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Filez M, Walke P, Le-The H, Toyouchi S, Peeters W, Tomkins P, Eijkel JCT, De Feyter S, Detavernier C, De Vos DE, Uji-I H, Roeffaers MBJ. Nanoscale Chemical Diversity of Coke Deposits on Nanoprinted Metal Catalysts Visualized by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305984. [PMID: 37938141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Coke formation is the prime cause of catalyst deactivation, where undesired carbon wastes block the catalyst surface and hinder further reaction in a broad gamut of industrial chemical processes. Yet, the origins of coke formation and their distribution across the catalyst remain elusive, obstructing the design of coke-resistant catalysts. Here, the first-time application of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is demonstrated as a nanoscale chemical probe to localize and identify coke deposits on a post-mortem metal nanocatalyst. Monitoring coke at the nanoscale circumvents bulk averaging and reveals the local nature of coke with unmatched detail. The nature of coke is chemically diverse and ranges from nanocrystalline graphite to disordered and polymeric coke, even on a single nanoscale location of a top-down nanoprinted SiO2 -supported Pt catalyst. Surprisingly, not all Pt is an equal producer of coke, where clear isolated coke "hotspots" are present non-homogeneously on Pt which generate large amounts of disordered coke. After their formation, coke shifts to the support and undergoes long-range transport on the surrounding SiO2 surface, where it becomes more graphitic. The presented results provide novel guidelines to selectively free-up the coked metal surface at more mild rejuvenation conditions, thus securing the long-term catalyst stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Walke
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hai Le-The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, NB, 7522, The Netherlands
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Wannes Peeters
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Patrick Tomkins
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, NB, 7522, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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2
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Jevremović A, Stanojković A, Arsenijević D, Arsenijević A, Arzumanyan G, Mamatkulov K, Petrović J, Nedić Vasiljević B, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Milojević-Rakić M. Mitigating toxicity of acetamiprid removal techniques - Fe modified zeolites in focus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129226. [PMID: 35739746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
All remediation pathways in aqueous solutions come down to three dominant ones - physical, chemical, and combinations thereof. Materials proposed for adsorption and oxidative degradation can induce positive or negative effects on cells compared to the pollutants themselves. Present research deals with the effects different methods for pesticide remediation have and how they impact cytotoxicity. With this particular intention, Fe-modified zeolites (obtained via citrate/oxalate complexes) of three zeotypes (MFI, BEA and FAU) were prepared and tested as adsorbents and Fenton catalysts for the removal of the acetamiprid pesticide. The materials are characterized by AFM, FTIR spectroscopy and ICP-OES. A different effect of the zeolite framework and modification route was found among the samples, which leads to pronounced adsorption (FAU), efficient Fenton degradation (MFI) or synergistic effect of both mechanisms (BEA). The cytotoxic effects of acetamiprid in the presence of zeolites, in pristine and modified forms, were tested on the MRC-5 human fibroblast cell line. A complete survey of the toxicity effect behind different pesticide removal methods is presented. Since neither adsorption nor catalytic degradation is the best option for pesticide removal, the focus is shifted to a combination of these methods, which proved to be optimal for pesticide toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anka Jevremović
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Physical Chemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Stanojković
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Physical Chemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijević
- University of Kragujevac Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cells Research, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijević
- University of Kragujevac Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cells Research, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Grigory Arzumanyan
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Sector of Raman Spectroscopy Centre Nanobiophotonics, Dubna, Russia
| | - Kahramon Mamatkulov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Sector of Raman Spectroscopy Centre Nanobiophotonics, Dubna, Russia
| | - Jelena Petrović
- University of Belgrade "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Physical Chemistry, Mike Petrovića Alasa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Kallas P, Valen H, Hulander M, Gadegaard N, Stormonth-Darling J, O'Reilly P, Thiede B, Andersson M, Haugen HJ. Protein-coated nanostructured surfaces affect the adhesion of Escherichia coli. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7736-7746. [PMID: 35579413 PMCID: PMC9135173 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00976e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing new implant surfaces with anti-adhesion bacterial properties used for medical devices remains a challenge. Here we describe a novel study investigating nanotopography influences on bacterial adhesion on surfaces with controlled interspatial nanopillar distances. The surfaces were coated with proteins (fibrinogen, collagen, serum and saliva) prior to E. coli-WT adhesion under flow conditions. PiFM provided chemical mapping and showed that proteins adsorbed both between and onto the nanopillars with a preference for areas between the nanopillars. E. coli-WT adhered least to protein-coated areas with low surface nanopillar coverage, most to surfaces coated with saliva, while human serum led to the lowest adhesion. Protein-coated nanostructured surfaces affected the adhesion of E. coli-WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kallas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0455 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Håkon Valen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, 0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Hulander
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0455 Oslo, Norway.
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4
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van Vreeswijk SH, Weckhuysen BM. Emerging Analytical Methods to Characterize Zeolite-Based Materials. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac047. [PMID: 36128456 PMCID: PMC9477204 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites and zeolitic materials are, through their use in numerous conventional and sustainable applications, very important to our daily lives, including to foster the necessary transition to a more circular society. The characterization of zeolite-based materials has a tremendous history and a great number of applications and properties of these materials have been discovered in the past decades. This review focuses on recently developed novel as well as more conventional techniques applied with the aim of better understanding zeolite-based materials. Recently explored analytical methods, e.g. atom probe tomography, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy and photo-induced force microscopy, are discussed on their important contributions to the better understanding of zeolites as they mainly focus on the micro- to nanoscale chemical imaging and the revelation of structure–composition–performance relationships. Some other techniques have a long and established history, e.g. nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, neutron scattering, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques, and have gone through increasing developments allowing the techniques to discover new and important features in zeolite-based materials. Additional to the increasing application of these methods, multiple techniques are nowadays used to study zeolites under working conditions (i.e. the in situ/operando mode of analysis) providing new insights in reaction and deactivation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H van Vreeswijk
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Bienz S, van Vreeswijk SH, Pandey Y, Bartolomeo GL, Weckhuysen BM, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Probing coke formation during the methanol-to-hydrocarbon reaction on zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst at the nanoscale using tip-enhanced fluorescence microscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:5795-5801. [PMID: 36324827 PMCID: PMC9528927 DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The deactivation mechanism of the widely used zeolite ZSM-5 catalysts remains unclear to date due to the lack of analytical techniques with sufficient sensitivity and/or spatial resolution. Herein, a combination of hyperspectral confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) and tip-enhanced fluorescence (TEFL) microscopy is used to study the formation of different coke (precursor) species involved in the deactivation of zeolite ZSM-5 during the methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) reaction. CFM submicron-scale imaging shows a preferential formation of graphite-like coke species at the edges of zeolite ZSM-5 crystals within 10 min of the MTH reaction (i.e., working catalyst), whilst the amount of graphite-like coke species uniformly increased over the entire zeolite ZSM-5 surface after 90 min (i.e., deactivated catalyst). Furthermore, TEFL nanoscale imaging with ∼35 nm spatial resolution revealed that formation of coke species on the zeolite ZSM-5 surface is non-uniform and a relatively larger amount of coke is formed at the crystal steps, indicating a higher initial catalytic activity. Inhomogeneities in coke formation during methanol-to-hydrocarbon reaction on the zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst are imaged with ∼35 nm spatial resolution using tip-enhanced fluorescence microscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri Bienz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie H. van Vreeswijk
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Luca Bartolomeo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Werny MJ, Zarupski J, ten Have IC, Piovano A, Hendriksen C, Friederichs NH, Meirer F, Groppo E, Weckhuysen BM. Correlating the Morphological Evolution of Individual Catalyst Particles to the Kinetic Behavior of Metallocene-Based Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts. JACS AU 2021; 1:1996-2008. [PMID: 35574041 PMCID: PMC8611720 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics-based differences in the early stage fragmentation of two structurally analogous silica-supported hafnocene- and zirconocene-based catalysts were observed during gas-phase ethylene polymerization at low pressures. A combination of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and nanoscale infrared photoinduced force microscopy (IR PiFM) revealed notable differences in the distribution of the support, polymer, and composite phases between the two catalyst materials. By means of time-resolved probe molecule infrared spectroscopy, correlations between this divergence in morphology and the kinetic behavior of the catalysts' active sites were established. The rate of polymer formation, a property that is inherently related to a catalyst's kinetics and the applied reaction conditions, ultimately governs mass transfer and thus the degree of homogeneity achieved during support fragmentation. In the absence of strong mass transfer limitations, a layer-by-layer mechanism dominates at the level of the individual catalyst support domains under the given experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. Werny
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Zarupski
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Iris C. ten Have
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Hendriksen
- SABIC
Technology Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Imaging spatiotemporal evolution of molecules and active sites in zeolite catalyst during methanol-to-olefins reaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3641. [PMID: 32686677 PMCID: PMC7371645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct visualization of spatiotemporal evolution of molecules and active sites during chemical transformation in individual catalyst crystal will accelerate the intuitive understanding of heterogeneous catalysis. So far, widespread imaging techniques can only provide limited information either with large probe molecules or in model catalyst of large size, which are beyond the interests of industrial catalysis. Herein, we demonstrate a feasible deep data approach via synergy of multiscale reaction-diffusion simulation and super-resolution structured illumination microscopy to illustrate the dynamical evolution of spatiotemporal distributions of gas molecules, carbonaceous species and acid sites in SAPO-34 zeolite crystals of several micrometers that are typically used in industrial methanol-to-olefins process. The profound insights into the inadequate utilization of activated acid sites and rapid deactivation are unveiled. The notable elucidation of molecular reaction-diffusion process at the scale of single catalyst crystal via this approach opens an interesting method for mechanism study in materials synthesis and catalysis.
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8
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Cai D, Xiong H, Zhang C, Wei F. Transport Phenomena in Zeolites in View of Graph Theory and Pseudo-Phase Transition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1901979. [PMID: 31468658 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transport phenomena play an essential role in catalysis. While zeolite catalysis is widely applied in industrial chemical processes, its efficiency is often limited by the transport rate in the micropores of the zeolite. Experimental and theoretical methods are useful for understanding the transport phenomena on multiscale levels. Traditional diffusion models usually use a linear driving force and an isotropic continuum medium, such that transport in a hierarchical catalyst structure and the occurrence of nonlinear deactivation cannot be well understood. Due to the presence of spatial confinement and an ordered structure, some aspects of the transport in a zeolite cannot be regarded as continuum phenomena and discrete models are being developed to explain these. Graph theory and small-world networks are powerful tools that have allowed pseudo-phase transition phenomena and other nontrivial relationships to be clearly revealed. Discrete models that include graph theory can build a bridge between microscopic quantum physics and macroscopic catalyst engineering in both the space and time scales. For a fuller understanding of transport phenomena in diverse fields, several theoretical methods need to be combined for a comprehensive multiscale analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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9
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Amirilargani M, Yokota GN, Vermeij GH, Merlet RB, Delen G, Mandemaker LDB, Weckhuysen BM, Winnubst L, Nijmeijer A, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR. Melamine-Based Microporous Organic Framework Thin Films on an Alumina Membrane for High-Flux Organic Solvent Nanofiltration. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:136-140. [PMID: 31562787 PMCID: PMC6973050 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microporous polymer frameworks have attracted considerable attention to make novel separation layers owing to their highly porous structure, high permeability, and excellent molecular separation. This study concerns the fabrication and properties of thin melamine-based microporous polymer networks with a layer thickness of around 400 nm, supported on an α-alumina support and their potential use in organic solvent nanofiltration. The modified membranes show excellent solvent purification performances, such as n-heptane permeability as high as 9.2 L m-2 h-1 bar -1 in combination with a very high rejection of approximately 99 % for organic dyes with molecular weight of ≥457 Da. These values are higher than for the majority of the state-of-the-art membranes. The membranes further exhibit outstanding long-term operation stability. This work significantly expands the possibilities of using ceramic membranes in organic solvent nanofiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amirilargani
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Giovana N. Yokota
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Vermeij
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Renaud B. Merlet
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Guusje Delen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. B. Mandemaker
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Louis Winnubst
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Arian Nijmeijer
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchStippeneg 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
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10
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Wang L, Jakob DS, Wang H, Apostolos A, Pires MM, Xu XG. Generalized Heterodyne Configurations for Photoinduced Force Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13251-13259. [PMID: 31545025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infrared chemical microscopy through mechanical probing of light-matter interactions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) bypasses the diffraction limit. One increasingly popular technique is photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), which utilizes the mechanical heterodyne signal detection between cantilever mechanical resonant oscillations and the photoinduced force from the light-matter interaction. So far, PiFM has been operated in only one heterodyne configuration. In this Article, we generalize heterodyne configurations of PiFM by introducing two new schemes: harmonic heterodyne detection and sequential heterodyne detection. In harmonic heterodyne detection, the laser repetition rate matches integer fractions of the difference between the two mechanical resonant modes of the AFM cantilever. The high harmonic of the beating from the photothermal expansion mixes with the AFM cantilever oscillation to provide the PiFM signal. In sequential heterodyne detection, the combination of the repetition rate of laser pulses and the polarization modulation frequency matches the difference between two AFM mechanical modes, leading to detectable PiFM signals. These two generalized heterodyne configurations for PiFM deliver new avenues for chemical imaging and broadband spectroscopy at ∼10 nm spatial resolution. They are suitable for a wide range of heterogeneous materials across various disciplines: from structured polymer film, to polaritonic boron nitride materials, to isolated bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. The generalized heterodyne configurations introduce flexibility for the implementation of PiFM and the related tapping-mode AFM-IR and provide possibilities for an additional modulation channel in PiFM for targeted signal extraction with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Alexis Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
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11
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Kumar N, Weckhuysen BM, Wain AJ, Pollard AJ. Nanoscale chemical imaging using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1169-1193. [PMID: 30911174 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Confocal and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are powerful techniques for molecular characterization; however, they suffer from the drawback of diffraction-limited spatial resolution. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) overcomes this limitation and provides chemical information at length scales in the tens of nanometers. In contrast to alternative approaches to nanoscale chemical analysis, TERS is label free, is non-destructive, and can be performed in both air and liquid environments, allowing its use in a diverse range of applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based TERS is especially versatile, as it can be applied to a broad range of samples on various substrates. Despite its advantages, widespread uptake of this technique for nanoscale chemical imaging has been inhibited by various experimental challenges, such as limited lifetime, and the low stability and yield of TERS probes. This protocol details procedures that will enable researchers to reliably perform TERS imaging using a transmission-mode AFM-TERS configuration on both biological and non-biological samples. The procedure consists of four stages: (i) preparation of plasmonically active TERS probes; (ii) alignment of the TERS system; (iii) experimental procedures for nanoscale imaging using TERS; and (iv) TERS data processing. We provide procedures and example data for a range of different sample types, including polymer thin films, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organic molecules, photocatalyst surfaces, small molecules within biological cells, single-layer graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes in both air and water. With this protocol, TERS probes can be prepared within ~23 h, and each subsequent TERS experimental procedure requires 3-5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK.,Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Ji B, Kenaan A, Gao S, Cheng J, Cui D, Yang H, Wang J, Song J. Label-free detection of biotoxins via a photo-induced force infrared spectrum at the single-molecular level. Analyst 2019; 144:6108-6117. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schematic illustration of photo-induced force microscopy combine principal component analysis detected and distinguish single molecule particles of biotoxins AT, RT/ETX with label-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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13
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Visualizing pore architecture and molecular transport boundaries in catalyst bodies with fluorescent nanoprobes. Nat Chem 2018; 11:23-31. [PMID: 30397319 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The performances of porous materials are closely related to the accessibility and interconnectivity of their porous domains. Visualizing pore architecture and its role on functionality-for example, mass transport-has been a challenge so far, and traditional bulk and often non-visual pore measurements have to suffice in most cases. Here, we present an integrated, facile fluorescence microscopy approach to visualize the pore accessibility and interconnectivity of industrial-grade catalyst bodies, and link it unequivocally with their catalytic performance. Fluorescent nanoprobes of various sizes were imaged and correlated with the molecular transport of fluorescent molecules formed during a separate catalytic reaction. A direct visual relationship between the pore architecture-which depends on the pore sizes and interconnectivity of the material selected-and molecular transport was established. This approach can be applied to other porous materials, and the insight gained may prove useful in the design of more efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
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14
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Dery S, Kim S, Haddad D, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Toste FD, Gross E. Identifying site-dependent reactivity in oxidation reactions on single Pt particles. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6523-6531. [PMID: 30310583 PMCID: PMC6115685 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IR nanospectroscopy measurements revealed the influence of oxidizing reaction conditions on the reactivity of different surface sites on Pt particles.
Catalytic nanoparticles are heterogeneous in their nature and even within the simplest particle various surface sites exist and influence the catalytic reactivity. Thus, detailed chemical information at the nanoscale is essential for understanding how surface properties and reaction conditions direct the reactivity of different surface sites of catalytic nanoparticles. In this work, hydroxyl-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene molecules (NHCs) were anchored to the surface of Pt particles and utilized as chemical markers to detect reactivity variations between different surface sites under liquid and gas phase oxidizing conditions. Differences in the chemical reactivity of surface-anchored NHCs were identified using synchrotron-radiation-based infrared nanospectroscopy with a spatial resolution of 20 nanometers. By conducting IR nanospectroscopy measurements, along with complementary spatially averaged IR and X-ray spectroscopy measurements, we identified that enhanced reactivity occurred on the particles' periphery under both gas and liquid phase oxidizing conditions. Under gas phase reaction conditions the NHCs' hydroxyl functional groups underwent preferential oxidization to the acid along the perimeter of the particle. Exposure of the sample to harsher, liquid phase oxidizing conditions induced modification of the NHCs, which was mostly identified at the particle's periphery. Analysis of X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements revealed that exposure of the sample to oxidizing conditions induced aromatization of the NHCs, presumably due to oxidative dehydrogenation reaction, along with reorientation of the NHCs from perpendicular to parallel to the Pt surface. These results, based on single particle measurements, demonstrate the high reactivity of surface sites that are located at the nanoparticle's periphery and the influence of reaction conditions on site-dependent reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - David Haddad
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM , Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM , Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM , Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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15
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Mandemaker LB, Filez M, Delen G, Tan H, Zhang X, Lohse D, Weckhuysen BM. Time-Resolved In Situ Liquid-Phase Atomic Force Microscopy and Infrared Nanospectroscopy during the Formation of Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1838-1844. [PMID: 29595980 PMCID: PMC5911801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) thin films show unmatched promise as smart membranes and photocatalytic coatings. However, their nucleation and growth resulting from intricate molecular assembly processes are not well understood yet are crucial to control the thin film properties. Here, we directly observe the nucleation and growth behavior of HKUST-1 thin films by real-time in situ AFM at different temperatures in a Cu-BTC solution. In combination with ex situ infrared (nano)spectroscopy, synthesis at 25 °C reveals initial nucleation of rapidly growing HKUST-1 islands surrounded by a continuously nucleating but slowly growing HKUST-1 carpet. Monitoring at 13 and 50 °C shows the strong impact of temperature on thin film formation, resulting in (partial) nucleation and growth inhibition. The nucleation and growth mechanisms as well as their kinetics provide insights to aid in future rational design of MOF thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens
D. B. Mandemaker
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Delen
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huanshu Tan
- Physics of Fluids
Group, Max Planck Center Twente, J. M. Burgers Centre
for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Physics of Fluids
Group, Max Planck Center Twente, J. M. Burgers Centre
for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G1H9, Canada
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids
Group, Max Planck Center Twente, J. M. Burgers Centre
for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Max
Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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16
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Delen G, Ristanović Z, Mandemaker LDB, Weckhuysen BM. Mechanistic Insights into Growth of Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Framework Films Resolved by Infrared (Nano-) Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2018; 24:187-195. [PMID: 29164720 PMCID: PMC5765457 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Control over assembly, orientation, and defect-free growth of metal-organic framework (MOF) films is crucial for their future applications. A layer-by-layer approach is considered a suitable method to synthesize highly oriented films of numerous MOF topologies, but the initial stages of the film growth remain poorly understood. Here we use a combination of infrared (IR) reflection absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM)-IR imaging to investigate the assembly and growth of a surface mounted MOF (SURMOF) film, specifically HKUST-1. IR spectra of the films were measured with monolayer sensitivity and <10 nm spatial resolution. In contrast to the common knowledge of LbL SURMOF synthesis, we find evidence for the surface-hindered growth and large presence of copper acetate precursor species in the produced MOF thin-films. The growth proceeds via a solution-mediated mechanism where the presence of weakly adsorbed copper acetate species leads to the formation of crystalline agglomerates with a size that largely exceeds theoretical growth limits. We report the spectroscopic characterization of physisorbed copper acetate surface species and find evidence for the large presence of unexchanged and mixed copper-paddle-wheels. Based on these insights, we were able to optimize and automatize synthesis methods and produce (100) oriented HKUST-1 thin-films with significantly shorter synthesis times, and additionally use copper nitrate as an effective synthesis precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje Delen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. B. Mandemaker
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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