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Zhao L, Liang S, Zhang L, Huang H, Zhang QH, Ge W, Wang S, Tan T, Huang L, An Q. Stabilizing and Activating Active Sites: 1T-MoS 2 Supported Pd Single Atoms for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401537. [PMID: 38822716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Metallic 1T-MoS2 with high intrinsic electronic conductivity performs Pt-like catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, obtaining pure 1T-MoS2 is challenging due to its high formation energy and metastable properties. Herein, an in situ SO4 2--anchoring strategy is reported to synthesize a thin layer of 1T-MoS2 loaded on commercial carbon. Single Pd atoms, constituting a substantial loading of 7.2 wt%, are then immobilized on the 1T-phase MoS2 via Pd─S bonds to modulate the electronic structure and ensure a stable active phase. The resulting Pd1/1T-MoS2/C catalyst exhibits superior HER performance, featuring a low overpotential of 53 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 37 mV dec-1, and minimal charge transfer resistance in alkaline electrolyte. Moreover, the catalyst also demonstrates efficacy in acid and neutral electrolytes. Atomic structural characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that the high activity of Pd1/1T-MoS2/C is attributed to the near-zero hydrogen adsorption energy of the activated sulfur sites on the two adjacent shells of atomic Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaojie Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haoliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Qing-Hua Zhang
- Beijing National Research Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Weiyi Ge
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ting Tan
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linbo Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qi An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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Guo H, Montes-García V, Peng H, Samorì P, Ciesielski A. Molecular Connectors Boosting the Performance of MoS 2 Cathodes in Zinc-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310338. [PMID: 38412411 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising energy storage systems due to high energy density, low-cost, and abundant availability of zinc as a raw material. However, the greatest challenge in ZIBs research is lack of suitable cathode materials that can reversibly intercalate Zn2+ ions. 2D layered materials, especially MoS2-based, attract tremendous interest due to large surface area and ability to intercalate/deintercalate ions. Unfortunately, pristine MoS2 obtained by traditional protocols such as chemical exfoliation or hydrothermal/solvothermal methods exhibits limited electronic conductivity and poor chemical stability upon charge/discharge cycling. Here, a novel molecular strategy to boost the electrochemical performance of MoS2 cathode materials for aqueous ZIBs is reported. The use of dithiolated conjugated molecular pillars, that is, 4,4'-biphenyldithiols, enables to heal defects and crosslink the MoS2 nanosheets, yielding covalently bridged networks (MoS2-SH2) with improved ionic and electronic conductivity and electrochemical performance. In particular, MoS2-SH2 electrodes display high specific capacity of 271.3 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, high energy density of 279 Wh kg-1, and high power density of 12.3 kW kg-1. With its outstanding rate capability (capacity of 148.1 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1) and stability (capacity of 179 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles), MoS2-SH2 electrodes outperform other MoS2-based electrodes in ZIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Guo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | | | - Haijun Peng
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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Dai Y, He Q, Huang Y, Duan X, Lin Z. Solution-Processable and Printable Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Inks. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5795-5845. [PMID: 38639932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with layered crystal structures have been attracting enormous research interest for their atomic thickness, mechanical flexibility, and excellent electronic/optoelectronic properties for applications in diverse technological areas. Solution-processable 2D TMD inks are promising for large-scale production of functional thin films at an affordable cost, using high-throughput solution-based processing techniques such as printing and roll-to-roll fabrications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the chemical synthesis of solution-processable and printable 2D TMD ink materials and the subsequent assembly into thin films for diverse applications. We start with the chemical principles and protocols of various synthesis methods for 2D TMD nanosheet crystals in the solution phase. The solution-based techniques for depositing ink materials into solid-state thin films are discussed. Then, we review the applications of these solution-processable thin films in diverse technological areas including electronics, optoelectronics, and others. To conclude, a summary of the key scientific/technical challenges and future research opportunities of solution-processable TMD inks is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiyuan He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Chen L, Dong Y, Jiang H, Hu Y, Li C. Metal-cation-directed self-assembly of hierarchical MoS2 nanotubes as high-performance anode for Na-ion batteries. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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K A SR, Adhikari S, Radhakrishnan S, Johari P, Rout CS. Effect of cobalt doping on the enhanced energy storage performance of 2D vanadium diselenide: experimental and theoretical investigations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:295703. [PMID: 35417889 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac66ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium Diselenide (VSe2) is a prominent candidate in the 2D transition metal dichalcogenides family for energy storage applications. Herein, we report the experimental and theoretical investigations on the effect of cobalt doping in 1T-VSe2. The energy storage performance in terms of specific capacitance, stability and energy and power density is studied. It is observed that 3% Co doped VSe2exhibits better energy storage performance as compared to other concentrations, with a specific capacitance of ∼193 F g-1in a two-electrode symmetric configuration. First-principles Density Functional Theory based simulations support the experimental findings by suggesting an enhanced quantum capacitance value after the Co doping in the 1T-VSe2. By making use of the advantages of the specific electrode materials, a solid state asymmetric supercapacitor (SASC) is also assembled with MoS2as the negative electrode. The assembled Co-VSe2//MoS2SASC device shows excellent energy storage performance with a maximum energy density of 33.36 Wh kg-1and a maximum power density of 5148 W kg-1with a cyclic stability of 90% after 5000 galvano static charge discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Raj K A
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain global campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagaram, Banglore-562112, India
| | - Surajit Adhikari
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh-201314, India
| | - Sithara Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain global campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagaram, Banglore-562112, India
| | - Priya Johari
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh-201314, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Rout
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain global campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagaram, Banglore-562112, India
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Zhuang J, Zhang M, Li B, Zhu H, Zhao X, Zheng Q, Xue N, Wang L, Liu Y, Tao X. Bimetallic sulfide ZnMoS4-x/C nanocoral synthesized through glucose-assisted supercritical water system and its high performance for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Design of few-layered 1T-MoS2 by supramolecular-assisted assembly with N-doped carbon quantum dots for supercapacitor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Peng YH, Kashale AA, Lai Y, Hsu FC, Chen IWP. Exfoliation of 2D materials by saponin in water: Aerogel adsorption / photodegradation organic dye. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129795. [PMID: 33581393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biggest challenge for the paint industry is to clean the contaminated waste dye solution before it released into the water or to reuse it to create new paint and to protect the water from environmental pollution. Here in this work, exfoliating layered transition metal dichalcogenide materials prepare to the exfoliated 2D materials thin sheets in water with the assistance of natural saponin. Then, the three-dimensional (3D) MoS2-aerogel composite was synthesized by using greenway exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 thin sheets to form MoS2-aerogel composite. The prepared 3D MoS2-aerogel composite demonstrates excellent 94% methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption ability over 5 min. Moreover, the adsorbed MB of the MoS2-aerogel shows ∼80% dye degradation activity in the presence of visible light. Therefore, these synthesized 3D MoS2-aerogel composite could be an excellent candidate for photocatalytic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Peng
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung City, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Anil A Kashale
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung City, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Yuekun Lai
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst (NERC-CFC), College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China
| | - Fei-Chien Hsu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung City, 95092, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Peter Chen
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung City, 95092, Taiwan.
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Dai Y, Liao X, Yu R, Li J, Li J, Tan S, He P, An Q, Wei Q, Chen L, Hong X, Zhao K, Ren Y, Wu J, Zhao Y, Mai L. Quicker and More Zn 2+ Storage Predominantly from the Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100359. [PMID: 33998711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are highly desirable for large-scale energy storage because of their low cost and high-level safety. However, achieving high energy and high power densities simultaneously is challenging. Herein, a VOx sub-nanometer cluster/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) cathode material composed of interfacial VOC bonds is artificially constructed. Therein, a new mechanism is revealed, where Zn2+ ions are predominantly stored at the interface between VOx and rGO, which causes anomalous valence changes compared to conventional mechanisms and exploits the storage ability of non-energy-storing active yet highly conductive rGO. Further, this interface-dominated storage triggers decoupled transport of electrons/Zn2+ ions, and the reversible destruction/reconstruction allows the interface to store more ions than the bulk. Finally, an ultrahigh rate capability (174.4 mAh g-1 at 100 A g-1 , i.e., capacity retention of 39.4% for a 1000-fold increase in current density) and a high capacity (443 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 , exceeding the theoretical capacities of each interfacial component) are achieved. Such interface-dominated storage is an exciting way to build high-energy- and high-power-density devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Nanostructure Research Centre, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pan He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qinyou An
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiulong Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lineng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xufeng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kangning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Ren
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Nanostructure Research Centre, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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10
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Wang LN, Wu X, Wang FT, Chen X, Xu J, Huang KJ. 1T-Phase MoS2 with large layer spacing supported on carbon cloth for high-performance Na+ storage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 583:579-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Xiong P, Zhang F, Zhang X, Wang S, Liu H, Sun B, Zhang J, Sun Y, Ma R, Bando Y, Zhou C, Liu Z, Sasaki T, Wang G. Strain engineering of two-dimensional multilayered heterostructures for beyond-lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3297. [PMID: 32620745 PMCID: PMC7335097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond-lithium-ion batteries are promising candidates for high-energy-density, low-cost and large-scale energy storage applications. However, the main challenge lies in the development of suitable electrode materials. Here, we demonstrate a new type of zero-strain cathode for reversible intercalation of beyond-Li+ ions (Na+, K+, Zn2+, Al3+) through interface strain engineering of a 2D multilayered VOPO4-graphene heterostructure. In-situ characterization and theoretical calculations reveal a reversible intercalation mechanism of cations in the 2D multilayered heterostructure with a negligible volume change. When applied as cathodes in K+-ion batteries, we achieve a high specific capacity of 160 mA h g-1 and a large energy density of ~570 W h kg-1, presenting the best reported performance to date. Moreover, the as-prepared 2D multilayered heterostructure can also be extended as cathodes for high-performance Na+, Zn2+, and Al3+-ion batteries. This work heralds a promising strategy to utilize strain engineering of 2D materials for advanced energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xiong
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Fan Zhang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225002, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shijian Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Hao Liu
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225002, Yangzhou, China
| | - Renzhi Ma
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Cuifeng Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Zongwen Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Takayoshi Sasaki
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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12
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Huang J, Pan X, Liao X, Yan M, Dunn B, Luo W, Mai L. In situ monitoring of the electrochemically induced phase transition of thermodynamically metastable 1T-MoS 2 at nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9246-9254. [PMID: 32307502 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1T-MoS2 is widely used in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its abundant active sites and good conductivity. However, 1T-MoS2 is thermodynamically metastable due to the distorted crystal structure. Recently, researchers have detected the J1 and A1g Raman peaks after the HER process and confirmed that the 2H-1T phase possesses good stability. Therefore, continuous HER is likely to transform 1T-MoS2 into a stable 2H-1T mixed phase. The in situ characterization of 1T-MoS2 individual nanosheets in the HER process is important to understand the intrinsic electrocatalytic behaviour at confined nanoscale, which has rarely been investigated. Herein, we built an individual 1T-MoS2 nanosheet micro-nano device by the intercalation of N-butyllithium into 2H-MoS2. Then, the device was kept at an overpotential (η) of 450 mV, which was much lower than the onset potential, for 20 minutes to ensure continuous HER. Through this electrochemical treatment, we successfully obtained a mixed phase of 2H-1T and monitored the electrochemical phase transition by in situ Raman mapping and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The HER performance of the 2H-1T phase was superior to that of 1T-MoS2 and 2H-MoS2. Additionally, computational simulations demonstrated that the 2H-1T phase exhibited optimal hydrogen adsorption energy. The presented work displays the excellent catalysis of the mixed phase obtained by the electrochemical phase transition, which provides new directions for improving the catalytic activity of TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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13
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Soares DM, Singh G. SiOC functionalization of MoS 2 as a means to improve stability as sodium-ion battery anode. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:145403. [PMID: 31860890 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab6480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of feasible, scalable, and environmentally-safe electrode materials that provide stable cycling performance are critical for success of beyond lithium rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. With respect to the sodium-ion battery (SIB) anodes constituting of transition metal dichalcogenides such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), poor cycle stability and fast capacity degradation, due to low electronic conductivity and dissolution of chemical species in the electrolyte, hinders use of these promising layered materials as SIB anodes. Herein we report chemical functionalization in MoS2 nanosheets with polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide or SiOC with the aim to preserve MoS2 from dissolution in the SIB organic electrolyte, without compromising its role in sodiation and desodiation processes. Our results suggest that a MoS2-SiOC composite electrode is effective in bringing improved cycle stability to sodium-ion cycling over neat MoS2 even after 100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Marcelo Soares
- Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States of America
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14
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Wang X, Chen B, Mao J, Sha J, Ma L, Zhao N, He F. Boosting the stable sodium-ion storage performance by tailoring the 1D TiO2@ReS2 core-shell heterostructures. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Huang HH, Fan X, Singh DJ, Zheng WT. Recent progress of TMD nanomaterials: phase transitions and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1247-1268. [PMID: 31912836 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) show wide ranges of electronic properties ranging from semiconducting, semi-metallic to metallic due to their remarkable structural differences. To obtain 2D TMDs with specific properties, it is extremely important to develop particular strategies to obtain specific phase structures. Phase engineering is a traditional method to achieve transformation from one phase to another controllably. Control of such transformations enables the control of properties and access to a range of properties, otherwise inaccessible. Then extraordinary structural, electronic and optical properties lead to a broad range of potential applications. In this review, we introduce the various electronic properties of 2D TMDs and their polymorphs, and strategies and mechanisms for phase transitions, and phase transition kinetics. Moreover, the potential applications of 2D TMDs in energy storage and conversion, including electro/photocatalysts, batteries/supercapacitors and electronic devices, are also discussed. Finally, opportunities and challenges are highlighted. This review may further promote the development of TMD phase engineering and shed light on other two-dimensional materials of fundamental interest and with potential ranges of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Huang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - David J Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7010, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - W T Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. and State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Dai M, Jia X, Liu H, Tong Y, Zhao D, Wu X, Wang B. Enhanced electrochemical performances of ZnCo2O4@CoMoO4 core–shell structures with long cycling stabilities. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6242-6248. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing electrode materials with high specific capacitance and excellent stability for energy storage is necessary to solve energy shortage issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Shenyang 110870
- P. R. China
| | - Xinxu Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Shenyang 110870
- P. R. China
| | - Hengqi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Shenyang 110870
- P. R. China
| | - Yongli Tong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Shenyang 110870
- P. R. China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Shenyang 110870
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Shenyang 110870
- P. R. China
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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17
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Dong Y, Xu Y, Li W, Fu Q, Wu M, Manske E, Kröger J, Lei Y. Insights into the Crystallinity of Layer-Structured Transition Metal Dichalcogenides on Potassium Ion Battery Performance: A Case Study of Molybdenum Disulfide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900497. [PMID: 30884201 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Layer-structured transition metal dichalcogenides (LS-TMDs) are being heavily studied in K-ion batteries (KIBs) owing to their structural uniqueness and interesting electrochemical mechanisms. Synthetic methods are designed primarily focusing on high capacities. The achieved performance is often the collective results of several contributing factors. It is important to decouple the factors and understand their functions individually. This work presents a study focusing on an individual factor, crystallinity, by taking MoS2 as a demonstrator. The performance of low and high-crystallized MoS2 is compared to show the function of crystallinity is dependent on the electrochemical mechanism. Lower crystallinity can alleviate diffusional limitation in 0.5-3.0 V, where intercalation reaction takes charge in storing K-ions. Higher crystallinity can ensure the structural stability of the MoS2 layers and promote surface charge storage in 0.01-3.0 V, where conversion reaction mainly contributes. The low-crystallized MoS2 exhibits an intercalation capacity (118 mAh g-1 ), good cyclability (85% over 100 cycles), and great rate capability (41 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 ), and the high-crystallized MoS2 delivers a high capacity of 330 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 and retains 161 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 , being one of the best among the reported LS-TMDs in KIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Dong
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, 98693, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qun Fu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Eberhard Manske
- Institut für Prozessmess- und Sensortechnik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, 98693, Germany
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, 98693, Germany
| | - Yong Lei
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, 98693, Germany
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Gong S, Zhao G, Lyu P, Sun K. A Pseudolayered MoS 2 as Li-Ion Intercalation Host with Enhanced Rate Capability and Durability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803344. [PMID: 30345625 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a popular strategy, interlayer expansion significantly improves the Li-ion diffusion kinetics in the MoS2 host, while the large interlayer spacing weakens the van der Waals force between MoS2 monolayers, thus harming its structural stability. Here, an oxygen-incorporated MoS2 (O-MoS2 )/graphene composite as a self-supported intercalation host of Li-ion is prepared. The composite delivers a specific capacity of 80 mAh g-1 in only 36 s at a mass loading of 1 mg cm-2 , and it can be cycled 3000 times (over 91% capacity retention) with a 5 mg cm-2 loading at 2 A g-1 . The O-MoS2 exhibits a dominant 1T phase with an expanded layer spacing of 10.15 Å, leading to better Li-ion intercalation kinetics compared with pristine MoS2 . Furthermore, ex situ X-ray diffraction tests indicate that O-MoS2 sustains a stable structure in cycling compared with the gradual collapse of pristine MoS2 , which suffers from excessive lattice breathing. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the MoOx (OH)y pillars in O-MoS2 interlayers not only expand the layer spacing, but also tense the MoS2 layers to avoid exfoliation in cycling. Therefore, the O-MoS2 shows a pseudolayered structure, leading to remarkable durability besides the outstanding rate capability as a Li-ion intercalation host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Lyu
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Kening Sun
- Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
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Yao K, Xu Z, Li Z, Liu X, Shen X, Cao L, Huang J. Synthesis of Grain-like MoS 2 for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2130-2137. [PMID: 29729084 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
MoS2 is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its attractive theoretical capacity and low cost. MoS2 generally presents a sheet-like structure based on its (002) lattice plane; however, such a structure tends to result in agglomeration and stacking of the sheets that cannot accommodate volume expansion, resulting in poor cyclability. Herein, grain-like MoS2 particulates (G-MoS2 ) are synthesized by sulfiding MoO3 in highly concentrated sulfur vapor, which results in epitaxial growth of MoS2 in (002), (100), and (110) lattice planes, with the product consisting of MoS2 particulates of about 300 nm coated with few-layered MoS2 nanosheets. The unique G-MoS2 architecture ensures good dispersion and sufficient distance to accommodate volume expansion during sodiation/desodiation, which effectively prevents stacking of MoS2 , maintaining structural stability. When employed as the working electrode for SIB, G-MoS2 delivers a high reversible capacity of 324 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 , retaining 312 mAh g-1 over 300 cycles with an average coulombic efficiency of 99.8 %. Even when G-MoS2 is cycled at a high current density (2.0 A g-1 ), the retained capacity is 175 mAh g-1 after 400 cycles. Comparison with literature reveals that these capacities are among the more promising reversible values reported for pure MoS2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Zhanwei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Xuetao Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Liyun Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
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Wang R, Wang S, Zhang Y, Jin D, Tao X, Zhang L. Sodium storage in a promising MoS 2-carbon anode: elucidating structural and interfacial transitions in the intercalation process and conversion reactions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11165-11175. [PMID: 29873377 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries and capacitors are considered as low-cost energy storage devices, compared to Li-ion counterparts. However, most anodes for sodium-ion devices show sluggish kinetics and poor structural stability caused by the large radius (1.02 Å) of Na+. One candidate anode is MoS2, a 2D atomic layered material with a large interlayer spacing of 6.2 Å, that can take up and release Na+via two working principles: a two-electron intercalation process and a four-electron conversion reaction. Herein, we report a facile method to synthesize a MoS2-amorphous carbon (MoS2-AC) nanocomposite and further study the effect of the two working principles on the structure, interphase, and charge storage properties of MoS2-AC. The two-electron intercalation reaction enables the MoS2-AC electrode to have a higher rate capability and superior stability than that via the four-electron Na+ conversion reaction. This favorable Na+ charge storage performance of MoS2-AC via the two-electron intercalation process is attributed to its pseudocapacitive behavior, a stable solid electrolyte interphase and robust stability of the structure, which enables us to fabricate a sodium-ion capacitor that can deliver high energy density at a high rate. This work underscores the potential importance of realizing fast Na+ charge storage via an intercalation process as a strategy for the fabrication of high-performance sodium-ion capacitors and batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
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Huang S, Meng C, Xiao M, Ren S, Wang S, Han D, Li Y, Meng Y. Pseudocapacitive Sodium Storage by Ferroelectric Sn 2 P 2 S 6 with Layered Nanostructure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1704367. [PMID: 29676056 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium ion batteries (SIB) are considered promising alternative candidates for lithium ion batteries (LIB) because of the wide availability and low cost of sodium, therefore the development of alternative sodium storage materials with comparable performance to LIB is urgently desired. The sodium ions with larger sizes resist intercalation or alloying because of slow reaction kinetics. Most pseudocapacitive sodium storage materials are based on subtle nanomaterial engineering, which is difficult for large-scale production. Here, ferroelectric Sn2 P2 S6 with layered nanostructure is developed as sodium ion storage material. The ferroelectricity-enhanced pseudocapacitance of sodium ion in the interlayer spacing makes the electrochemical reaction easier and faster, endowing the Sn2 P2 S6 electrode with excellent rate capability and cycle stability. Furthermore, the facile solid state reaction synthesis and common electrode fabrication make the Sn2 P2 S6 that becomes a promising anode material of SIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chao Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Min Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shan Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shuanjin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen Univeristy, Zhuhai, 519082, P. R. China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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22
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Yu C, Yan X, Liu Q, Xu B, Wang LM. Synthesis of severe lattice distorted MoS2 coupled with hetero-bonds as anode for superior lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Dong H, Xu Y, Zhang C, Wu Y, Zhou M, Liu L, Dong Y, Fu Q, Wu M, Lei Y. MoS2 nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing for enhanced sodium storage. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00969d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interlayer spacing of MoS2 is largely expanded to fully exploit the van der Waals gaps for Na-ion storage.
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Zhang D, Zhao G, Li P, Zhang Y, Qiu W, Shu J, Jiang Y, Dou SX, Sun W. Readily Exfoliated TiSe
2
Nanosheets for High‐Performance Sodium Storage. Chemistry 2017; 24:1193-1197. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for, Information Technology of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute of Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Guotai Junan Securities Co. Ltd. Shanghai 200120 P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute of Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Peng Li
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute of Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute of Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Wenbin Qiu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute of Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Jie Shu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Yinzhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for, Information Technology of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute of Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Wenping Sun
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials Australian Institute of Innovative Materials University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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