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Barik S, Ranganathappa SS, Biju AT. N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed atroposelective synthesis of N-Aryl phthalimides and maleimides via activation of carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5755. [PMID: 38982037 PMCID: PMC11233592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, N-aryl phthalimides are synthesized by the condensation of phthalic anhydride and aniline derivatives, usually proceeding under harsh conditions. The alternative mild and organocatalytic strategies for their synthesis are underdeveloped. Herein, we demonstrate the organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of N-aryl phthalimides via the traditional N-CC=O disconnection under mild conditions. The in-situ acid activation of phthalamic acid and subsequent N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed atroposelective amidation allowed the synthesis of well-decorated N-aryl phthalimides in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies reveal the addition of NHC to the in situ generated isoimides, thus introducing a unique mode of generating acylazoliums. Interestingly, both enantiomers of the product can be accessed from the same phthalic anhydride and aniline using the same NHC pre-catalyst. Moreover, this strategy has been extended to the atroposelective synthesis of N-aryl maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Barik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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2
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Bacaicoa S, Stenkvist S, Sundén H. Redox Active N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Oxidative NHC Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:3114-3118. [PMID: 38551486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) covalently linked to a quinone introduces a novel avenue for internal oxidations within oxidative NHC catalysis. The deployment of this hybrid NHC class promotes intramolecular electronic flow in the oxidation of the Breslow intermediate to acyl azolium. The use of the redox active NHC as a catalyst is facilitated by employing aerobic regeneration, yielding carboxylic esters with efficiencies of ≤99%, while generating water as the sole byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bacaicoa
- University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 19, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Stenkvist
- University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 19, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 19, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Gao P, Rahman MM, Zamalloa A, Feliciano J, Szostak M. Classes of Amides that Undergo Selective N-C Amide Bond Activation: The Emergence of Ground-State Destabilization. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13371-13391. [PMID: 36054817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ground-state destabilization of the N-C(O) linkage represents a powerful tool to functionalize the historically inert amide bond. This burgeoning reaction manifold relies on the availability of amide bond precursors that participate in weakening of the nN → π*C=O conjugation through N-C twisting, N pyramidalization, and nN electronic delocalization. Since 2015, acyl N-C amide bond activation through ground-state destabilization of the amide bond has been achieved by transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative addition of the N-C(O) bond, generation of acyl radicals, and transition-metal-free acyl addition. This Perspective summarizes contributions of our laboratory in the development of new ground-state-destabilized amide precursors enabled by twist and electronic activation of the amide bond and synthetic utility of ground-state-destabilized amides in cross-coupling reactions and acyl addition reactions. The use of ground-state-destabilized amides as electrophiles enables a plethora of previously unknown transformations of the amide bond, such as acyl coupling, decarbonylative coupling, radical coupling, and transition-metal-free coupling to forge new C-C, C-N, C-O, C-S, C-P, and C-B bonds. Structural studies of activated amides and catalytic systems developed in the past decade enable the view of the amide bond to change from the "traditionally inert" to "readily modifiable" functional group with a continuum of reactivity dictated by ground-state destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Alfredo Zamalloa
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jessica Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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4
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De Risi C, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A, Bortolini O. Oxidative N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202467. [PMID: 36205918 PMCID: PMC10099058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis is a by now consolidated organocatalytic platform for a number of synthetic (asymmetric) transformations via diverse reaction modes/intermediates. In addition to the typical umpolung processes involving acyl anion/homoenolate equivalent species, implementation of protocols under oxidative conditions greatly expands the possibilities of this methodology. Oxidative NHC-catalysis allows for oxidative and oxygenative transformations through specific manipulations of Breslow-type species depending upon the oxidant used (external oxidant or O2 /air), the derived NHC-bound intermediates paving the way to non-umpolung processes through activation of carbon atoms and heteroatoms. This review is intended to update the state of the art in oxidative NHC-catalyzed reactions that appeared in the literature from 2014 to present, with a strong focus to crucial intermediates and their mechanistic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Prevenzione, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Prevenzione, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Woo J, Christian AH, Burgess SA, Jiang Y, Mansoor UF, Levin MD. Scaffold hopping by net photochemical carbon deletion of azaarenes. Science 2022; 376:527-532. [PMID: 35482853 PMCID: PMC9107930 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovery chemists routinely identify purpose-tailored molecules through an iterative structural optimization approach, but the preparation of each successive candidate in a compound series can rarely be conducted in a manner matching their thought process. This is because many of the necessary chemical transformations required to modify compound cores in a straightforward fashion are not applicable in complex contexts. We report a method that addresses one facet of this problem by allowing chemists to hop directly between chemically distinct heteroaromatic scaffolds. Specifically, we show that selective photolysis of quinoline N-oxides with 390-nanometer light followed by acid-promoted rearrangement affords N-acylindoles while showing broad compatibility with medicinally relevant functionality. Applications to late-stage skeletal modification of compounds of pharmaceutical interest and more complex transformations involving serial single-atom changes are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Yuan Jiang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Du T, Wei X, Xu H, Zhang X, Fang R, Yuan Z, Liang Z, Li Y. Chemoselective N-acylation of indoles using thioesters as acyl source. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:89-94. [PMID: 35096177 PMCID: PMC8767559 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective acylation of indoles often requires sensitive and reactive acyl chloride derivatives. Here, we report a mild, efficient, functional group tolerant, and highly chemoselective N-acylation of indoles using thioesters as a stable acyl source. A series of indoleamides have been obtained with moderate to good yields. In addition, heterocycles, such as carbazole, can also be used as nucleophiles in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianri Du
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiangmu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Honghong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ruiru Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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7
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Dzieszkowski K, Barańska I, Mroczyńska K, Słotwiński M, Rafiński Z. Organocatalytic Name Reactions Enabled by NHCs. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163574. [PMID: 32823580 PMCID: PMC7475904 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Giving reactions the names of their discoverers is an extraordinary tradition of organic chemistry. Nowadays, this phenomenon is much rarer, although already named historical reactions are still often developed. This is also true in the case of a broad branch of N-heterocyclic carbenes catalysis. NHCs allow many unique synthetic paths, including commonly known name reactions. This article aims to gather this extensive knowledge and compare historical reactions with current developed processes. Furthermore, this review is a great opportunity to highlight some of the unique applications of these procedures in the total synthesis of biologically active compounds. Hence, this concise article may also be a source of knowledge for scientists just starting their adventure with N-heterocyclic carbene chemistry.
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8
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Ghosh S, Mondal S, Hajra A. Direct Catalytic Functionalization of Indazole Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
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9
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Brandolese A, Ragno D, Leonardi C, Di Carmine G, Bortolini O, De Risi C, Massi A. Enantioselective N
-Acylation of Biginelli Dihydropyrimidines by Oxidative NHC Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Costanza Leonardi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science; The University of Manchester; M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Carmela De Risi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via L. Borsari, 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
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10
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Anwar M, Yang S, Xu W, Liu J, Perveen S, Kong X, Zehra ST, Fang X. Carbene-catalyzed asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation-annulation sequence and rapid synthesis of indole-fused polycyclic alkaloids. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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11
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Dissanayake DMMM, Vannucci AK. Selective N1-Acylation of Indazoles with Acid Anhydrides Using an Electrochemical Approach. Org Lett 2019; 21:457-460. [PMID: 30624070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthesis method for the selective N1-acylation of indazoles has been developed. This "anion pool" approach electrochemically reduces indazole molecules generating indazole anions and H2. Acid anhydrides are then introduced to the solution resulting in selective acylation of the N1-position of the indazoles. This procedure can also be applied to the acylation of benzimidazoles and indoles. The reaction can also be performed using a 9 V battery without loss of reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M M Mevan Dissanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , 541 Main Street, Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Aaron K Vannucci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , 541 Main Street, Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
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12
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Narendar Reddy T, Beatriz A, Jayathirtha Rao V, de Lima DP. Carbonyl Compounds′ Journey to Amide Bond Formation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:344-388. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thatikonda Narendar Reddy
- Instituto de Química (INQUI); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; 79074-460 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Adilson Beatriz
- Instituto de Química (INQUI); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; 79074-460 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Vaidya Jayathirtha Rao
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Dênis Pires de Lima
- Instituto de Química (INQUI); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; 79074-460 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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13
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Lu H, Tan CY, Zhang HX, Zhang JL, Liu JY, Li HY, Xu PF. Participation of β-Ketothioamides in N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed [3 + 3] Spiroannulation: Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Spiro-piperidinone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15245-15255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Ta L, Axelsson A, Sundén H. N-Acylation of Oxazolidinones via Aerobic Oxidative NHC Catalysis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12261-12268. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ta
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anton Axelsson
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Ping L, Bak J, Kim Y, Bouffard J. Addition, Substitution, and Ring-Contraction Reactions of Quinones with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9240-9249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Ping
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, 03760 Seoul, Korea
| | - JungMin Bak
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, 03760 Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngmee Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, 03760 Seoul, Korea
| | - Jean Bouffard
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, 03760 Seoul, Korea
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Deol H, Kumar M, Bhalla V. Exploring organic photosensitizers based on hemicyanine derivatives: a sustainable approach for preparation of amide linkages. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31237-31245. [PMID: 35548727 PMCID: PMC9085617 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicyanine derivatives C1–C4 have been synthesized and show strong absorption in the visible region, good water solubility, efficient intersystem crossing, a high singlet oxygen quantum yield and high ability to transport electrons from the donor to acceptor. These hemicyanine derivatives were utilized as photocatalysts in additive/base free oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes in mixed aqueous media under visible light irradiation at low catalytic loading. The hemicyanine derivative C4 exhibited recyclability upto four cycles and reusability upto five cycles in oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes. Among all the hemicyanine derivatives, C4 shows a high photocatalytic efficiency due to a high singlet oxygen quantum yield. All the mechanism investigations showed involvement of reactive oxygen species generated by the organic triplet photosensitizer based on hemicyanine derivative for carrying out oxidative amidation of aldehyde. Our results will encourage the design of new “metal free” organic photosensitizers and their application in photocatalysis. Hemicyanine derivatives C1–C4 have been synthesized and utilized as photocatalysts in additive/base free oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes in mixed aqueous media under visible light irradiation at low catalytic loading.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Harnimarta Deol
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143005
- India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143005
- India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143005
- India
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