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Park K, Ouweleen M, Vaia RA. Product Metrics for the Manufacturability of Single-Crystal Gold Nanorods via Reaction Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37917804 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal gold nanorods (AuNRs) are integral to a diverse array of technologies, ranging from plasmonic imaging, therapeutics, and sensors to large-area coatings, catalysts, filters, and optical attenuators. Different lab-scale strategies are available to fabricate AuNRs with a broad range of physiochemical properties; however, this is achieved at the cost of synthetic robustness and scalability, which limit broad adoption in these technologies. To address this, Product Metrics (Structural Precision, Shape Yield, and Reagent Utilization), measurable with UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, are defined to evaluate the efficiency of AuNR production. The dependency of these metrics on reaction formulation (reagent concentrations, pH, and T) is established and used to develop a two-step method based on optimizing symmetry breaking of seed particles, followed by the controlled extension of AuNR length and volume. Reagent concentrations and their relative molar ratios with respect to HAuCl4 are adjusted for each step to optimize these adversarial processes. Based on these correlations, we successfully demonstrate the production of highly concentrated AuNRs with targeted volume and aspect ratio while reducing particle impurities and shape dispersity to less than 4 and 10%, respectively, by employing a rationalized formulation that maximizes both product quality and Reagent Utilization. This results in a product density of 1.6 mg/mL, which is 20 times higher than that of conventional literature methods, with commensurate reduction in environmental waste products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungweon Park
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7702, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Michael Ouweleen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7702, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7702, United States
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2
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Deriu C, Thakur S, Tammaro O, Fabris L. Challenges and opportunities for SERS in the infrared: materials and methods. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2132-2166. [PMID: 37056617 PMCID: PMC10089128 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of a global, heightened interest towards biomarker and disease detection prompted by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) positions itself again at the forefront of biosensing innovation. But is it ready to move from the laboratory to the clinic? This review presents the challenges associated with the application of SERS to the biomedical field, and thus, to the use of excitation sources in the near infrared, where biological windows allow for cell and through-tissue measurements. Two main tackling strategies will be discussed: (1) acting on the design of the enhancing substrate, which includes manipulation of nanoparticle shape, material, and supramolecular architecture, and (2) acting on the spectral collection set-up. A final perspective highlights the upcoming scientific and technological bets that need to be won in order for SERS to stably transition from benchtop to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Deriu
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Shaila Thakur
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Olimpia Tammaro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Laura Fabris
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino 10129 Turin Italy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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3
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Highly-Active Surface Reaction Over Ultra-Thin (111) Faceted Gold Nanoplates. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Moldovan R, Toma V, Iacob BC, Știufiuc RI, Bodoki E. Off-Resonance Gold Nanobone Films at Liquid Interface for SERS Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:236. [PMID: 35009779 PMCID: PMC8749543 DOI: 10.3390/s22010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive effort and research are currently channeled towards the implementation of SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) as a standard analytical tool as it has undisputedly demonstrated a great potential for trace detection of various analytes. Novel and improved substrates are continuously reported in this regard. It is generally believed that plasmonic nanostructures with plasmon resonances close to the excitation wavelength (on-resonance) generate stronger SERS enhancements, but this finding is still under debate. In the current paper, we compared off-resonance gold nanobones (GNBs) with on-resonance GNBs and gold nanorods (GNRs) in both colloidal dispersion and as close-packed films self-assembled at liquid-liquid interface. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was used as a Raman reporter in order to evaluate SERS performances. A 17-, 18-, and 55-fold increase in the Raman signal was observed for nanostructures (off-resonance GNBs, on-resonance GNBs, and on-resonance GNRs, respectively) assembled at liquid-liquid interface compared to the same nanostructures in colloidal dispersion. SERS performances of off-resonance GNBs were superior to on-resonance nanostructures in both cases. Furthermore, when off-resonance GNBs were assembled at the liquid interface, a relative standard deviation of 4.56% of the recorded signal intensity and a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 × 10-9 M could be obtained for R6G, rendering this substrate suitable for analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Moldovan
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.M.); (B.-C.I.)
| | - Valentin Toma
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.T.); (R.I.Ș.)
| | - Bogdan-Cezar Iacob
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.M.); (B.-C.I.)
| | - Rareș Ionuț Știufiuc
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.T.); (R.I.Ș.)
- Pharmaceutical-Biophysics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.M.); (B.-C.I.)
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5
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Barbir R, Jiménez RR, Martín-Rapún R, Strasser V, Domazet Jurašin D, Dabelić S, de la Fuente JM, Vinković Vrček I. Interaction of Differently Sized, Shaped, and Functionalized Silver and Gold Nanoparticles with Glycosylated versus Nonglycosylated Transferrin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27533-27547. [PMID: 34082528 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of nanomaterials (NMs) to biological medium results in their direct interaction with biomolecules and the formation of a dynamic biomolecular layer known as the biomolecular corona. Despite numerous published data on nano-biointeractions, the role of protein glycosylation in the formation, characteristics, and fate of such nano-biocomplexes has been almost completely neglected, although most serum proteins are glycosylated. This study aimed to systematically investigate the differences in interaction of metallic NPs with glycosylated vs nonglycosylated transferrin. To reach this aim, we compared interaction mechanisms between differently sized, shaped, and surface-functionalized silver NMs and gold NMs to commercially available human transferrin (TRF), a glycosylated protein, and to its nonglycosylated recombinant form (ngTRF). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also included in the study for comparative purposes. Characterization of NMs was performed using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering techniques. Fluorescence quenching and circular dichroism methods were used to evaluate protein binding constants on the nanosurface and conformational changes after the protein-NM interactions, respectively. Competitive binding of TRF, ngTRF, and BSA to the surface of different NMs was evaluated by separating them after extraction from protein corona by gel electrophoresis following quantification with a commercial protein assay. The results showed that the binding strength between NMs and transferrin and the changes in the secondary protein structure largely depend not only on NM physicochemical properties but also on the protein glycosylation status. Data gained by this study highlight the relevance of protein glycosylation for all future design, development, and efficacy and safety assessment of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinea Barbir
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Rafael Ramírez Jiménez
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC and CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Rapún
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC and CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Vida Strasser
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Darija Domazet Jurašin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Sanja Dabelić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC and CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
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Cavigli L, Khlebtsov BN, Centi S, Khlebtsov NG, Pini R, Ratto F. Photostability of Contrast Agents for Photoacoustics: The Case of Gold Nanorods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:E116. [PMID: 33419130 PMCID: PMC7825532 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic particles as gold nanorods have emerged as powerful contrast agents for critical applications as the photoacoustic imaging and photothermal ablation of cancer. However, their unique efficiency of photothermal conversion may turn into a practical disadvantage, and expose them to the risk of overheating and irreversible photodamage. Here, we outline the main ideas behind the technology of photoacoustic imaging and the use of relevant contrast agents, with a main focus on gold nanorods. We delve into the processes of premelting and reshaping of gold nanorods under illumination with optical pulses of a typical duration in the order of few ns, and we present different approaches to mitigate this issue. We undertake a retrospective classification of such approaches according to their underlying, often implicit, principles as: constraining the initial shape; or speeding up their thermal coupling to the environment by lowering their interfacial thermal resistance; or redistributing the input energy among more particles. We discuss advantages, disadvantages and contexts of practical interest where one solution may be more appropriate than the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cavigli
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Boris N. Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, 410049 Saratov, Russia; (B.N.K.); (N.G.K.)
| | - Sonia Centi
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Nikolai G. Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, 410049 Saratov, Russia; (B.N.K.); (N.G.K.)
- Saratov State University, 83 Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya, 410026 Saratov, Russia
| | - Roberto Pini
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Fulvio Ratto
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara, IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.C.); (R.P.); (F.R.)
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7
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González-Rubio G, Kumar V, Llombart P, Díaz-Núñez P, Bladt E, Altantzis T, Bals S, Peña-Rodríguez O, Noya EG, MacDowell LG, Guerrero-Martínez A, Liz-Marzán LM. Disconnecting Symmetry Breaking from Seeded Growth for the Reproducible Synthesis of High Quality Gold Nanorods. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4424-4435. [PMID: 30939242 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the major difficulties hindering the widespread application of colloidal anisotropic plasmonic nanoparticles is the limited robustness and reproducibility of multistep synthetic methods. We demonstrate herein that the reproducibility and reliability of colloidal gold nanorod (AuNR) synthesis can be greatly improved by disconnecting the symmetry-breaking event from the seeded growth process. We have used a modified silver-assisted seeded growth method in the presence of the surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and n-decanol as a co-surfactant to prepare small AuNRs in high yield, which were then used as seeds for the growth of high quality AuNR colloids. Whereas the use of n-decanol provides a more-rigid micellar system, the growth on anisotropic seeds avoids sources of irreproducibility during the symmetry breaking step, yielding uniform AuNR colloids with narrow plasmon bands, ranging from 600 to 1270 nm, and allowing the fine-tuning of the final dimensions. This method provides a robust route for the preparation of high quality AuNR colloids with tunable morphology, size, and optical response in a reproducible and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo González-Rubio
- CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN , Paseo de Miramón 182 , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Departamento de Química Física , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Avenida Complutense s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Vished Kumar
- CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN , Paseo de Miramón 182 , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Pablo Llombart
- Departamento de Química Física , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Avenida Complutense s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano , CSIC , Calle Serrano 119 , E-28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz-Núñez
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 , E-28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Eva Bladt
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Thomas Altantzis
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Ovidio Peña-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 , E-28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano , CSIC , Calle Serrano 119 , E-28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis G MacDowell
- Departamento de Química Física , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Avenida Complutense s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Andrés Guerrero-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Física , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Avenida Complutense s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE/CIBER-BBN , Paseo de Miramón 182 , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque (Basque Foundation for Science) , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
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8
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Atta S, Beetz M, Fabris L. Understanding the role of AgNO 3 concentration and seed morphology in the achievement of tunable shape control in gold nanostars. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2946-2958. [PMID: 30693922 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostars are one of the most fascinating anisotropic nanoparticles. The morphology of a nanostar can be controlled by changing various synthetic parameters; however, the detailed growth mechanism is still not fully understood. Herein, we investigate this process in six-branched nanostars, focusing first on the properties of a single crystalline seed, which evolves to include penta-twinned defects as the gateway to anisotropic growth into the 6-branched morphology. In particular, we report on a high-yield seed-mediated protocol for the synthesis of these particles with high dimensional monodispersity in the presence of Triton-X, ascorbic acid, and AgNO3. Detailed spectroscopic and microscopic analyses have allowed the identification of several key intermediates in the growth process, revealing that it proceeds via penta-twinned intermediate seeds. Importantly, we report the first experimental evidence tracking the location of silver with sub-nanometer resolution and prove its role as a stabilizing agent in these highly branched nanostructures. Our results indicate that metallic silver on the spikes stabilizes the nanostar morphology and the remaining silver, present when AgNO3 is added at a high concentration, deposits on the core and between the bases of neighboring spikes. Importantly, we also demonstrate the possibility of achieving dimensional monodispersity, reproducibility, and tunability in colloidal gold nanostars that are substantially higher than those previously reported, which could be leveraged to carry out holistic computational-experimental studies to understand, predict, and tailor their plasmonic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Atta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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9
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Li T, Bi J, Ren H, Ling R, Zhang C, Wu Z, Qin W, Jiao P. A gold nanorod-based plasmonic platform for multi-logic operation and detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:055503. [PMID: 30520417 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multi-logic gate platform was designed based on morphological changes of gold nanorods (AuNRs) resulted from the iodine-mediated etching. By utilizing the anti-etching effects of mercapto compounds and Au-Hg amalgams as well as the etch-promoting effect of Cu2+, we successfully built five logic gates, namely, AND, NOR, XNOR, YES and IMPLY, along with a three-input combinational logic gate XNOR-IMPLY. The platform was versatile and easy to use, did not require complex surface modification or separation/purification steps as the conventional AuNR-based logic gates did. The logic operations, accompanied by distinct color changes, enabled multi-task detection by naked-eye for 'have' or 'none' discrimination or highly sensitive and selective analysis by spectroscopy with wide linear ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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10
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Gold Nanorods as Theranostic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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