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Zheng Z, Šaponjac VT, Singh R, Chen J, Srinual S, Yin T, Sun R, Hu M. Fecal SN-38 Content as a Surrogate Predictor of Intestinal SN-38 Exposure and Associated Irinotecan-induced Severe Delayed-Onset Diarrhea by a Novel Use of the Spectrofluorimetric Method. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03755-6. [PMID: 39138788 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irinotecan administration can lead to severe delayed-onset diarrhea (SDOD) in clinical practice. Currently, there is no reliable surrogate predictor of intestinal exposure to SN-38 and subsequent diarrhea incidence. METHODS The relationship between fecal 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) content and SDOD was investigated in Fisher 344 rats using a novel spectrofluorimetric method. Additionally, a pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan was performed to evaluate the biodistribution of SN-38 to establish the relationship between tissue and fecal SN-38 exposure. RESULTS The spectrofluorimetric method was successfully employed to measure fecal SN-38 and CPT-11 content from Day 3 to Day 6 post-irinotecan administration. Only fecal SN-38 content on Day 3 exhibited a significantly positive correlation with SDOD incidence on Days 4 and 5. A cutoff value of SN-38 ≥ 0.066 mg/g in feces was identified, predicting severe diarrhea incidence with 81% accuracy and 80% specificity. The positive correlation between fecal SN-38 content and SN-38 exposure in the ileum on Day 3 was also reflected in the changes of indicators during intestinal injury, such as prostaglandin E2 level and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION Fecal SN-38 content proves to be representative of intestinal exposure to SN-38, indicative of intestinal injury, and predictive of SDOD incidence in rats, while the spectrofluorimetric method demonstrates the translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rashim Singh
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Sanarentero LLC, 514 N. Elder Grove Dr., Pearland, TX, 77584, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Songpol Srinual
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Rongjin Sun
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Sanarentero LLC, 514 N. Elder Grove Dr., Pearland, TX, 77584, USA.
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Zarnoosheh Farahani T, Nejadmoghaddam MR, Sari S, Ghahremanzadeh R, Minai-Tehrani A. Generation of anti-SN38 antibody for loading efficacy and therapeutic monitoring of SN38-containing therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33232. [PMID: 39021912 PMCID: PMC11253049 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
SN38, one of the most potent anti-tumor analogues of the camptothecins (CPTs), has limitations in its direct formulation as an anticancer agent due to its super toxicity and poor solubility in water and pharmaceutically approved solvents. However, it has garnered significant scientific interest as a payload in conjugated nanomedicine platforms (e.g., SN-38lip, NK012, SNB-101, and ADCs) to enhance their effectiveness and safety. The development of these platforms necessitates a convenient quantitative determination of SN38 in preclinical and clinical studies, a need that our study directly addresses, offering a practical solution to a pressing problem in cancer research and drug development. This study details the meticulous process of generating poly and monoclonal antibodies (pAb and mAb) against SN38 and their application to measure the SN38 in naked and conjugated forms of SN38-conjugated ADCs. For this purpose, two haptens of SN38 were synthesized by introducing the glycine or 4-amino-4-oxobutanyol(glycine) moiety as a conjugation functional group of the SN38. IR, NMR and mass spectrometric techniques confirmed the chemical modifications of the haptens. The haptens were then conjugated to each bovine serum albumin (BSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) protein. The SN38-KLH conjugates were meticulously examined for immunization and generation of pAb and mAb. The immunization efficiency, reactivity, binding affinity, specificity, and cross-reactivity of purified pAb and mAb against Irinotecan, a model for the emergence of an SN38 derivative in clinical settings, were evaluated using ELISA and western blotting (WB) techniques. Conjugation efficiency of the SN38 to the KLH was increased using 4-amino-4-oxobutanyol(glycine) moiety, as its immunization efficacy was more to generate pAb. Furthermore, only this hapten could immunized mice to generate mAb recognizing SN38 with nanomolar equilibrium affinity. Our recent findings strongly support the notion that the generated pAb employed in developing an ELISA effectively ascertains the presence of SN38 in SN38-conjugated ADC, with a test midpoint EC50 of 2.5 μg/mL. Our study's unique contribution to the field lies in the development of specific antibodies against SN38 for measuring it on ADC, a feat that has not been achieved before. These immunoassays can be readily applied to detect other SN38-conjugate therapeutic platforms, thereby enhancing their clinical knowledge translation. The affinity of both pAb and mAb also meets the acceptance criteria for quantifying SN38 in fluidic material, as well as in Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) studies, a crucial aspect of personalized medicine. The potential applications of the anti-SN38 antibodies extend to reducing SN38-induced systemic toxicity through an inverse targeting strategy, a novel approach that piques further interest in our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Zarnoosheh Farahani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soyar Sari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Ghahremanzadeh
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Minai-Tehrani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Bernardi M, Cardarelli F. Phasor identifier: A cloud-based analysis of phasor-FLIM data on Python notebooks. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2023; 3:100135. [PMID: 38053971 PMCID: PMC10694583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2023.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces an innovative approach utilizing Google Colaboratory for the versatile analysis of phasor fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data collected from various samples (e.g., cuvette, cells, tissues) and in various input file formats. In fact, phasor-FLIM widespread adoption has been hampered by complex instrumentation and data analysis requirements. We mean to make advanced FLIM analysis more accessible to researchers through a cloud-based solution that 1) harnesses robust computational resources, 2) eliminates hardware limitations, and 3) supports both CPU and GPU processing. We envision a paradigm shift in FLIM data accessibility and potential, aligning with the evolving field of artificial intelligence-driven FLIM analysis. This approach simplifies FLIM data handling and opens doors for diverse applications, from studying cellular metabolism to investigating drug encapsulation, benefiting researchers across multiple domains. The comparative analysis of freely distributed FLIM tools highlights the unique advantages of this approach in terms of adaptability, scalability, and open-source nature.
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4
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Bernardi M, Signore G, Moscardini A, Pugliese LA, Pesce L, Beltram F, Cardarelli F. Fluorescence Lifetime Nanoscopy of Liposomal Irinotecan Onivyde: From Manufacturing to Intracellular Processing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4277-4289. [PMID: 37699572 PMCID: PMC10583229 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Onivyde was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015 for the treatment of solid tumors, including metastatic pancreatic cancer. It is designed to encapsulate irinotecan at high concentration, increase its blood-circulation lifetime, and deliver it to cells where it is enzymatically converted into SN-38, a metabolite with 100- to 1000-fold higher anticancer activity. Despite a rewarding clinical path, little is known about the physical state of encapsulated irinotecan within Onivyde and how this synthetic identity changes throughout the process from manufacturing to intracellular processing. Herein, we exploit irinotecan intrinsic fluorescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to selectively probe the supramolecular organization of the drug. FLIM analysis on the manufacturer's formulation reveals the presence of two coexisting physical states within Onivyde liposomes: (i) gelated/precipitated irinotecan and (ii) liposome-membrane-associated irinotecan, the presence of which is not inferable from the manufacturer's indications. FLIM in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a membrane-impermeable dynamic quencher of irinotecan reveals rapid (within minutes) and complete chemical dissolution of the gelated/precipitated phase upon Onivyde dilution in standard cell-culturing medium with extensive leakage of the prodrug from liposomes. Indeed, confocal imaging and cell-proliferation assays show that encapsulated and nonencapsulated irinotecan formulations are similar in terms of cell-uptake mechanism and cell-division inhibition. Finally, 2-channel FLIM analysis discriminates the signature of irinotecan from that of its red-shifted SN-38 metabolite, demonstrating the appearance of the latter as a result of Onivyde intracellular processing. The findings presented in this study offer fresh insights into the synthetic identity of Onivyde and its transformation from production to in vitro administration. Moreover, these results serve as another validation of the effectiveness of FLIM analysis in elucidating the supramolecular organization of encapsulated fluorescent drugs. This research underscores the importance of leveraging advanced imaging techniques to deepen our understanding of drug formulations and optimize their performance in delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bernardi
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Biochemistry
Unit, Department of Biology, University
of Pisa, via San Zeno
51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Institute
of Clinical Physiology, National Research
Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Moscardini
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Licia Anna Pugliese
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pesce
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro, 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Laboratorio NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro, 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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5
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Machida M, Sugimura T, Kajimoto S, Taemaitree F, Koseki Y, Kasai H, Nakabayashi T. Label-Free Tracking of Nanoprodrug Cellular Uptake and Metabolism Using Raman and Autofluorescence Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3851-3860. [PMID: 37094294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Nano-DDS, a drug delivery system using nanoparticles, is a promising tool to reduce adverse drug reactions and maximize drug efficiency. Understanding the intracellular dynamics following the accumulation of nanoparticles in tissues, such as cellular uptake, distribution, metabolism, and pharmacological effects, is essential to maximize drug efficiency; however, it remains elusive. In this study, we tracked the intracellular behavior of nanoparticles of a prodrug, cholesterol-linked SN-38 (CLS), in a label-free manner using Raman and autofluorescence imaging. Bright autofluorescent spots were observed in cells treated with CLS nanoparticles, and the color tone of the bright spots changed with incubation time. The Raman spectra of the bright spots showed that the autofluorescence came from the nanoparticles taken into cells, and the change in color of bright spots indicated that CLS turned into SN-38 via hydrolysis inside a cell. It was found that most of the SN-38 were localized in small regions in the cytoplasm even after the conversion from CLS, and only a small amount of SN-38 was dissolved and migrated into other cytoplasm regions and the nucleus. The massive size growth of cells was observed within several tens of hours after the treatment with CLS nanoparticles. Moreover, Raman images of cells using the cytochrome c band and the fluorescence images of cells stained with JC-1 showed that cellular uptake of CLS nanoparticles efficiently caused mitochondrial damage. These results show that the combination of Raman and autofluorescence imaging can provide insight into the intracellular behavior of prodrug nanoparticles and the cell response and facilitate the development of nano-DDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Machida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sugimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinji Kajimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Farsai Taemaitree
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10, North Ward, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Koseki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10, North Ward, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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6
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Park YK, Jangili P, Zi S, Kang RH, Kim D, Kim JS. SIWV tetrapeptide and ROS-responsive prodrug conjugate for advanced glioblastoma therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10941-10944. [PMID: 36082694 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03777g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new conjugate formulation, SIWV-PB-SN, based on glioblastoma (GBM)-homing SIWV tetrapeptide and an ROS-responsive prodrug is reported. SIWV-PB-SN selectively penetrates the GBM cells and releases anti-GBM drug (SN-38) via ROS-induced linker cleavage. This study presents a new insight for a more advanced therapeutic approach to overcoming GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Paramesh Jangili
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soyu Zi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rae Hyung Kang
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. .,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Alferiev IS, Guerrero DT, Guan P, Nguyen F, Kolla V, Soberman D, Pressly BB, Fishbein I, Brodeur GM, Chorny M. Poloxamer-linked prodrug of a topoisomerase I inhibitor SN22 shows efficacy in models of high-risk neuroblastoma with primary and acquired chemoresistance. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22213. [PMID: 35192728 PMCID: PMC8910785 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101830rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High‐risk solid tumors continue to pose a tremendous therapeutic challenge due to multidrug resistance. Biological mechanisms driving chemoresistance in high‐risk primary and recurrent disease are distinct: in newly diagnosed patients, non‐response to therapy is often associated with a higher level of tumor “stemness” paralleled by overexpression of the ABCG2 drug efflux pump, whereas in tumors relapsing after non‐curative therapy, poor drug sensitivity is most commonly linked to the dysfunction of the tumor suppressor protein, p53. In this study, we used preclinical models of aggressive neuroblastoma featuring these characteristic mechanisms of primary and acquired drug resistance to experimentally evaluate a macromolecular prodrug of a structurally enhanced camptothecin analog, SN22, resisting ABCG2‐mediated export, and glucuronidation. Together with extended tumor exposure to therapeutically effective drug levels via reversible conjugation to Pluronic F‐108 (PF108), these features translated into rapid tumor regression and long‐term survival in models of both ABCG2‐overexpressing and p53‐mutant high‐risk neuroblastomas, in contrast to a marginal effect of the clinically used camptothecin derivative, irinotecan. Our results demonstrate that pharmacophore enhancement, increased tumor uptake, and optimally stable carrier‐drug association integrated into the design of the hydrolytically activatable PF108‐[SN22]2 have the potential to effectively combat multiple mechanisms governing chemoresistance in newly diagnosed (chemo‐naïve) and recurrent forms of aggressive malignancies. As a macromolecular carrier‐based delivery system exhibiting remarkable efficacy against two particularly challenging forms of high‐risk neuroblastoma, PF108‐[SN22]2 can pave the way to a robust and clinically viable therapeutic strategy urgently needed for patients with multidrug‐resistant disease presently lacking effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Alferiev
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David T Guerrero
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ferro Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Venkatadri Kolla
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle Soberman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin B Pressly
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilia Fishbein
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Garrett M Brodeur
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Chorny
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania/Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tsotsou GE, Gkotzamani P, Petro V, Argyropoulou A, Karkalousos P. A simple, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for irinotecan quantification in human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:258-266. [PMID: 33367449 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan is an anticancer drug for which significant benefits from personalised dosing are expected. Quick procedures are therefore essential for monitoring irinotecan in treated patients. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a rapid and simple visible spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of irinotecan in pharmaceutical dosage forms and to further investigate its usefulness for irinotecan analysis in plasma. Based on the shift of the irinotecan 355/368 nm-peak at very low pH (0.2) to 400 nm, we established a linear relationship between absorbance at 400 nm and irinotecan concentration in dilutions of an irinotecan solution for injection (R2 ≥ 0.999) and in plasma containing irinotecan (R2 ≥ 0.995). Background absorbance correction at 455 nm was essential to minimise background interference, solely in plasma samples. We fully validated the assay for quality control of the irinotecan solution in the injection dosage form: the standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.90 to at least 37.00 μg ml-1. The CV% on all quality control levels was determined to be ≤5.81% for repeatability and ≤6.62% for intermediate precision. Recovery was between 96.5% and 101.9%. Upon comparison with the LC/UV method, we demonstrated very good agreement and acceptable bias between the two methods (slope 0.973, y-intercept 0.0064). Similarly, the technical parameters of the assay in plasma satisfied international guidelines for method validation: the useful analytical range was determined to be between 0.93 and at least 10.00 μg ml-1. This is suitable for quantifying irinotecan in the plasma of treated patients, in the upper region of its therapeutic window, to decide whether dose adjustment is required. Repeatability and intermediate precision (CV%) were within 4.49% and 9.91%, respectively. Recovery was between 96.3% and 103.8%. There was a lack of significant interference by mild hemolysis or by icterus. Irinotecan extraction efficiency from plasma was within 77.9-68.5%. Our results indicated that the proposed method allows quantitative determination of irinotecan plasma levels with acceptable analytical characteristics. The advantages of the proposed method in both matrices, in terms of specificity, rapidity, simplicity, environmental impact and cost effectiveness, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Eleni Tsotsou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Gkotzamani
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Victoria Petro
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Ariadne Argyropoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Petros Karkalousos
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
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9
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Salmanpour M, Saeed-Vaghefi M, Abolmaali SS, Tamaddon AM. Sterically Stabilized Polyionic Complex Nanogels of Chitosan Lysate and PEG-b-Polyglutamic Acid Copolymer for the Delivery of Irinotecan Active Metabolite (SN-38). Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:741-752. [PMID: 33155910 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817999201103195846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly Ionic Complex (PIC) nanogels are promising delivery systems with numerous attractions such as simple, fast, and organic solvent-free particle formation and mild drug loading conditions. Among polyelectrolytes, poly (L-amino acid) copolymers, such as poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (L-glutamic acid) copolymers (PEG-b-PGlu) are interesting biocompatible and biodegradable candidates bearing carboxylic acid functional groups. OBJECTIVE Aiming to solubilize and to preserve short-acting irinotecan active metabolite (SN38), sterically stabilized PIC nanogels were prepared through electrostatic charge neutralization between PEG-b-PGlu and chitosan lysate, a polycationic natural polymer obtained through digestion of chitosan by hydrogen peroxide oxidation and is soluble in a wide range of pH. METHODS Synthesis of PEG-b-PGlu was accomplished by N-carboxy anhydride polymerization of γ -benzyl L-glutamic acid, which is initiated by methoxy PEG-NH2 and successive debenzylation reaction. RESULTS The resulting block copolymer was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). Self-assembling properties of the PIC nanogels were investigated by pyrene assay, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), indicating the formation of homogeneous spherical particles with a mean size of 28 nm at the PEGb- PGlu concentrations/LMWC weight ratio of 5:1. Upon direct loading of SN38, the drug solubility enhanced more than 4×103 folds with a mean loading efficiency of 89% and the drug loading of 30%. PIC nanogels exhibited zeta potential of +1 mV, acceptable biocompatibility, and superior cytotoxicity in murine colorectal carcinoma (CT26 cell line) compared to free drug. CONCLUSION In addition, the PIC nanogels provided SN38 protection against hydrolytic degradation in physiologic conditions. Conclusively, the well-tuned PIC nanogels are suggested as a potentially biocompatible nanocarrier for SN38 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Salmanpour
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Mahvand Saeed-Vaghefi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Ali Mohamad Tamaddon
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
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10
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Gold nanoparticles anchored graphitized carbon nanofibers ionic liquid electrode for ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical sensing of anticancer drug irinotecan. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:579. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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A fast method for the detection of irinotecan in plasma samples by combining solid phase extraction and differential pulse voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1585-1595. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Bonazza G, Tartaggia S, Toffoli G, Polo F, Daniele S. Voltammetric behaviour of the anticancer drug irinotecan and its metabolites in acetonitrile. Implications for electrochemical therapeutic drug monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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