1
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Wada K, Nagata Y, Cui L, Ono T, Akine S, Ohtani S, Kato K, Fa S, Ogoshi T. Self-Inclusion Complexation of Electron-Accepting Guest into Electron-Donating Cyclic Host by Photoexcitation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404409. [PMID: 38609333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Self-inclusion complexes consisting of host-guest conjugates are one of the unique supramolecular structures because they form in-state and out-state depending on the external stimuli. Despite many reports of the stimuli-responsive self-inclusion complex formation, study of the structural relaxation from out-state to in-state by photoexcitation has been unexplored. Herein, we report that an electron-donating host and an electron-accepting guest conjugate exhibits the structural relaxation from out-state to in-state by photoexcitation. Formation of the in-state in the excited state resulted in exciplex emission along with the locally excited emission from the out-state. Moreover, this structural relaxation by photoexcitation was suppressed not only by temperature, but also by the presence of guest molecules, resulting in changes in the ratio of the dual emission intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Luxia Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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2
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Saura‐Sanmartin A, Schalley CA. The Mobility of Homomeric Lasso‐ and Daisy Chain‐Like Rotaxanes in Solution and in the Gas Phase as a means to Study Structure and Switching Behaviour. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura‐Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia Calle Campus Universitario, 5 30100 Murcia Spain
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 20 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 20 14195 Berlin Germany
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3
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Yang L, Nie CY, Han Y, Ye JM, Liu W, Yan CG. Construction and crystal structures of pillar[5]arene-based bis-[1]rotaxanes via quadruple hydrogen bonding of ureidopyrimidinone. Supramol Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2022.2142122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cui-Yin Nie
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Mei Ye
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Del Mauro A, Kokan Z, Šindelář V. Dynamic [1]rotaxanes via a reversible covalent bond and host-guest anion recognition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3815-3818. [PMID: 35234240 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00779g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bambus[6]uril-based [1]rotaxanes were formed quantitatively, utilizing a bis(acyloxy)iodate(I) reversible covalent bond and host-guest anion recognition. These novel [1]rotaxanes exhibited a dynamic nature facilitating carboxylate component exchange reactions in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arico Del Mauro
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zoran Kokan
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šindelář
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Pastor A, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Maximizing the [ c2]daisy chain to lasso ratio through competitive self-templating clipping reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:290-293. [PMID: 34881747 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05942d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Self-templating two-component coupling reactions allowed the isolation of two threaded products with different molecular sizes: a lasso-type [1]rotaxane and a [c2]daisy chain rotaxane. Their distribution in the final reaction mixture varies as a factor of the concentration of the reactants. Through this methodology we obtained a large 84-membered cyclic multistation [2]rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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6
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Du XS, Han Y, Chen CF. Helic[6]arene-Based Chiral Pseudo[1]rotaxanes and [1]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104024. [PMID: 34821427 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chiral pseudo[1]rotaxanes and [1]rotaxanes constructed from macrocyclic arenes still remain a big challenge mainly owing to the lack of such chiral macrocycles. In this work, a new system of chiral pseudo[1]rotaxanes formed by self-inclusion of helic[6]arene containing amide linked with the terminal tertiary amines was first discovered. Based on an atom-economic stopping strategy, a pair of chiral [1]rotaxanes were conveniently obtained in almost quantitative yields by blocking the pseudo[1]rotaxanes with monobenzyl bromide of tetraphenylethene. The structures of pseudo[1]rotaxanes and [1]rotaxanes were characterized by 2D NMR spectra in solution, combined with DFT calculations. The photophysical properties further revealed the efficient chirality transfer of helic[6]arene to the tetraphenylethene moiety, compared to their unthreaded chiral isomers. The discovery of the chiral pseudo[1]rotaxanes allows for a wide and available synthesis of chiral [1]rotaxanes, and also opening a new avenue to the design of chiral supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Chu CW, Stares DL, Schalley CA. Light-controlled interconversion between a [ c2]daisy chain and a lasso-type pseudo[1]rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12317-12320. [PMID: 34734947 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A light-responsive self-complementary crown ether/ammonium conjugate bearing an arylazopyrazole photoswitch as a spacer can be switched between a [c2]daisy chain (E-isomer) and a lasso-type pseudo[1]rotaxane (Z-isomer) by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chu
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Daniel L Stares
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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8
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Greń BA, Dabrowski-Tumanski P, Niemyska W, Sulkowska JI. Lasso Proteins-Unifying Cysteine Knots and Miniproteins. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3988. [PMID: 34833285 PMCID: PMC8621785 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex lasso proteins are a recently identified class of biological compounds that are present in considerable fraction of proteins with disulfide bridges. In this work, we look at complex lasso proteins as a generalization of well-known cysteine knots and miniproteins (lasso peptides). In particular, we show that complex lasso proteins with the same crucial topological features-cysteine knots and lasso peptides-are antimicrobial proteins, which suggests that they act as a molecular plug. Based on an analysis of the stability of the lasso piercing residue, we also introduce a method to determine which lasso motif is potentially functional. Using this method, we show that the lasso motif in antimicrobial proteins, as well in that in cytokines, is functionally relevant. We also study the evolution of lasso motifs, their conservation, and the usefulness of the lasso fingerprint, which extracts all topologically non-triviality concerning covalent loops. The work is completed by the presentation of extensive statistics on complex lasso proteins to analyze, in particular, the strange propensity for "negative" piercings. We also identify 21 previously unknown complex lasso proteins with an ester and a thioester bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Ambroży Greń
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.A.G.); (P.D.-T.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wanda Niemyska
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ida Sulkowska
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.A.G.); (P.D.-T.)
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9
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Li D, Han Y, Sun J, Liu WL, Yan CG. Convenient construction of unique bis-[1]rotaxanes based on azobenzene-bridged dipillar[5]arenes. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Vicent C, Valls A, Escorihuela J, Altava B, Luis S. Unveiling anion-induced folding in tripodal imidazolium receptors by ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8616-8619. [PMID: 34369516 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anion-induced folding of tripodal imidazolium receptors has been investigated by NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry and DFT calculations. Such folding can be switched by anion release upon collision induced dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vicent
- Servei Central d'Instrumentació Científica (SCIC), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain.
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11
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Yang L, Nie CY, Han Y, Sun J, Yan CG. Self-assembly of bis-[1]rotaxanes based on diverse thiourea-bridged mono-functionalized dipillar[5]arenes. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Lloyd Williams OH, Rijs NJ. Reaction Monitoring and Structural Characterisation of Coordination Driven Self-Assembled Systems by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2021; 9:682743. [PMID: 34169059 PMCID: PMC8217442 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.682743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature creates exquisite molecular assemblies, required for the molecular-level functions of life, via self-assembly. Understanding and harnessing these complex processes presents an immense opportunity for the design and fabrication of advanced functional materials. However, the significant industrial potential of self-assembly to fabricate highly functional materials is hampered by a lack of knowledge of critical reaction intermediates, mechanisms, and kinetics. As we move beyond the covalent synthetic regime, into the domain of non-covalent interactions occupied by self-assembly, harnessing and embracing complexity is a must, and non-targeted analyses of dynamic systems are becoming increasingly important. Coordination driven self-assembly is an important subtype of self-assembly that presents several wicked analytical challenges. These challenges are "wicked" due the very complexity desired confounding the analysis of products, intermediates, and pathways, therefore limiting reaction optimisation, tuning, and ultimately, utility. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry solves many of the most challenging analytical problems in separating and analysing the structure of both simple and complex species formed via coordination driven self-assembly. Thus, due to the emerging importance of ion mobility mass spectrometry as an analytical technique tackling complex systems, this review highlights exciting recent applications. These include equilibrium monitoring, structural and dynamic analysis of previously analytically inaccessible complex interlinked structures and the process of self-sorting. The vast and largely untapped potential of ion mobility mass spectrometry to coordination driven self-assembly is yet to be fully realised. Therefore, we also propose where current analytical approaches can be built upon to allow for greater insight into the complexity and structural dynamics involved in self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole J. Rijs
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Polewski L, Springer A, Pagel K, Schalley CA. Gas-Phase Structural Analysis of Supramolecular Assemblies. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2445-2456. [PMID: 33900743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry and gas-phase IR action spectroscopy are two structure-sensitive mass-spectrometric methods becoming more popular recently. While ion mobility spectrometry provides collision cross sections as a size and shape dependent parameter of an ion of interest, gas-phase spectroscopy identifies functional groups and is capable of distinguishing different isomers. Both methods have recently found application for the investigation of supramolecular assemblies. We here highlight several aspects.Starting with the characterization of switching states in azobenzene photoswitches as well as redox-switchable lasso-type pseudorotaxanes, structures of isomers can be distinguished and mechanistic details analyzed. Ion mobility mass spectrometry in combination with gas-phase H/D-exchange reactions unravels subtle structural details as described for the chiral recognition of crown ether amino acid complexes. Gas-phase IR spectroscopy allows identification of details of the binding patterns in dimeric amino acid clusters as well as the serine octamer. This research can be extended into the analysis of peptide assemblies that are of medical relevance, for example, in Alzheimer's disease, and into a general hydrophobicity scale for natural as well as synthetic amino acids. The development of ultracold gas-phase spectroscopy that for example makes use of ions trapped in liquid helium droplets provides access to very well resolved spectra. The combination of ion mobility separation of ions with subsequent spectroscopic analysis even permits separation of different isomers and studying them separately with respect to their structure. This represents a great advantage of these gas-phase methods over solution experiments, in which the supramolecular complexes under study typically equilibrate and thus prevent a separate investigation of different isomers. At the end of this overview, we will discuss larger and more complex supramolecules, among them giant halogen-bonded cages and complex intertwined topologies such as molecular knots and Solomon links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Polewski
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20-22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Springer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20-22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20-22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20-22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Hanozin E, Mignolet B, Martens J, Berden G, Sluysmans D, Duwez AS, Stoddart JF, Eppe G, Oomens J, De Pauw E, Morsa D. Radical-Pairing Interactions in a Molecular Switch Evidenced by Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Infrared Ion Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10049-10055. [PMID: 33561311 PMCID: PMC8251753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The digital revolution sets a milestone in the progressive miniaturization of working devices and in the underlying advent of molecular machines. Foldamers involving mechanically entangled components with modular secondary structures are among the most promising designs for molecular switch‐based applications. Characterizing the nature and dynamics of their intramolecular network following the application of a stimulus is the key to their performance. Here, we use non‐dissociative electron transfer as a reductive stimulus in the gas phase and probe the consecutive co‐conformational transitions of a donor‐acceptor oligorotaxane foldamer using electrospray mass spectrometry interfaced with ion mobility and infrared ion spectroscopy. A comparison of collision cross section distributions for analogous closed‐shell and radical molecular ions sheds light on their respective formation energetics, while variations in their respective infrared absorption bands evidence changes in intramolecular organization as the foldamer becomes more compact. These differences are compatible with the advent of radical‐pairing interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Mignolet
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Damien Sluysmans
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Duwez
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 908, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Hanozin E, Mignolet B, Martens J, Berden G, Sluysmans D, Duwez A, Stoddart JF, Eppe G, Oomens J, De Pauw E, Morsa D. Radical‐Pairing Interactions in a Molecular Switch Evidenced by Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Infrared Ion Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Benoit Mignolet
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Damien Sluysmans
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Anne‐Sophie Duwez
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 908 1098XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
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16
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Hupatz H, Gaedke M, Schröder HV, Beerhues J, Valkonen A, Klautzsch F, Müller S, Witte F, Rissanen K, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Thermodynamic and electrochemical study of tailor-made crown ethers for redox-switchable (pseudo)rotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2576-2588. [PMID: 33133289 PMCID: PMC7590624 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown ethers are common building blocks in supramolecular chemistry and are frequently applied as cation sensors or as subunits in synthetic molecular machines. Developing switchable and specifically designed crown ethers enables the implementation of function into molecular assemblies. Seven tailor-made redox-active crown ethers incorporating tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or naphthalene diimide (NDI) as redox-switchable building blocks are described with regard to their potential to form redox-switchable rotaxanes. A combination of isothermal titration calorimetry and voltammetric techniques reveals correlations between the binding energies and redox-switching properties of the corresponding pseudorotaxanes with secondary ammonium ions. For two different weakly coordinating anions, a surprising relation between the enthalpic and entropic binding contributions of the pseudorotaxanes was discovered. These findings were applied to the synthesis of an NDI-[2]rotaxane, which retains similar spectroelectrochemical properties compared to the corresponding free macrocycle. The detailed understanding of the thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of the tailor-made crown ethers lays the foundation for the construction of new types of molecular redox switches with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544, USA
| | - Julia Beerhues
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Fabian Klautzsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Marshall DL, Poad BLJ, Luis ET, Da Silva Rodrigues RA, Blanksby SJ, Mullen KM. Stepwise reduction of interlocked viologen-based complexes in the gas phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13575-13578. [PMID: 33052365 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the first application of electrochemical reduction in an ion trap mass spectrometer as a dual-function tool to synthesise and probe the reactivity of interlocked viologen-based complexes. Compared with non-complexed archetypes, electron-donating macrocyclic porphyrin ethers retard electron transfer reaction rates and stabilise intact structures in low oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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18
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Barendt TA, Ball ML, Xu Q, Zhang B, Fowler B, Schattman A, Ritter VC, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Supramolecular Assemblies for Electronic Materials. Chemistry 2020; 26:3744-3748. [PMID: 32031717 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a synergy between organic electronics and supramolecular chemistry, in which a host-guest complex is designed to function as an efficacious electronic material. Specifically, the noncovalent recognition of a fullerene, phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC61 BM), by an alternating perylene diimide (P)-bithiophene (B) conjugated macrocycle (PBPB) results in a greater than five-fold enhancement in electron mobility, relative to the macrocycle alone. Characterization and quantification of the binding of fullerenes by host PBPB is provided alongside evidence for intermolecular electronic communication within the host-guest complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Barendt
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Melissa L Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Qizhi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA.,The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Brandon Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ayden Schattman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | | | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
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19
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Orlandini G, Casimiro L, Bazzoni M, Cogliati B, Credi A, Lucarini M, Silvi S, Arduini A, Secchi A. Synthesis and properties of a redox-switchable calix[6]arene-based molecular lasso. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A self-complexing lasso-like molecule has been synthesised as the first example of a calix[6]arene-based [1]pseudorotaxane. This artificial molecular lasso can be switched between self-threaded and dethreaded structures by redox stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- Italy
| | - Margherita Bazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Beatrice Cogliati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- I-40129 Bologna
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
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20
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Gaedke M, Witte F, Anhäuser J, Hupatz H, Schröder HV, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Lützen A, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Chiroptical inversion of a planar chiral redox-switchable rotaxane. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10003-10009. [PMID: 32055357 PMCID: PMC7003955 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-containing crown ether macrocycle with C s symmetry was designed to implement planar chirality into a redox-active [2]rotaxane. The directionality of the macrocycle atom sequence together with the non-symmetric axle renders the corresponding [2]rotaxane mechanically planar chiral. Enantiomeric separation of the [2]rotaxane was achieved by chiral HPLC. The electrochemical properties - caused by the reversible oxidation of the TTF - are similar to a non-chiral control. Reversible inversion of the main band in the ECD spectra for the individual enantiomers was observed after oxidation. Experimental evidence, conformational analysis and DFT calculations of the neutral and doubly oxidised species indicate that mainly electronic effects of the oxidation are responsible for the chiroptical switching. This is the first electrochemically switchable rotaxane with a reversible inversion of the main ECD band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Arto Valkonen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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21
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Schröder HV, Schalley CA. Electrochemically switchable rotaxanes: recent strides in new directions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9626-9639. [PMID: 32110308 PMCID: PMC7020790 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Are they still electrifying? Electrochemically switchable rotaxanes are well known for their ability to efficiently undergo changes of (co-)conformation and properties under redox-control. Thus, these mechanically interlocked assemblies represent an auspicious liaison between the fields of molecular switches and molecular electronics. Since the first reported example of a redox-switchable molecular shuttle in 1994, improved tools of organic and supramolecular synthesis have enabled sophisticated new architectures, which provide precise control over properties and function. This perspective covers recent advances in the area of electrochemically active rotaxanes including novel molecular switches and machines, metal-containing rotaxanes, non-equilibrium systems and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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22
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Gaikwad S, Özer MS, Pramanik S, Schmittel M. Three-state switching in a double-pole change-over nanoswitch controlled by redox-dependent self-sorting. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7956-7963. [PMID: 31408072 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01456j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The four-arm nanomechanical switch 1 with four different terminals exhibits two switching arms (contacts A and D) and two distinct stations for binding (contacts B and C). In switching State I, the azaterpyridine arm is intramolecularly coordinated to a zinc(ii) porphyrin station (connection A ↔ B) while contact D (a ferrocenylbipyridine unit) and contact C (phenanthroline) remain disconnected. After addition of copper(i) ions (State II) both connections A ↔ B and C ↔ D are established. Upon one-electron oxidation, double-pole change-over switching cleaves both connections A ↔ B & C ↔ D and establishes the new connection A ↔ C (State III). Fully reversible three-state switching (State I → State II → State III → State II → State I) was achieved by adding appropriate chemical and redox stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Gaikwad
- Center of Micro-and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse-2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
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23
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Recognition Selectivities of Lasso-Type Pseudo[1]rotaxane Based on a Mono-Ester-Functionalized Pillar[5]arene. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152693. [PMID: 31344932 PMCID: PMC6695583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of mono-ester-functionalized pillar[5]arenes, P1 and P2, bearing different side-chain groups, were synthesized. Their host–guest complexation and self-inclusion properties were studied by 1H NMR and 2D nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) NMR measurements. The results showed that the substituents on their phenolic units have a great influence on the self-assembly of both pillar[5]arenes, although they both could form stable pseudo[1]rotaxanes at room temperature. When eight bulky 4-brombutyloxy groups were capped on the cavity, instead of methoxy groups, pseudo[1]rotaxane P1 became less stable and its locked ester group in the inner space of cavity was not as deep as P2, leading to distinctly different host–guest properties between P1 and P2 with 1,6-dibromohexane. Moreover, pillar[5]arene P1 displayed effective molecular recognition toward 1,6-dichlorohexane and 1,2-bromoethane among the guest dihalides. In addition, the self-complex models and stabilities between P1 and P2 were also studied by computational modeling and experimental calculations.
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24
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Schröder HV, Stein F, Wollschläger JM, Sobottka S, Gaedke M, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Accordion‐Like Motion in Electrochemically Switchable Crown Ether/Ammonium Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jan M. Wollschläger
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
- School of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
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25
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Schröder HV, Stein F, Wollschläger JM, Sobottka S, Gaedke M, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Accordion-Like Motion in Electrochemically Switchable Crown Ether/Ammonium Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3496-3500. [PMID: 30623543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reversible oxidation reactions in electrochemically switchable oligorotaxanes with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) decorated 24-crown-8 ether wheels generate intramolecular mixed-valence and radical-cation interactions between the wheels. This induces shuttling of the wheels and a contraction of inter-wheel distances. Further oxidation generates repulsive forces between the TTFs and maximizes the inter-wheel distances instead. These interactions and co-conformational changes were not observed for structurally similar controls in which acetyl groups along the axle prevent translational motion of the wheels. This operation mode of oligorotaxanes, which is reminiscent of an accordion-like motion, is promising for functional materials and nanodevices such as piston-type rotaxane motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Wollschläger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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26
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Schröder HV, Witte F, Gaedke M, Sobottka S, Suntrup L, Hupatz H, Valkonen A, Paulus B, Rissanen K, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. An aryl-fused redox-active tetrathiafulvalene with enhanced mixed-valence and radical-cation dimer stabilities. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:2741-2747. [PMID: 29594290 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition of stable organic radicals is a relatively novel, but important structural binding motif in supramolecular chemistry. Here, we report on a redox-switchable veratrole-fused tetrathiafulvalene derivative VTTF which is ideally suited for this purpose and for the incorporation into stimuli-responsive systems. As revealed by electrochemistry, UV/Vis measurements, X-ray analysis, and electrocrystallisation, VTTF can be reversibly oxidised to the corresponding radical-cation or dication which shows optoelectronic and structural propterties similar to tetrathiafulvalene and tetrakis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalene. However, theoretical calculations, variable temperature EPR, and NIR spectroscopy indicate that the dispersion-driven binding in the mixed-valence dimer (VTTF2)˙+ (KMV = 69 M-1 in CH2Cl2) and the radical-cation dimer (VTTF˙+)2 (KRC = 38 M-1 in CH3CN) is significantly enhanced by the additional veratrole π-surface in comparison to pristine tetrathiafulvalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Schröder HV, Mekic A, Hupatz H, Sobottka S, Witte F, Urner LH, Gaedke M, Pagel K, Sarkar B, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Switchable synchronisation of pirouetting motions in a redox-active [3]rotaxane. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21425-21433. [PMID: 30427015 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05534c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the crown/ammonium [3]rotaxane R2 is reported which allows a switchable synchronisation of wheel pirouetting motions. The rotaxane is composed of a dumbbell-shaped axle molecule with two mechanically interlocked macrocycles which are decorated with a redox-active tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments reveal that rotaxane R2 can be reversibly switched between four stable oxidation states (R2, R2˙+, R22(˙+), and R24+). The oxidations enable non-covalent, cofacial interactions between the TTF units in each state-including a stabilised mixed-valence (TTF2)˙+ and a radical-cation (TTF˙+)2 dimer interaction-which dictate a syn (R2, R2˙+, and R22(˙+)) or anti (R24+) ground state co-conformation of the wheels in the rotaxane. Furthermore, the strength of these wheel-wheel interactions varies with the oxidation state, and thus electrochemical switching allows a controllable synchronisation of the wheels' pirouetting motions. DFT calculations explore the potential energy surface of the counter-rotation of the two interacting wheels in all oxidation states. The controlled coupling of pirouetting motions in rotaxanes can lead to novel molecular gearing systems which transmit rotational motion by switchable non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Kalenius E, Groessl M, Rissanen K. Ion mobility–mass spectrometry of supramolecular complexes and assemblies. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Chakraborty S, Ray D, Aswal VK, Ghosh S. Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Directional Assembly of an Amphiphilic Donor-Acceptor Alternating Supramolecular Copolymer. Chemistry 2018; 24:16379-16387. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Chakraborty
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Debes Ray
- Solid State Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Vinod K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road 700032 Kolkata India
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30
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Schröder HV, Schalley CA. Tetrathiafulvalene - a redox-switchable building block to control motion in mechanically interlocked molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2163-2185. [PMID: 30202469 PMCID: PMC6122308 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rise of artificial molecular machines, control of motion on the nanoscale has become a major contemporary research challenge. Tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) are one of the most versatile and widely used molecular redox switches to generate and control molecular motion. TTF can easily be implemented as functional unit into molecular and supramolecular structures and can be reversibly oxidized to a stable radical cation or dication. For over 20 years, TTFs have been key building blocks for the construction of redox-switchable mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and their electrochemical operation has been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we provide an introduction into the field of TTF-based MIMs and their applications. A brief historical overview and a selection of important examples from the past until now are given. Furthermore, we will highlight our latest research on TTF-based rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Han Y, Xu LM, Nie CY, Jiang S, Sun J, Yan CG. Synthesis of diamido-bridged bis-pillar[5]arenes and tris-pillar[5]arenes for construction of unique [1]rotaxanes and bis-[1]rotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1660-1667. [PMID: 30013692 PMCID: PMC6036973 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pillar[5]arene mono- and di(oxyalkoxy)benzoic acids were successfully prepared in high yields by sequential alkylation of ω-bromoalkoxy-substituted pillar[5]arenes with methyl or ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate followed by a hydrolytic reaction under basic conditions. Under catalysis of HOBt/EDCl, the amidation reaction of pillar[5]arene mono(oxybutoxy)benzoic acid with monoamido-functionalized pillar[5]arenes afforded diamido-bridged bis-pillar[5]arenes. 1H NMR and 2D NOESY spectra clearly indicated that [1]rotaxanes were formed by insertion of longer diaminoalkylene unit into the cavity of one pillar[5]arene with another pillar[5]arene acting as a stopper. The similar catalysed amidation reaction of pillar[5]arene di(oxybutoxy)benzoic acid with monoamido-functionalized pillar[5]arenes resulted in the diamido-bridged tris-pillar[5]arenes, which successfully form the unique bis-[1]rotaxanes bearing longer than diaminopropylene diamido bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Yun Nie
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Martinez-Cuezva A, Pastor A, Bautista D, Berna J. Light-driven exchange between extended and contracted lasso-like isomers of a bistable [1]rotaxane. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:6980-6987. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A photoactive hydrogen-bonded lasso having an amide-based [1]rotaxane structure has been constructed from acyclic precursors through a self-templating approach. The stability, structural integrity and switching are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | | | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
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