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Jethwa RB, Mondal S, Pant B, Freunberger SA. To DISP or Not? The Far-Reaching Reaction Mechanisms Underpinning Lithium-Air Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316476. [PMID: 38095355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The short history of research on Li-O2 batteries has seen a remarkable number of mechanistic U-turns over the years. From the initial use of carbonate electrolytes, that were then found to be entirely unsuitable, to the belief that (su)peroxide was solely responsible for degradation, before the more reactive singlet oxygen was found to form, to the hypothesis that capacity depends on a competing surface/solution mechanism before a practically exclusive solution mechanism was identified. Herein, we argue for an ever-fresh look at the reported data without bias towards supposedly established explanations. We explain how the latest findings on rate and capacity limits, as well as the origin of side reactions, are connected via the disproportionation (DISP) step in the (dis)charge mechanism. Therefrom, directions emerge for the design of electrolytes and mediators on how to suppress side reactions and to enable high rate and high reversible capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh B Jethwa
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Soumyadip Mondal
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Bhargavi Pant
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stefan A Freunberger
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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2
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Zhang W, Yang X, Wang J, Zheng J, Yue K, Liu T, Wang Y, Nai J, Liu Y, Tao X. Rapidly Constructing Sodium Fluoride-Rich Interface by Pressure and Diglyme-Induced Defluorination Reaction for Stable Sodium Metal Anode. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207540. [PMID: 36755179 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sodium (Na) metal is able to directly use as a battery anode but have a highly reductive ability of unavoidably occurring side reactions with organic electrolytes, resulting in interfacial instability as a primary factor in performance decay. Therefore, building stable Na metal anode is of utmost significance for both identifying the electrochemical performance of laboratory half-cells employed for quantifying samples and securing the success of room-temperature Na metal batteries. In this work, we propose an NaF-rich interface rapidly prepared by pressure and diglyme-induced defluorination reaction for stable Na metal anode. Once the electrolyte is dropped into the coin-type cells followed by a slight squeeze, the Na metal surface immediately forms a protective layer consisting of amorphous carbon and NaF, effectively inhibiting the dendrite growth and dead Na. The resultant Na metal anode exhibits a long-term cycling lifespan over 1800 h even under the area capacity of 3.0 mAh cm-2 . Furthermore, such a universal and facile method is readily applied in daily battery assembly regarding Na metal anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiale Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ke Yue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianwei Nai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xinyong Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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3
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Chen Y, Xu J, He P, Qiao Y, Guo S, Yang H, Zhou H. Metal-air batteries: progress and perspective. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:2449-2486. [PMID: 36566068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The metal-air batteries with the largest theoretical energy densities have been paid much more attention. However, metal-air batteries including Li-air/O2, Li-CO2, Na-air/O2, and Zn-air/O2 batteries, are complex systems that have their respective scientific problems, such as metal dendrite forming/deforming, the kinetics of redox mediators for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions, high overpotentials, desolution of CO2, H2O, etc. from the air and related side reactions on both anode and cathode. It should be the main direction to address these shortages to improve performance. Here, we summarized recently research progress in these metal-air/O2 batteries. Some perspectives are also provided for these research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jijing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ping He
- Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shaohua Guo
- Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huijun Yang
- Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Haoshen Zhou
- Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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4
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Li H, Lampkin J, Garcia‐Araez N. Facilitating Charge Reactions in Al-S Batteries with Redox Mediators. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3139-3146. [PMID: 34086406 PMCID: PMC8453840 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Al-S battery is a promising next-generation battery candidate due to high abundance of both aluminium and sulfur. However, the sluggish kinetics of the Al-S battery reactions produces very high overpotentials. Here, for the first time, it was demonstrated that the incorporation of redox mediators could dramatically improve the kinetics of Al-S batteries. On the example of iodide redox mediators, it was shown that the charging voltage of Al-S batteries could be decreased by about 0.23 V with as little as 2.3 wt% of redox mediator added as electrolyte additive. Control electrochemical measurements, without prior discharge of the battery, demonstrated that >97 % of the charge capacity was due to the desired oxidation of Al2 S3 and polysulfides, and X-ray diffraction experiments confirmed the formation of sulfur as the final charge product. The beneficial role of redox mediators was demonstrated with cheap and environmentally friendly electrolytes made of urea and AlCl3 . This work showed that dramatic performance improvements could be achieved with low concentration of electrolyte additives, and therefore, much further performance improvements could be sought by combining multiple additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUnited Kingdom
| | - John Lampkin
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUnited Kingdom
| | - Nuria Garcia‐Araez
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUnited Kingdom
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5
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Zhang L, Zhu X, Wang G, Xu G, Wu M, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wu C. Bi Nanoparticles Embedded in 2D Carbon Nanosheets as an Interfacial Layer for Advanced Sodium Metal Anodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007578. [PMID: 33656277 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium metal is regarded as one of the most prospective next-generation anodes material owing to its high theoretical capacity, low redox potential, low cost, and natural abundance. Its most notable problem is the dendrite growth during Na plating/striping, which causes not only the safety concern but also the generation of inactive Na. Here, it is demonstrated that 2D carbon nanosheets embedded by bismuth nanoparticles (NPs) (denoted as Bi⊂CNs) serve as a robust nucleation buffer layer to endow the sodium metal anodes (SMAs) with high Coulombic efficiencies (CEs) and dendrite-free deposition during long-term cycling. The embedded Bi nanoparticles significantly reduce the nucleation barrier through the "sodiophilic" Na-Bi alloy. Meanwhile, the carbon frameworks effectively circumvent the gradual failure of those Na-Bi nucleation sites. As a result, the metallic Na on the Bi⊂CNs nucleation layer is repeatedly plated/stripped for nearly 7700 h (1287 cycles) at 3 mA h cm-2 with an average CE of 99.92%. Moreover, the Na||Na symmetric cells with the Bi⊂CNs buffer layer are stably plated/stripped for 4000 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mA h cm-2 . It is found that the cycling stability is closely related to the Na utilization of SMAs and current rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guanyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hua-Kun Liu
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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6
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Abstract
Using sodium metal in sodium-oxygen batteries with aprotic electrolyte enables achieving a very high theoretical energy density. However, the promised values for energy density and capacity are not met in practical studies yet due to poor utilization of the void space in the cathode during battery discharge. In this work, we achieve better cathode utilization and higher discharge capacities by using pulse discharging. We optimize the chosen resting-to-pulse times, the applied current density, and elucidate that three-dimensional cathode materials yield higher capacities compared to two-dimensional ones. By implication, the pulse discharging mode ensures better supply with dissolved oxygen within the cathode. The higher amount of dissolved oxygen accumulated during the resting period after a current pulse is essential to form more of the discharge product, i.e., the metal oxide sodium superoxide. Interestingly, we show for the first time that the superoxide is deposited in a very unusual form of stacked and highly oriented crystal layers. Our findings on the pulse discharging can be transferred to other metal-oxygen battery systems and might assist in achieving their full potential regarding practical energy density.
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7
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Sun B, Xiong P, Maitra U, Langsdorf D, Yan K, Wang C, Janek J, Schröder D, Wang G. Design Strategies to Enable the Efficient Use of Sodium Metal Anodes in High-Energy Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903891. [PMID: 31599999 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-based batteries have attracted considerable attention and are recognized as ideal candidates for large-scale and low-cost energy storage. Sodium (Na) metal anodes are considered as one of the most promising anodes for next-generation, high-energy, Na-based batteries owing to their high theoretical specific capacity (1166 mA h g-1 ) and low standard electrode potential. Herein, an overview of the recent developments in Na metal anodes for high-energy batteries is provided. The high reactivity and large volume expansion of Na metal anodes during charge and discharge make the electrode/electrolyte interphase unstable, leading to the formation of Na dendrites, short cycle life, and safety issues. Design strategies to enable the efficient use of Na metal anodes are elucidated, including liquid electrolyte engineering, electrode/electrolyte interface optimization, sophisticated electrode construction, and solid electrolyte engineering. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research directions are identified. It is hoped that this progress report will shape a consistent view of this field and provide inspiration for future research to improve Na metal anodes and enable the development of high-energy sodium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Pan Xiong
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Urmimala Maitra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Daniel Langsdorf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kang Yan
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chengyin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225002, China
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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8
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Zhu Y, Goh FT, Wang Q. Redox catalysts for aprotic Li-O2 batteries: Toward a redox flow system. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Zhang P, Liu L, He X, Liu X, Wang H, He J, Zhao Y. Promoting Surface-Mediated Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Solid Catalysts in Metal–O2 Batteries by Capturing Superoxide Species. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6263-6270. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinling He
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Zeng X, Zhang X, Liu S, Yang H, Tao Z, Liang J. A highly efficient cathode catalyst γ-MnO2@CNT composite for sodium-air batteries. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Kirankumar R, Huang WC, Chen HF, Chen PY. Electropolymerization and characterization of carbazole substituted viologen conducting polymers: The effects of electrolytes and potential applications of the polymers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Sun B, Li P, Zhang J, Wang D, Munroe P, Wang C, Notten PHL, Wang G. Dendrite-Free Sodium-Metal Anodes for High-Energy Sodium-Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801334. [PMID: 29855109 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium (Na) metal is one of the most promising electrode materials for next-generation low-cost rechargeable batteries. However, the challenges caused by dendrite growth on Na metal anodes restrict practical applications of rechargeable Na metal batteries. Herein, a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanotube (NSCNT) paper is used as the interlayer to control Na nucleation behavior and suppress the Na dendrite growth. The N- and S-containing functional groups on the carbon nanotubes induce the NSCNTs to be highly "sodiophilic," which can guide the initial Na nucleation and direct Na to distribute uniformly on the NSCNT paper. As a result, the Na-metal-based anode (Na/NSCNT anode) exhibits a dendrite-free morphology during repeated Na plating and striping and excellent cycling stability. As a proof of concept, it is also demonstrated that the electrochemical performance of sodium-oxygen (Na-O2 ) batteries using the Na/NSCNT anodes show significantly improved cycling performances compared with Na-O2 batteries with bare Na metal anodes. This work opens a new avenue for the development of next-generation high-energy-density sodium-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 BeiErjie, Zhong Guancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Paul Munroe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chengyin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Peter H L Notten
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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13
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Yang H, Sun J, Wang H, Liang J, Li H. A titanium dioxide nanoparticle sandwiched separator for Na–O2 batteries with suppressed dendrites and extended cycle life. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4057-4060. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00993g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new TiO2 sandwiched separator is used in Na–O2 batteries, effectively inhibiting dendrites and extending their cycle life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Jianchao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Haixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
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