MAC*)Cu(Cz) as a green emissive dopant have high external quantum efficiencies (EQE = 19.4%) and brightness of 54 000 cd/m2 with modest roll-off at high currents. The complex can also serve as a neat emissive layer to make highly efficient OLEDs (EQE = 16.3%).
Collapse
|