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Cole HD, Vali A, Roque JA, Shi G, Talgatov A, Kaur G, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ru(II) Oligothienyl Complexes with Fluorinated Ligands: Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Photobiological Properties. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9735-9752. [PMID: 38728376 PMCID: PMC11166183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II) complexes incorporating two 4,4'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-btfmb) coligands and thienyl-appended imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (IP-nT) ligands was characterized and assessed for phototherapy effects toward cancer cells. The [Ru(4,4'-btfmb)2(IP-nT)]2+ scaffold has greater overall redox activity compared to Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes such as [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Ru-1T-Ru-4T have additional oxidations due to the nT group and additional reductions due to the 4,4'-btfmb ligands. Ru-2T-Ru-4T also exhibit nT-based reductions. Ru-4T exhibits two oxidations and eight reductions within the potential window of -3 to +1.5 V. The lowest-lying triplets (T1) for Ru-0T-2T are metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) excited states with lifetimes around 1 μs, whereas T1 for Ru-3T-4T is longer-lived (∼20-24 μs) and of significant intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT) character. Phototoxicity toward melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) increases with n, with Ru-4T having a visible EC50 value as low as 9 nM and PI as large as 12,000. Ru-3T and Ru-4T retain some of this activity in hypoxia, where Ru-4T has a visible EC50 as low as 35 nM and PI as high as 2900. Activity over six biological replicates is consistent and within an order of magnitude. These results demonstrate the importance of lowest-lying 3ILCT states for phototoxicity and maintaining activity in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Abbas Vali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Alisher Talgatov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | | | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
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2
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Rafic E, Ma C, Shih BB, Miller H, Yuste R, Palomero T, Etchenique R. RuBi-Ruxolitinib: A Photoreleasable Antitumor JAK Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13317-13325. [PMID: 38700457 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and biological testing of ruthenium-bipyridine ruxolitinib (RuBiRuxo), a photoreleasable form of ruxolitinib, a JAK inhibitor used as an antitumoral agent in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). This novel caged compound is synthesized efficiently, is stable in aqueous solution at room temperature, and is photoreleased rapidly by visible light. Irradiation of RuBiRuxo reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a light- and time-dependent manner in a CTCL cell line. This effect is specific and is mediated by a decreased phosphorylation of STAT proteins. Our results demonstrate the potential of ruthenium-based photocompounds and light-based therapeutic approaches for the potential treatment of cutaneous lymphomas and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Rafic
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Cindy Ma
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Bobby B Shih
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Hannah Miller
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Teresa Palomero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Roberto Etchenique
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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3
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Coene J, Wilms S, Verhelst SHL. Photopharmacology of Protease Inhibitors: Current Status and Perspectives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303999. [PMID: 38224181 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in many essential biological processes. Dysregulation of their activity underlies a wide variety of human diseases. Photopharmacology, as applied on various classes of proteins, has the potential to assist protease research by enabling spatiotemporal control of protease activity. Moreover, it may be used to decrease side-effects of protease-targeting drugs. In this review, we discuss the current status of the chemical design of photoactivatable proteases inhibitors and their biological application. Additionally, we give insight into future possibilities for further development of this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Coene
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 901b, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Wilms
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 901b, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 901b, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Hirahara M, Iwamoto A, Teraoka Y, Mizuno Y, Umemura Y, Uekita T. Ruthenium Pyrazole Complexes: A Family of Highly Active Metallodrugs for Photoactivated Chemotherapy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1988-1996. [PMID: 38215027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes bearing bis pyrazole (pzH) ligands, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(R-pzH)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, R = -H, -Cl), were examined as photoactivated anticancer prodrugs. A dicationic pyrazole complex deprotonated to give monocationic pyrazole-pyrazolate complexes, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(R-pz-)(R-pzH)]+, in an aqueous solution with pKa values of 9.5 and 7.2 for R = H and R = Cl, respectively. Upon deprotonation, relative quantum yields of photosubstitution decreased while lipophilicity of the complexes increased according to the measurements of water-octanol coefficients. The ruthenium complex with 4-chloropyrazole ligands displayed high cytotoxicity upon light irradiation (IC50 = 0.060 ± 0.016 μM) toward lung cancer cells, which was 7 times higher than that in the dark (IC50 = 0.44 ± 0.07 μM). Additional experiments for the ruthenium R-pyrazole complexes indicated that (1) selective photodissociation of the 4-chloropyrazole ligand occurs from cis-[Ru(bpy)2(4-Clpz-)(4-ClpzH)]+, (2) photoinduced ligand dissociation is dominant rather than photoinduced generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), and (3) induction of cell death occurs via the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Aki Iwamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Yuto Teraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Takamasa Uekita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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5
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Cole HD, Vali A, Roque JA, Shi G, Kaur G, Hodges RO, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ru(II) Phenanthroline-Based Oligothienyl Complexes as Phototherapy Agents. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21181-21200. [PMID: 38079387 PMCID: PMC10754219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained widespread attention as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we systematically investigate a series of the type [Ru(phen)2(IP-nT)]2+, featuring 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) coligands and imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings (IP-nT). The complexes were characterized and investigated for their electrochemical, spectroscopic, and (photo)biological properties. The electrochemical oxidation of the nT unit shifted by -350 mV as n = 1 → 4 (+920 mV for Ru-1T, +570 mV for Ru-4T); nT reductions were observed in complexes Ru-3T (-2530 mV) and Ru-4T (-2300 mV). Singlet oxygen quantum yields ranged from 0.53 to 0.88, with Ru-3T and Ru-4T being equally efficient (∼0.88). Time-resolved absorption spectra of Ru-0T-1T were dominated by metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) states (τTA = 0.40-0.85 μs), but long-lived intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT) states were observed in Ru-2T-4T (τTA = 25-148 μs). The 3ILCT energies of Ru-3T and Ru-4T were computed to be 1.6 and 1.4 eV, respectively. The phototherapeutic efficacy against melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) under broad-band visible light (400-700 nm) increases as n = 0 → 4: Ru-0T was inactive up to 300 μM, Ru-1T-2T were moderately active (EC50 ∼ 600 nM, PI = 200), and Ru-3T (EC50 = 57 nM, PI > 1100) and Ru-4T (EC50 = 740 pM, PI = 114,000) were the most phototoxic. The activity diminishes with longer wavelengths of light and is completely suppressed for all complexes except Ru-3T and Ru-4T in hypoxia. Ru-4T is the more potent and robust PS in 1% O2 over seven biological replicates (avg EC50 = 1.3 μM, avg PI = 985). Ru-3T exhibited hypoxic activity in five of seven replicates, underscoring the need for biological replicates in compound evaluation. Singlet oxygen sensitization is likely responsible for phototoxic effects of the compounds in normoxia, but the presence of redox-active excited states may facilitate additional photoactive pathways for complexes with three or more thienyl groups. The 3ILCT state with its extended lifetime (30-40× longer than the 3MLCT state for Ru-3T and Ru-4T) implicates its predominant role in photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Abbas Vali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Rachel O. Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 USA
| | | | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
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6
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da Silva CDS, Ferreira KQ, Meira CS, Soares MBP, Moraes RDA, Araújo FA, Flavia Silva D, de Sá DS. Ru(II) based dual nitric oxide donors: electrochemical and photochemical reactivities and vasorelaxant effect with no cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17176-17184. [PMID: 37937931 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02760k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesized complexes, cis-[Ru(NO)(NO2)(phen)2](PF6)2 (NONO2P) and cis-[Ru(NO)(NO2)(bpy)2](PF6)2 (NONO2B), were characterized by using elemental analysis, voltammetry and electronic and vibrational spectroscopy. Under electrochemical and photochemical stimulation in an aqueous medium, there are indications of the formation of complexes, which suggests that the nitro and nitrosyl groups are converted into nitric oxide. Both compounds do not show cytotoxic activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The cis-[Ru(NO)(NO2)(phen)2](PF6)2 complex presented vasorelaxation activity in superior mesenteric arteries from Wistar rats: the biphasic concentration-response curve indicates two sites of action. In the presence of NO scavengers, we observed an impaired relaxing effect induced by NONO2P, suggesting that the vasorelaxant effect is due to NO production from this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D S da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Kleber Q Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Bahia (IFBA), Salvador, 40301-15, Brazil
| | - Cássio S Meira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, BA 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Milena B P Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Raiana Dos Anjos Moraes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Canela, Salvador, BA, 40231-300, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology in Health and Investigative Medicine, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fênix Alexandra Araújo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Canela, Salvador, BA, 40231-300, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology in Health and Investigative Medicine, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Darizy Flavia Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Canela, Salvador, BA, 40231-300, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology in Health and Investigative Medicine, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Denise S de Sá
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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7
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Gagarin AA, Minin AS, Shevyrin VA, Kostova IP, Benassi E, Belskaya NP. Photocaging of Carboxylic Function Bearing Biomolecules by New Thiazole Derived Fluorophore. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302079. [PMID: 37530503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new fluorophore containing an arylidene thiazole scaffold resulted in a compound with good photophysical characteristics. Furthermore, the thiazole C5-methyl group was easily modified into specific functional groups (CH2 Br and CH2 OH) for the formation of a series of photocourier molecules containing model compounds (benzoic acids), as well as prodrugs, including salicylic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorambucil via a "benzyl" linker. Spectral characteristics (1 H, 13 C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra) corresponded to the proposed structures. The photocourier molecules demonstrated absorption with high values of coefficient of molar extinction, exhibited contrasting green emission, and showed good dark stability. The mechanism of the photorelease was investigated through spectral analysis, HPLC-HRMS, and supported by TD-DFT calculations. The photoheterolysis and elimination of carboxylic acids were proved to occur in the excited state, yielding a carbocation as an intermediate moiety. The fluorophore structure provided stability to the carbocation through the delocalization of the positive charge via resonance structures. Viability assessment of Vero cells using the MTT-test confirmed the weak cytotoxicity of prodrugs without irradiation and it increase upon UV-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey A Gagarin
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Artem S Minin
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 18S. Kovalevskaya Str., Yekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Vadim A Shevyrin
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Irena P Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya P Belskaya
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
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8
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Tricolor visible wavelength-selective photodegradable hydrogel biomaterials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5250. [PMID: 37640707 PMCID: PMC10462736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic hydrogel biomaterials have demonstrated great potential for user-triggered therapeutic release, patterned organoid development, and four-dimensional control over advanced cell fates in vitro. Current photosensitive materials are constrained by their reliance on high-energy ultraviolet light (<400 nm) that offers poor tissue penetrance and limits access to the broader visible spectrum. Here, we report a family of three photolabile material crosslinkers that respond rapidly and with unique tricolor wavelength-selectivity to low-energy visible light (400-617 nm). We show that when mixed with multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) macromolecular precursors, ruthenium polypyridyl- and ortho-nitrobenzyl (oNB)-based crosslinkers yield cytocompatible biomaterials that can undergo spatiotemporally patterned, uniform bulk softening, and multiplexed degradation several centimeters deep through complex tissue. We demonstrate that encapsulated living cells within these photoresponsive gels show high viability and can be successfully recovered from the hydrogels following photodegradation. Moving forward, we anticipate that these advanced material platforms will enable new studies in 3D mechanobiology, controlled drug delivery, and next-generation tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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9
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Giacomazzo GE, Conti L, Fagorzi C, Pagliai M, Andreini C, Guerri A, Perito B, Mengoni A, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C. Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes and Metronidazole Derivatives: A Powerful Combination in the Design of Photoresponsive Antibacterial Agents Effective under Hypoxic Conditions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7716-7727. [PMID: 37163381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes (RPCs) are gaining momentum in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), thanks to the possibility of overcoming the classical reliance on molecular oxygen of photodynamic therapy while preserving the selective drug activation by using light. However, notwithstanding the intriguing perspectives, the translation of such an approach in the development of new antimicrobials has been only barely considered. Herein, MTZH-1 and MTZH-2, two novel analogues of metronidazole (MTZ), a mainstay drug in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections, were designed and inserted in the strained ruthenium complexes [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(MTZ-1)]PF6 (Ru2) and [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(MTZ-2)]PF6 (Ru3) (tpy = terpyridine, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (Chart 1). Analogously to the parental compound [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(5NIM)]PF6 (Ru1) (5-nitroimidazolate), the Ru(II)-imidazolate coordination of MTZ derivatives resulted in promising Ru(II) photocages, capable to easily unleash the bioactive ligands upon light irradiation and increase the antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, which was chosen as a model of Gram-positive bacteria. The photoreleased 5-nitroimidazole-based ligands led to remarkable phototoxicities under hypoxic conditions (<1% O2), with the lead compound Ru3 that exhibited the highest potency across the series, being comparable to the one of the clinical drug MTZ. Besides, the chemical architectures of MTZ derivatives made their interaction with NimAunfavorable, being NimA a model of reductases responsible for bacterial resistance against 5-nitroimidazole-based antibiotics, thus hinting at their possible use to combat antimicrobial resistance. This work may therefore provide fundamental knowledge in the design of novel photoresponsive tools to be used in the fight against infectious diseases. For the first time, the effectiveness of the "photorelease antimicrobial therapy" under therapeutically relevant hypoxic conditions was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Andreini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guerri
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Brunella Perito
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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10
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Egyed A, Németh K, Molnár TÁ, Kállay M, Kele P, Bojtár M. Turning Red without Feeling Embarrassed─Xanthenium-Based Photocages for Red-Light-Activated Phototherapeutics. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4026-4034. [PMID: 36752773 PMCID: PMC9951246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present high-yielding, concise access to a set of xanthenium-derived, water-soluble, low-molecular-weight photocages allowing light-controlled cargo release in the green to red region. Very importantly, these new photocages allow installation of various payloads through ester, carbamate, or carbonate linkages even at the last stage of the synthesis. Payloads were uncaged with high efficiency upon green, orange, or red light irradiation, leading to the release of carboxylic acids, phenols, and amines. The near-ideal properties of a carboxanthenium derivative were further evaluated in the context of light-controlled drug release using a camptothecin-derived chemotherapeutic drug, SN38. Notably, the caged drug showed orders of magnitude lower efficiency in cellulo, which was reinstated after red light irradiation. The presented photocages offer properties that facilitate the translation of photoactivated chemotherapy toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Egyed
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Németh
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Á. Molnár
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-BME
Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME
Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kele
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Bojtár
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Eastham K, Scattergood PA, Chu D, Boota RZ, Soupart A, Alary F, Dixon IM, Rice CR, Hardman SJO, Elliott PIP. Not All 3MC States Are the Same: The Role of 3MC cis States in the Photochemical N ∧N Ligand Release from [Ru(bpy) 2(N ∧N)] 2+ Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19907-19924. [PMID: 36450138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes feature prominently in the development of agents for photoactivated chemotherapy; however, the excited-state mechanisms by which photochemical ligand release operates remain unclear. We report here a systematic experimental and computational study of a series of complexes [Ru(bpy)2(N∧N)]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl; N∧N = bpy (1), 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (2), 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (3), 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (4), 1-benzyl-4-(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (5), 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl (6)), in which we probe the contribution to the promotion of photochemical N∧N ligand release of the introduction of sterically encumbering methyl substituents and the electronic effect of replacement of pyridine by 1,2,3-triazole donors in the N∧N ligand. Complexes 2 to 6 all release the ligand N∧N on irradiation in acetonitrile solution to yield cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NCMe)2]2+, with resultant photorelease quantum yields that at first seem counter-intuitive and span a broad range. The data show that incorporation of a single sterically encumbering methyl substituent on the N∧N ligand (2 and 5) leads to a significantly enhanced rate of triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) state deactivation but with little promotion of photoreactivity, whereas replacement of pyridine by triazole donors (4 and 6) leads to a similar rate of 3MLCT deactivation but with much greater photochemical reactivity. The data reported here, discussed in conjunction with previously reported data on related complexes, suggest that monomethylation in 2 and 5 sterically inhibits the formation of a 3MCcis state but promotes the population of 3MCtrans states which rapidly deactivate 3MLCT states and are prone to mediating ground-state recovery. On the other hand, increased photochemical reactivity in 4 and 6 seems to stem from the accessibility of 3MCcis states. The data provide important insights into the excited-state mechanism of photochemical ligand release by Ru(II) tris-bidentate complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Eastham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Danny Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Adrien Soupart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Isabelle M Dixon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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12
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Steinke SJ, Piechota EJ, Loftus LM, Turro C. Acetonitrile Ligand Photosubstitution in Ru(II) Complexes Directly from the 3MLCT State. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20177-20182. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Lauren M. Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
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13
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Tang Q, Liu J, Wang CB, An L, Zhang HL, Wang Y, Ren B, Yang SP, Liu JG. A multifunctional nanoplatform delivering carbon monoxide and a cysteine protease inhibitor to mitochondria under NIR light shows enhanced synergistic anticancer efficacy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9097-9103. [PMID: 35713601 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01122k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy has attracted widespread attention due to its ability to circumvent the shortcomings of hypoxia in tumor tissues compared with traditional photodynamic therapy. In this work, novel multifunctional nanoplatform (1), Ru-inhibitor@TPPMnCO@N-GQDs, was designed and prepared, which was capable of mitochondria-targeted co-delivery of the cysteine protease inhibitor and carbon monoxide (CO) stimulated with an 808 nm near infrared (NIR) laser. Nanoplatform (1) was prepared by covalent attachment of a mitochondria-targeted CO donor (TPPMnCO) and a Ru(II)-caged cysteine protease inhibitor (Ru-inhibitor) on the surface of fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs). Nanoplatform (1) preferentially accumulated in the mitochondria of cancer cells and instantly delivered CO and the cysteine protease inhibitor upon 808 nm NIR light irradiation, thus damaging mitochondria and leading to significant in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy. In addition, nanoplatform (1) has good biocompatibility and did not exert any toxic side effects on mice during the period of treatment. The targeted subcellular mitochondrial co-delivery of CO and the cysteine protease inhibitor may provide new insights into CO and enzyme inhibitor combined therapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng-Bin Wang
- Key Lab of Resource Chemistry of MOE & Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China.
| | - Lu An
- Key Lab of Resource Chemistry of MOE & Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Bing Ren
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Shi-Ping Yang
- Key Lab of Resource Chemistry of MOE & Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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15
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Roque Iii JA, Cole HD, Barrett PC, Lifshits LM, Hodges RO, Kim S, Deep G, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Intraligand Excited States Turn a Ruthenium Oligothiophene Complex into a Light-Triggered Ubertoxin with Anticancer Effects in Extreme Hypoxia. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8317-8336. [PMID: 35482975 PMCID: PMC9098688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complexes that undergo photosubstitution reactions from triplet metal-centered (3MC) excited states are of interest in photochemotherapy (PCT) due to their potential to produce cytotoxic effects in hypoxia. Dual-action systems that incorporate this stoichiometric mode to complement the oxygen-dependent photosensitization pathways that define photodynamic therapy (PDT) are poised to maintain antitumor activity regardless of the oxygenation status. Herein, we examine the way in which these two pathways influence photocytotoxicity in normoxia and in hypoxia using the [Ru(dmp)2(IP-nT)]2+ series (where dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and IP-nT = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings) to switch the dominant excited state from the metal-based 3MC state in the case of Ru-phen-Ru-1T to the ligand-based 3ILCT state for Ru-3T and Ru-4T. Ru-phen-Ru-1T, having dominant 3MC states and the largest photosubstitution quantum yields, are inactive in both normoxia and hypoxia. Ru-3T and Ru-4T, with dominant 3IL/3ILCT states and long triplet lifetimes (τTA = 20-25 μs), have the poorest photosubstitution quantum yields, yet are extremely active. In the best instances, Ru-4T exhibit attomolar phototoxicity toward SKMEL28 cells in normoxia and picomolar in hypoxia, with phototherapeutic index values in normoxia of 105-1012 and 103-106 in hypoxia. While maximizing excited-state deactivation through photodissociative 3MC states did not result in bonafide dual-action PDT/PCT agents, the study has produced the most potent photosensitizer we know of to date. The extraordinary photosensitizing capacity of Ru-3T and Ru-4T may stem from a combination of very efficient 1O2 production and possibly complementary type I pathways via 3ILCT excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Roque Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Rachel O Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | | | - Marta E Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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16
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Lima M, Marchi RC, Cardoso C, Cook N, Pazin W, Kock F, Venancio T, Martí A, Carlos RM. Bidentate Coordination of 2Apy in cis‐[Ru(phen)2(2Apy)]2+ Aiming at Photobiological Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Lima
- IFPI: Instituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia do Piaui Chemistry BRAZIL
| | | | - Carolina Cardoso
- Instituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia de Sao Paulo chemistry BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Flavio Kock
- UFSCar: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Tiago Venancio
- UFSCar: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Chemistry BRAZIL
| | | | - Rose Maria Carlos
- Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Química Rod Washington Luis Km 235 13565-905 São Carlos-SP BRAZIL
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17
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Cole HD, Roque JA, Lifshits LM, Hodges R, Barrett PC, Havrylyuk D, Heidary D, Ramasamy E, Cameron CG, Glazer EC, McFarland SA. Fine-Feature Modifications to Strained Ruthenium Complexes Radically Alter Their Hypoxic Anticancer Activity †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:73-84. [PMID: 33559191 PMCID: PMC8349932 DOI: 10.1111/php.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier study of π-expansive ruthenium complexes for photodynamic and photochemo-therapies, it was shown that a pair of structural isomers differing only in the connection point of a naphthalene residue exhibited vastly different biological activity. These isomers are further explored in this paper through the activity of their functionalized derivatives. In normoxia, the inactive 2-NIP isomer (5) can be made as photocytotoxic as the active 1-NIP isomer (1) by functionalizing with methyl or methoxy groups, while methoxy variants of the 1-NIP isomer became inactive. In all cases, the singlet oxygen sensitization quantum yield was below 1%. Hypoxic photocytotoxicity was attenuated, with only three of the series showing any activity, notwithstanding the photodissociative ligands. The results here are consistent with the earlier findings in that seemingly minor structural modifications on the non-strained ligand can dramatically modulate the normoxic and hypoxic activity of these strained compounds and that these changes appear to exert a greater influence on photocytotoxicity than singlet oxygen sensitization or rates of photosubstitution in cell-free conditions would suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Rachel Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Patrick C. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 76019-0065 United States, 40506-0055
| | - David Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 76019-0065 United States, 40506-0055
| | - Elamparuthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States,Corresponding authors: C.G.C <>; E.C.G. <>; S.A.M. <>
| | - Edith C. Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 76019-0065 United States, 40506-0055,Corresponding authors: C.G.C <>; E.C.G. <>; S.A.M. <>
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States,Corresponding authors: C.G.C <>; E.C.G. <>; S.A.M. <>
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18
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Kim Y, Ma R, Lee J, Harich J, Nam D, Kim S, Kim M, Ochmann M, Eom I, Huse N, Lee JH, Kim TK. Ligand-Field Effects in a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex Probed by Femtosecond X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:12165-12172. [PMID: 34914396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We employ femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy of [Ru(m-bpy)3]2+ (m-bpy = 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) to elucidate the time evolution of the spin and charge density upon metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation. The core-level transitions at the Ru L3-edge reveal a very short MLCT lifetime of 0.9 ps and relaxation to the lowest triplet metal-centered state (3MC) which exhibits a lifetime of about 300 ps. Time-dependent density functional theory relates ligand methylation to a lower ligand field strength that stabilizes the 3MC state. A quarter of the 3MLCT population appears to be trapped which may be attributed to intramolecular vibrational relaxation or further electron transfer to the solvent. Our results demonstrate that small changes in the ligand field allow control of the photophysical properties. Moreover, this study underscores the high information content of femtosecond L-edge spectroscopy as a probe of valence charge density and spin-state in 4d transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Junho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica Harich
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Ochmann
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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19
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Liu J, Kang W, Wang W. Photocleavage-based Photoresponsive Drug Delivery. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:288-302. [PMID: 34861053 DOI: 10.1111/php.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery has been extensively studied in the last decade, whereas both passive and active targeting strategies still face many challenges, such as off-target drug release. Light-responsive drug delivery systems have been developed with high controllability and spatio-temporal resolution to improve drug efficacy and reduce off-target drug release. Photoremovable protecting groups are light-responsive moieties that undergo irreversible photocleavage reactions upon light irradiation. They can be covalently linked to the molecule of interest to control its structure and function with light. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of photocleavage technologies in nanoparticle-based drug delivery for precise targeting and controlled drug release, with a highlight of strategies to achieve long-wavelength light excitation. A greater understanding of these mechanisms and emerging studies will help design more efficient photocleavage-based nanosystems to advance photoresponsive drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Weirong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, 518053, China
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20
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Scoditti S, Mazzone G, Sicilia E. Computational Analysis of Photophysical Properties and Reactivity of a New Phototherapeutic Cyclometalated Au(III)-Hydride Complex. Chemistry 2021; 27:15528-15535. [PMID: 34546592 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gold(III) complexes have recently emerged as new versatile and efficacious metal containing anticancer agents. In an attempt to reconcile the specific affinity of such complexes for target sulfur containing biomolecules with their capability to strongly bind thiol-containing compounds widely distributed in non-tumoral cells, a new series of cyclometalated Au(III)-hydride complexes has been proposed as photoactivatable anticancer prodrugs. Here, the computational exploration of the photophysical properties and reactivity in dark and under light irradiation of the first member of the series, named 1 a, is reported. Complex 1 a low hydricity in dark together with facile hydride substitution leading to H2 elimination under excitation by visible light have been examined by means of DFT and TD-DFT computations. Both singlet and triplet excited states have been characterized, allowing the identification of the active species involved in photoactivation pathways leading to the controlled detachment of the hydride ligand. Also the viable two-photon activation at the ideal phototherapeutic window has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
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21
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Boota RZ, Hardman SJO, Ashton GP, Rice CR, Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of Heteroleptic 1,4,5,8-Tetraazaphenanthrene- and Bi-1,2,3-triazolyl-Containing Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15768-15781. [PMID: 34612633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diimine metal complexes have significant relevance in the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) applications. In particular, complexes of the TAP ligand (1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) are known to lead to photoinduced oxidation of DNA, while TAP- and triazole-based complexes are also known to undergo photochemical ligand release processes relevant to PACT. The photophysical and photochemical properties of heteroleptic complexes [Ru(TAP)n(btz)3-n]2+ (btz = 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl, n = 1 (1), 2 (2)) have been explored. Upon irradiation in acetonitrile, 1 displays analogous photochemistry to that previously observed for [Ru(bpy)(btz)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) and generates trans-[Ru(TAP)(btz)(NCMe)2]2+ (5), which has been crystallographically characterized, with the observation of the ligand-loss intermediate trans-[Ru(TAP)(κ2-btz)(κ1-btz)(NCMe)]2+ (4). Complex 2 displays more complicated photochemical behavior with not only preferential photorelease of btz to form cis-[Ru(TAP)2(NCMe)2]2+ (6) but also competitive photorelease of TAP to form 5. Free TAP is then taken up by 6 to form [Ru(TAP)3]2+ (3) with the proportion of 5 and 3 observed to progressively increase during prolonged photolysis. Data suggest a complex set of reversible photochemical ligand scrambling processes in which 2 and 3 are interconverted. Computational DFT calculations have enabled optimization of geometries of the pro-trans 3MCcis states with repelled btz or TAP ligands crucial for the formation of 5 from 1 and 2, respectively, lending weight to recent evidence that such 3MCcis states play an important mechanistic role in the rich photoreactivity of Ru(II) diimine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Gage P Ashton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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22
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Monteiro DCF, Amoah E, Rogers C, Pearson AR. Using photocaging for fast time-resolved structural biology studies. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1218-1232. [PMID: 34605426 PMCID: PMC8489231 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321008809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Careful selection of photocaging approaches is critical to achieve fast and well synchronized reaction initiation and perform successful time-resolved structural biology experiments. This review summarizes the best characterized and most relevant photocaging groups previously described in the literature. It also provides a walkthrough of the essential factors to consider in designing a suitable photocaged molecule to address specific biological questions, focusing on photocaging groups with well characterized spectroscopic properties. The relationships between decay rates (k in s-1), quantum yields (ϕ) and molar extinction coefficients (ϵmax in M-1 cm-1) are highlighted for different groups. The effects of the nature of the photocaged group on these properties is also discussed. Four main photocaging scaffolds are presented in detail, o-nitrobenzyls, p-hydroxyphenyls, coumarinyls and nitrodibenzofuranyls, along with three examples of the use of this technology. Furthermore, a subset of specialty photocages are highlighted: photoacids, molecular photoswitches and metal-containing photocages. These extend the range of photocaging approaches by, for example, controlling pH or generating conformationally locked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. F. Monteiro
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicot Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Emmanuel Amoah
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicot Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Cromarte Rogers
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arwen R. Pearson
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Mangubat-Medina AE, Ball ZT. Triggering biological processes: methods and applications of photocaged peptides and proteins. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10403-10421. [PMID: 34320043 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant push in recent years to deploy fundamental knowledge and methods of photochemistry toward biological ends. Photoreactive groups have enabled chemists to activate biological function using the concept of photocaging. By granting spatiotemporal control over protein activation, these photocaging methods are fundamental in understanding biological processes. Peptides and proteins are an important group of photocaging targets that present conceptual and technical challenges, requiring precise chemoselectivity in complex polyfunctional environments. This review focuses on recent advances in photocaging techniques and methodologies, as well as their use in living systems. Photocaging methods include genetic and chemical approaches that require a deep understanding of structure-function relationships based on subtle changes in primary structure. Successful implementation of these ideas can shed light on important spatiotemporal aspects of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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24
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Chen Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zhou Q. The Development of Ru(II)-Based Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:5679. [PMID: 34577150 PMCID: PMC8465985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel cancer treatment method that has drawn increasing attention due to its high selectivity and low side effects by spatio-temporal control of irradiation. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), oxygen-independent PACT is more suitable for treating hypoxic tumors. By finely tuning ligand structures and coordination configurations, many Ru(II) complexes can undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation, and the resulting Ru(II) aqua species and/or free ligands may have anticancer activity, showing their potential as PACT agents. In this mini-review, we summarized the progress in Ru(II)-based PACT agents, as well as challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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25
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Busemann A, Flaspohler I, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Goetzfried SK, van Rixel VHS, Ott I, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Ruthenium-based PACT agents based on bisquinoline chelates: synthesis, photochemistry, and cytotoxicity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:667-674. [PMID: 34378103 PMCID: PMC8437835 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The known ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2, where tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Hmte = 2-(methylthio)ethanol) is photosubstitutionally active but non-toxic to cancer cells even upon light irradiation. In this work, the two analogs complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where NN = 3,3'-biisoquinoline (i-biq, [2](PF6)2) and di(isoquinolin-3-yl)amine (i-Hdiqa, [3](PF6)2), were synthesized and their photochemistry and phototoxicity evaluated to assess their suitability as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agents. The increase of the aromatic surface of [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2, compared to [1](PF6)2, leads to higher lipophilicity and higher cellular uptake for the former complexes. Such improved uptake is directly correlated to the cytotoxicity of these compounds in the dark: while [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 showed low EC50 values in human cancer cells, [1](PF6)2 is not cytotoxic due to poor cellular uptake. While stable in the dark, all complexes substituted the protecting thioether ligand upon light irradiation (520 nm), with the highest photosubstitution quantum yield found for [3](PF6)2 (Φ[3] = 0.070). Compounds [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 were found both more cytotoxic after light activation than in the dark, with a photo index of 4. Considering the very low singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds, and the lack of cytotoxicity of the photoreleased Hmte thioether ligand, it can be concluded that the toxicity observed after light activation is due to the photoreleased aqua complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(OH2)]2+, and thus that [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 are promising PACT candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Flaspohler
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sina K Goetzfried
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-Ray Facility, Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Mao Y, Hu M, Yang G, Gao E, Chen W. Current Status of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Drug Therapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY: ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.29337/ijsonco.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Toupin N, Steinke SJ, Nadella S, Li A, Rohrabaugh TN, Samuels ER, Turro C, Sevrioukova IF, Kodanko JJ. Photosensitive Ru(II) Complexes as Inhibitors of the Major Human Drug Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A4. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9191-9205. [PMID: 34110801 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and photochemical and biological characterization of the first selective and potent metal-based inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the major human drug metabolizing enzyme. Five Ru(II)-based derivatives were prepared from two analogs of the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir, 4 and 6: [Ru(tpy)(L)(6)]Cl2 (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) with L = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy; 8), dimethylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2dppn; 10) and 3,6-dimethyl-10,15-diphenylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2Ph2dppn; 11), [Ru(tpy)(Me2bpy)(4)]Cl2 (7) and [Ru(tpy)(Me2dppn)(4)]Cl2 (9). Photochemical release of 4 or 6 from 7-11 was demonstrated, and the spectrophotometric evaluation of 7 showed that it behaves similarly to free 4 (type II heme ligation) after irradiation with visible light but not in the dark. Unexpectedly, the intact Ru(II) complexes 7 and 8 were found to inhibit CYP3A4 potently and specifically through direct binding to the active site without heme ligation. Caged inhibitors 9-11 showed dual action properties by combining photoactivated dissociation of 4 or 6 with efficient 1O2 production. In prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells, compound 9 had the best synergistic effect with vinblastine, the anticancer drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 in vivo. Thus, our study establishes a new paradigm in CYP inhibition using metalated complexes and suggests possible utilization of photoactive CYP3A4 inhibitory compounds in clinical applications, such as enhancement of therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sandeep Nadella
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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28
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Targeting drug delivery with light: A highly focused approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:94-107. [PMID: 33486009 PMCID: PMC8127392 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light is a uniquely powerful tool for controlling molecular events in biology. No other external input (e.g., heat, ultrasound, magnetic field) can be so tightly focused or so highly regulated as a clinical laser. Drug delivery vehicles that can be photonically activated have been developed across many platforms, from the simplest "caging" of therapeutics in a prodrug form, to more complex micelles and circulating liposomes that improve drug uptake and efficacy, to large-scale hydrogel platforms that can be used to protect and deliver macromolecular agents including full-length proteins. In this Review, we discuss recent innovations in photosensitive drug delivery and highlight future opportunities to engineer and exploit such light-responsive technologies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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29
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Cotic A, Ramírez-Wierzbicki I, Pieslinger GE, Aramburu-Trošelj BM, Cadranel A. Ligand field states dominate excited state decay in trans-[Ru(py)4Cl2] MLCT chromophores. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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31
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López-Corrales M, Rovira A, Gandioso A, Bosch M, Nonell S, Marchán V. Transformation of COUPY Fluorophores into a Novel Class of Visible-Light-Cleavable Photolabile Protecting Groups. Chemistry 2020; 26:16222-16227. [PMID: 32530072 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) have found widespread applications in several fields of chemistry, biology and materials science, there is a growing interest in expanding the photochemical toolbox to overcome some of the limitations of classical caging groups. In this work, the synthesis of a new class of visible-light-sensitive PPGs based on low-molecular weight COUPY fluorophores with several attractive properties, including long-wavelength absorption, is reported. Besides being stable to spontaneous hydrolysis in the dark, COUPY-based PPGs can be efficiently photoactivated with yellow (560 nm) and red light (620 nm) under physiological-like conditions, thereby offering the possibility of unmasking functional groups from COUPY photocages under irradiation conditions in which other PPGs remain stable. Additionally, COUPY photocages exhibit excellent cellular uptake and accumulate selectively in mitochondria, opening the door to the delivery of caged analogues of biologically active compounds into these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Corrales
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Gandioso
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Vía Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Eidenschenk C, Cheruzel L. Ru(II)-diimine complexes and cytochrome P450 working hand-in-hand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111254. [PMID: 32979791 PMCID: PMC7686262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With a growing interest in utilizing visible light to drive biocatalytic processes, several light-harvesting units and approaches have been employed to harness the synthetic potential of heme monooxygenases and carry out selective oxyfunctionalization of a wide range of substrates. While the fields of cytochrome P450 and Ru(II) photochemistry have separately been prolific, it is not until the turn of the 21st century that they converged. Non-covalent and subsequently covalently attached Ru(II) complexes were used to promote rapid intramolecular electron transfer in bacterial P450 enzymes. Photocatalytic activity with Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was achieved under reductive conditions with a judicious choice of a sacrificial electron donor. The initial concept of Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was further improved using protein engineering, photosensitizer functionalization and was successfully applied to other P450 enzymes. In this review, we wish to present the recent contributions from our group and others in utilizing Ru(II) complexes coupled with P450 enzymes in the broad context of photobiocatalysis, protein assemblies and chemoenzymatic reactions. The merging of chemical catalysts with the synthetic potential of P450 enzymes has led to the development of several chemoenzymatic approaches. Moreover, strained Ru(II) compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit P450 enzymes by releasing aromatic heterocycle containing molecules upon visible light excitation taking advantage of the rapid ligand loss feature in those complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA.
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33
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A photoactivatable Ru (II) complex bearing 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline: A potent chemotherapeutic drug inducing apoptosis in triple negative human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 336:109317. [PMID: 33197429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The photoactivatable Ru (II) complex 1 [Ru(bipy)2(dpphen)]Cl2 (where bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dpphen = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) has been shown to possess promising anticancer activity against triple negative adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. The present study aims to elucidate the plausible mechanism of action of the photoactivatable complex 1 against MDA-MB-231 cells. Upon photoactivation, complex 1 exhibited time-dependent cytotoxic activity with a phototoxicity index (P Index) of >100 after 72 h. A significant increase in cell rounding and detachment, loss of membrane integrity, ROS accumulation and DNA damage was observed. Flow cytometry and a fluorescent apoptosis/necrosis assay showed an induction of cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed the induction of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and inhibition of the MAPK and PI3K pathways. The photoproduct of complex 1 showed similar effects on key apoptotic protein expression confirming that it is behind the observed cell death. In conclusion, the present study revealed that complex 1 is a potent multi-mechanistic photoactivatable chemotherapeutic drug that may serve as a potential lead molecule for targeted cancer chemotherapy.
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34
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Smithen DA, Monro S, Pinto M, Roque J, Diaz-Rodriguez RM, Yin H, Cameron CG, Thompson A, McFarland SA. Bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triads: a new class of photosensitizers for metal-organic photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12047-12069. [PMID: 33738086 PMCID: PMC7953431 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04500d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of ten dinuclear Ru(ii) complexes based on the bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triad scaffold, where two Ru(bpy)2 centers are separated by a variety of organic linkers, was prepared to evaluate the influence of the organic chromophore on the spectroscopic and in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) properties of the compounds. The bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triads absorbed strongly throughout the visible region, with several members having molar extinction coefficients (ε) ≥ 104 at 600-620 nm and longer. Phosphorescence quantum yields (Φ p) were generally less than 0.1% and in some cases undetectable. The singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ Δ) ranged from 5% to 77% and generally correlated with their photocytotoxicities toward human leukemia (HL-60) cells regardless of the wavelength of light used. Dark cytotoxicities varied ten-fold, with EC50 values in the range of 10-100 μM and phototherapeutic indices (PIs) as large as 5400 and 260 with broadband visible (28 J cm-2, 7.8 mW cm-2) and 625 nm red (100 J cm-2, 42 mW cm-2) light, respectively. The bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triad with a pyrenyl linker (5h) was especially potent, with an EC50 value of 1 nM and PI > 27 000 with visible light and subnanomolar activity with 625 nm light (100 J cm-2, 28 mW cm-2). The lead compound 5h was also tested in a tumor spheroid assay using the HL60 cell line and exhibited greater photocytotoxicity in this more resistant model (EC50 = 60 nM and PI > 1200 with 625 nm light) despite a lower dark cytotoxicity. The in vitro PDT effects of 5h extended to bacteria, where submicromolar EC50 values and PIs >300 against S. mutans and S. aureus were obtained with visible light. This activity was attenuated with 625 nm red light, but PIs were still near 50. The ligand-localized 3ππ* state contributed by the pyrenyl linker of 5h likely plays a key role in its phototoxic effects toward cancer cells and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Smithen
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Mitch Pinto
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , PO Box 26170 , Greensboro , NC 27402-6170 , USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
| | - Roberto M Diaz-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
| | - Alison Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
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35
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Roque JA, Barrett PC, Cole HD, Lifshits LM, Shi G, Monro S, von Dohlen D, Kim S, Russo N, Deep G, Cameron CG, Alberto ME, McFarland SA. Breaking the barrier: an osmium photosensitizer with unprecedented hypoxic phototoxicity for real world photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9784-9806. [PMID: 33738085 PMCID: PMC7953430 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia presents a two-fold challenge in the treatment of cancer, as low oxygen conditions induce biological changes that make malignant tissues simultaneously more aggressive and less susceptible to standard chemotherapy. This paper reports the first metal-based photosensitizer that approaches the ideal properties for a phototherapy agent. The Os(phen)2-based scaffold was combined with a series of IP-nT ligands, where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and IP-nT = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings. Os-4T (n = 4) emerged as the most promising complex in the series, with picomolar activity and a phototherapeutic index (PI) exceeding 106 in normoxia. The photosensitizer exhibited an unprecedented PI > 90 (EC50 = 0.651 μM) in hypoxia (1% O2) with visible and green light, and a PI > 70 with red light. Os-4T was also active with 733 nm near-infrared light (EC50 = 0.803 μM, PI = 77) under normoxia. Both computation and spectroscopic studies confirmed a switch in the nature of the lowest-lying triplet excited state from triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) to intraligand charge transfer (3ILCT) at n = 3, with a lower energy and longer lifetime for n = 4. All compounds in the series were relatively nontoxic in the dark but became increasingly phototoxic with additional thiophenes. These normoxic and hypoxic activities are the largest reported to date, demonstrating the utility of osmium for phototherapy applications. Moreover, Os-4T had a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in mice that was >200 mg kg-1, which positions this photosensitizer as an excellent candidate for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - David von Dohlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , 27157, USA
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende , 87036 Italy .
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , 27157, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Marta E Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende , 87036 Italy .
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
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Soupart A, Alary F, Heully JL, Elliott PIP, Dixon IM. Theoretical Study of the Full Photosolvolysis Mechanism of [Ru(bpy)3]2+: Providing a General Mechanistic Roadmap for the Photochemistry of [Ru(N^N)3]2+-Type Complexes toward Both Cis and Trans Photoproducts. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14679-14695. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Soupart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Heully
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul I. P. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Isabelle M. Dixon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Hirahara M, Nakano H, Uchida K, Yamamoto R, Umemura Y. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding: A Key Factor Controlling the Photosubstitution of Ruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11273-11286. [PMID: 32799483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosubstitution reactions of ruthenium complexes with pyrazole ligands, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pzH)2]2+ (1a), cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pz)(pzH)]+ (1b), and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pz)2]0 (1c) (pzH = pyrazole, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), were investigated. Dicationic complex 1a was deprotonated to 1b using moderate base (pKa = 15.2, MeCN), while the second deprotonation to give 1c required more severe conditions (pKa = 26.9). Monocationic complex 1b possessed an N-H···N-type intramolecular hydrogen bond between the pyrazole and pyrazolate ligands, as corroborated by the solid-state crystal structure. The photosubstitution quantum yield of 1a (Φ = 0.26) was comparable to that of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pyridine)2]2+ (Φ = 0.24) in acetonitrile solution. In contrast, the photodissociation of a pzH ligand was strongly suppressed by the deprotonation of a pyrazole ligand N-H group. In the presence of 10 000 equiv of 4,4'-dimethylaminopyridine, the quantum yield dropped to ∼2 × 10-6 in acetonitrile. The photosubstitution quantum yield of 1b was even smaller than that of neutral complex 1c, although 1c had a smaller HOMO-LUMO energy gap than monocationic complex 1b. The small quantum yield of 1b was attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding between pyrazole and pyrazolate ligands. The apparent rate constants for the photosubstitution of 1b were highly solvent-dependent. The photosubstitution of 1b was suppressed in aprotic solvents, while the reaction was accelerated by 2 orders of magnitude in protic solvents with strong proton donor abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Kyohei Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Rei Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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38
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Rationally designed ruthenium complexes for 1- and 2-photon photodynamic therapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3262. [PMID: 32591538 PMCID: PMC7320011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer has received increasing attention over recent years. However, the application of the currently approved photosensitizers (PSs) is limited by their poor aqueous solubility, aggregation, photobleaching and slow clearance from the body. To overcome these limitations, there is a need for the development of new classes of PSs with ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes currently gaining momentum. However, these compounds generally lack significant absorption in the biological spectral window, limiting their application to treat deep-seated or large tumors. To overcome this drawback, ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes designed in silico with (E,E′)-4,4′-bisstyryl-2,2′-bipyridine ligands show impressive 1- and 2-Photon absorption up to a magnitude higher than the ones published so far. While nontoxic in the dark, these compounds are phototoxic in various 2D monolayer cells, 3D multicellular tumor spheroids and are able to eradicate a multiresistant tumor inside a mouse model upon clinically relevant 1-Photon and 2-Photon excitation. Photosensitizers that are stable in biological conditions with absorption in the biological spectral window are needed for photodynamic therapy. Here, the authors report on the development of a Ruthenium complex for 1 and 2-photon therapy to address these issues and demonstrate application in vivo.
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Luo H, Cao B, Chan ASC, Sun RW, Zou T. Cyclometalated Gold(III)‐Hydride Complexes Exhibit Visible Light‐Induced Thiol Reactivity and Act as Potent Photo‐Activated Anti‐Cancer Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11046-11052. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hejiang Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, and General Education DivisionThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | | | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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40
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Luo H, Cao B, Chan ASC, Sun RW, Zou T. Cyclometalated Gold(III)‐Hydride Complexes Exhibit Visible Light‐Induced Thiol Reactivity and Act as Potent Photo‐Activated Anti‐Cancer Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hejiang Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, and General Education DivisionThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | | | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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41
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Soupart A, Alary F, Heully JL, Elliott PI, Dixon IM. Recent progress in ligand photorelease reaction mechanisms: Theoretical insights focusing on Ru(II) 3MC states. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Visible Light-Responsive Dynamic Biomaterials: Going Deeper and Triggering More. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901553. [PMID: 32100475 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive materials have been widely used in vitro for controlled therapeutic delivery and to direct 4D cell fate. Extension of the approaches into a bodily setting requires use of low-energy, long-wavelength light that penetrates deeper into and through complex tissue. This review details recent reports of photoactive small molecules and proteins that absorb visible and/or near-infrared light, opening the door to exciting new applications in multiplexed and in vivo regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington 3781 Okanogan Lane NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Cole A. DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington 3781 Okanogan Lane NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington 3720 15th Ave NE Seattle WA 98105 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine University of Washington 850 Republican Street Seattle WA 98109 USA
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute University of Washington 3946 W Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
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43
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Havrylyuk D, Stevens K, Parkin S, Glazer EC. Toward Optimal Ru(II) Photocages: Balancing Photochemistry, Stability, and Biocompatibility Through Fine Tuning of Steric, Electronic, and Physiochemical Features. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1006-1013. [PMID: 31899619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complex photocages are used in a variety of biological applications, but the thermal stability, photosubstitution quantum yield, and biological compatibility of the most commonly used Ru(II) systems remain unoptimized. Here, multiple compounds used in photocaging applications were analyzed and found to have several unsatisfactory characteristics. To address these deficiencies, three new scaffolds were designed to improve key properties through modulation of a combination of electronic, steric, and physiochemical features. One of these new systems, containing the 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (2,2'-bicinchoninic acid) ligand, fulfills several of the requirements for an optimal photocage. Another complex, containing the 2-benzothiazol-2-yl-quinoline ligand, provides a scaffold for the creation of "dual action" agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Kimberly Stevens
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
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44
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Roque J, Havrylyuk D, Barrett PC, Sainuddin T, McCain J, Colón K, Sparks WT, Bradner E, Monro S, Heidary D, Cameron CG, Glazer EC, McFarland SA. Strained, Photoejecting Ru(II) Complexes that are Cytotoxic Under Hypoxic Conditions. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:327-339. [PMID: 31691282 DOI: 10.1111/php.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of strained Ru(II) complexes were studied for potential anticancer activity in hypoxic tissues. The complexes were constructed with methylated ligands that were photolabile and an imidizo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand that contained an appended aromatic group to potentially allow for contributions of ligand-centered excited states. A systematic variation of the size and energy of the aromatic group was performed using systems containing 1-4 fused rings, and the photochemical and photobiological behaviors of all complexes were assessed. The structure and nature of the aromatic group had a subtle impact on photochemistry, altering environmental sensitivity, and had a significant impact on cellular cytotoxicity and photobiology. Up to 5-fold differences in cytotoxicity were observed in the absence of light activation; this rose to 50-fold differences upon exposure to 453 nm light. Most significantly, one complex retained activity under conditions with 1% O2 , which is used to induce hypoxic changes. This system exhibited a photocytotoxicity index (PI) of 15, which is in marked contrast to most other Ru(II) complexes, including those designed for O2 -independent mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | | | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | - Katsuya Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - William T Sparks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Evan Bradner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | - David Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.,Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
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45
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Saha S, Peña B, Dunbar KR. Partially Solvated Dinuclear Ruthenium Compounds Bridged by Quinoxaline-Functionalized Ligands as Ru(II) Photocage Architectures for Low-Energy Light Absorption. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14568-14576. [PMID: 31647230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium compounds with coordinated photolabile molecules that can be selectively released by irradiation with a visible light source are finding increasing applications in photoactivated chemotherapy (PCT) as photocages. Earlier photocages based on mononuclear Ru(II) compounds lack absorption in the therapeutic window (λ > 600 nm). In previous work, we synthesized the first partially solvated tppz bridged (tppz= 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine) dinuclear Ru(II) complex capable of photoinduced ligand exchange at both metal centers. To further explore the effect of the bridging ligand on Ru(II) photocage design, we used quinoxaline-functionalized bridging ligand platforms to prepare [{RuII(NCCH3)4}2(μ-BL)](PF6)4[BL = dpq, 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)quinoxaline (1); BL = dpb, 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[g]quinoxaline (2)]. The compounds are capable of absorbing green light with tails extending beyond 650 nm which can be exploited for applications as PCT agents. Experimental results were additionally verified by DFT calculations. The use of two Ru(II) centers equipped with quinoxaline-based bridging ligands is a promising design strategy for the synthesis of a new family of dinuclear Ru(II) photocage prototypes with the ability to absorb low-energy visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Bruno Peña
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
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46
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Huang PJ, Garcia JV, Fenwick A, Wu G, Ford PC. Nitric Oxide Uncaging from a Hydrophobic Chromium(III) PhotoNORM: Visible and Near-Infrared Photochemistry in Biocompatible Polymer Disks. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9181-9187. [PMID: 31460006 PMCID: PMC6648811 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Devices consisting of polymer disks (PDs) of optically clear or translucent, medical-grade silicone loaded with a new hydrophobic, oxygen-stable, photoactivated nitric oxide-releasing moiety (photoNORM) are described. The photoNORM is the new O-nitrito chromium(III) complex trans-[Cr(PetA)(ONO)2](BF4) (PetA = 5,14-dimethyl-7,12-diphenyl-1,4,8,11-tetraaza-cyclotetradecane), of which the synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, and solution-phase photochemistry are described. Several different commercially available silicone polymers were tested with this photoNORM, and nitric oxide photouncaging with 451 nm light from these systems is compared. In addition, PDs were loaded with the photoNORM and neodymium-sensitized upconverting nanoparticles (Nd-UCNPs). The Nd-UCNPs absorb NIR light at ∼800 nm and activate NO release from the trans-[Cr(PetA)(ONO)2]+ cation. The use of such ensembles as implants provides a potential strategy for the in vivo uncaging of NO at physiological targets triggered by tissue-transmitting NIR excitation. Also reported are the X-ray crystal structures of cis- and trans-{Cr(PetA)Cl2]Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106 United States
| | - Peter C. Ford
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106 United States
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47
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Zhao J, Liu N, Sun S, Gou S, Wang X, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang W. Light-activated ruthenium (II)-bicalutamide prodrugs for prostate cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 196:110684. [PMID: 31054419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of clinically approved anticancer drug to tumor sites is an effective way to achieve enhanced drug efficacy as well as reduced side effects and toxicity. Here bicalutamide is caged by the Ru(II) center through the nitrile group, and three photoactive Ru(II) complexes were designed and synthesized. Docking study showed that the ruthenium(II) fragments can effectively block the binding of complexes 1-3 with AR (androgen receptor) owing to the large steric structures, thus bicalutamide in complexes 1-3 could not interact with AR-LBD (ligand binding domain). Once irradiation with blue light (465nm), complexes 1-3 can release bicalutamide and anticancer Ru(II) fragments, which possesses dual-action of AR binding and DNA interaction simultaneously. In vitro cytotoxicity study on these complexes further confirmed that complexes 1-3 exhibited considerable cytotoxicity upon irradiation with blue light. Significantly, complex 3 could be activated at 660nm, which greatly increases the scope of complex 3 to treat deeper within tissue. Theoretical calculations showed that the lowest singlet excitation energy of complex 3 is lower than those of complexes 1-2, which explains the experimental results well. Moreover, the 3MC (metal centered) states of these complexes are more stable than their 3MLCT (metal to ligand charge transfer) states, indicating that the photoactive processes of these complexes are likely to result in ligand dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China.
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48
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49
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Rapp TL, Wang Y, Delessio MA, Gau MR, Dmochowski IJ. Designing Photolabile Ruthenium Polypyridyl Crosslinkers for Hydrogel Formation and Multiplexed, Visible-light Degradation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4942-4947. [PMID: 31598214 PMCID: PMC6785243 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09764j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoresponsive materials afford spatiotemporal control over desirable physical, chemical and biological properties. For advanced applications, there is need for molecular phototriggers that are readily incorporated within larger structures, and spatially-sequentially addressable with different wavelengths of visble light, enabling multiplexing. Here we describe spectrally tunable (λmax = 420-530 nm) ruthenium polypyridyl complexes functionalized with two photolabile nitrile ligands that present terminal alkynes for subsequent crosslinking reactions, including hydrogel formation. Two Ru crosslinkers were incorporated within a PEG-hydrogel matrix, and sequentially degraded by irradiation with 592 nm and 410 nm light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34 St., Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA
| | - Maegan A Delessio
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34 St., Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34 St., Philadelphia, PA,
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34 St., Philadelphia, PA,
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Gaur P, Kucherak OA, Ermakova YG, Shvadchak VV, Yushchenko DA. Nitrobenzyl-based fluorescent photocages for spatial and temporal control of signalling lipids in cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12288-12291. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a set of fluorescent cages prepared by tethering fluorescent dyes to a photolabile group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr A. Kucherak
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Yulia G. Ermakova
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
- 69117 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Volodymyr V. Shvadchak
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro A. Yushchenko
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
- Group of Bioconjugation Chemistry
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