1
|
Alinia Z, Akbarzadeh H, Mohammadi Zonoz F, Tayebee R. Enhancing the seawater desalination performance of multilayer reduced graphene oxide membranes by introducing in-plane nanopores: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9722-9732. [PMID: 38470395 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, using MD simulation, the effect of creating in-plane nanopores in a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membrane and the formation of a reduced nanoporous graphene oxide (rNPGO) membrane is proposed to increase salt rejection and water flux. To this end, the desalination performance of r1NPGO, r2NPGO and r4NPGO membranes, which have 1, 2 and 4 pore(s), respectively, with a diameter of 0.9 nm and the r1NPGO-3 nm membrane, which has 1 pore with an approximate diameter of 3.0 nm, was investigated and compared from a molecular point of view. The simulation results show that in the rNPGO membranes, by increasing the number of pores from 1 to 4, water flux increases by ∼6 times compared to the rGO membrane. Meanwhile, upon increasing the pore size from 0.9 to 3.0 nm, water flux is enhanced by ∼16 times compared to the rGO membrane. The simulation results also demonstrate that the rGO membrane has two paths for water penetration, which are called the interlayer pathway and in-slit pathway. Moreover, pores in the rNPGO membranes provide another additional path for water transfer by shortening the lateral size of the membranes. This path is referred to as the in-pore pathway. By increasing the size of the pore in the r1NPGO-3 nm membrane, the contribution of the in-pore pathway increases and plays an important role. Furthermore, the simulation results show that in all rGO and rNPGO membranes, the interlayer space acts as a barrier for ions. Therefore, complete salt rejection is observed. Interestingly, by increasing the pore size in the r1NPGO-3 nm membrane, this membrane still maintains complete salt rejection. The observed phenomenon can be a result of very high water flux in this membrane. By increasing water flux, the presence of water molecules around Na+ and Cl- ions decreases. As a result, the formation of Na+Cl- ionic clusters is strengthened in such a way that these clusters do not have the ability to pass through large pores of 3.0 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Alinia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran.
| | - H Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
| | - F Mohammadi Zonoz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran.
| | - R Tayebee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu SH, Zhou JH, Wu C, Zhang P, Cao X, Sun JK. Sub-8 nm networked cage nanofilm with tunable nanofluidic channels for adaptive sieving. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2478. [PMID: 38509092 PMCID: PMC10954766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological cell membrane featuring smart mass-transport channels and sub-10 nm thickness was viewed as the benchmark inspiring the design of separation membranes; however, constructing highly connective and adaptive pore channels over large-area membranes less than 10 nm in thickness is still a huge challenge. Here, we report the design and fabrication of sub-8 nm networked cage nanofilms that comprise of tunable, responsive organic cage-based water channels via a free-interface-confined self-assembly and crosslinking strategy. These cage-bearing composite membranes display outstanding water permeability at the 10-5 cm2 s-1 scale, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional polymeric membranes. Furthermore, the channel microenvironments including hydrophilicity and steric hindrance can be manipulated by a simple anion exchange strategy. In particular, through ionically associating light-responsive anions to cage windows, such 'smart' membrane can even perform graded molecular sieving. The emergence of these networked cage-nanofilms provides an avenue for developing bio-inspired ultrathin membranes toward smart separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hua Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Jun-Hao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Chunrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xingzhong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krishnan K, Crawford JM, Thallapally PK, Carreon MA. Porous Organic Cages CC3 and CC2 as Adsorbents for the Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Krishnan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
| | - James M. Crawford
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
| | | | - Moises A. Carreon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dou H, Xu M, Wang B, Zhang Z, Wen G, Zheng Y, Luo D, Zhao L, Yu A, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Chen Z. Microporous framework membranes for precise molecule/ion separations. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:986-1029. [PMID: 33226395 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00552e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microporous framework membranes such as metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes and covalent organic framework (COF) membranes are constructed by the controlled growth of small building blocks with large porosity and permanent well-defined micropore structures, which can overcome the ubiquitous tradeoff between membrane permeability and selectivity; they hold great promise for the enormous challenging separations in energy and environment fields. Therefore, microporous framework membranes are endowed with great expectations as next-generation membranes, and have evolved into a booming research field. Numerous novel membrane materials, versatile manipulation strategies of membrane structures, and fascinating applications have erupted in the last five years. First, this review summarizes and categorizes the microporous framework membranes with pore sizes lower than 2 nm based on their chemistry: inorganic microporous framework membranes, organic-inorganic microporous framework membranes, and organic microporous framework membranes, where the chemistry, fabrications, and differences among these membranes have been highlighted. Special attention is paid to the membrane structures and their corresponding modifications, including pore architecture, intercrystalline grain boundary, as well as their diverse control strategies. Then, the separation mechanisms of membranes are covered, such as diffusion-selectivity separation, adsorption-selectivity separation, and synergetic adsorption-diffusion-selectivity separation. Meanwhile, intricate membrane design to realize synergistic separation and some emerging mechanisms are highlighted. Finally, the applications of microporous framework membranes for precise gas separation, liquid molecule separation, and ion sieving are summarized. The remaining challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed. This timely review may provide genuine guidance on the manipulation of membrane structures and inspire creative designs of novel membranes, promoting the sustainable development and steadily increasing prosperity of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu J, Yuan S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Tian M, Van der Bruggen B. Microporous organic polymer-based membranes for ultrafast molecular separations. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
7
|
Zhao D, Wang Y, Su Q, Li L, Zhou J. Lysozyme Adsorption on Porous Organic Cages: A Molecular Simulation Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12299-12308. [PMID: 32988201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, porous organic cages (POCs) have emerged as a novel porous material with many merits and are widely utilized in many application fields. In this work, for the first time, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the mechanism of lysozyme adsorption onto the CC3 crystal, a kind of widely studied POC material. The simulation results show that lysozyme adsorbs onto the surface of CC3 with "top end-on," "back-on," or "side-on" orientations. It is found that the van der Waals interaction is the primary contribution to the binding; the conformation of the lysozyme is well preserved during the adsorption process. This provides some evidence for its biocompatibility and feasibility in biorelated applications. Arginine plays an important role in mediating the adsorption through nonpolar aliphatic chains. More importantly, the distribution and structure of the water layer on the POC surface has a significant impact on adsorption. This study provides insights into the development of POC materials with defined morphologies for the adsorption of biomolecules and may help the rational design of biorelated systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daohui Zhao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Qianwen Su
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Libo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan YD, Dong J, Liu J, Zhao D, Wu H, Zhou W, Gan HX, Tong YW, Jiang J, Zhao D. Porous organic cages as synthetic water channels. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4927. [PMID: 33004793 PMCID: PMC7530991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has protein channels (e.g., aquaporins) that preferentially transport water molecules while rejecting even the smallest hydrated ions. Aspirations to create robust synthetic counterparts have led to the development of a few one-dimensional channels. However, replicating the performance of the protein channels in these synthetic water channels remains a challenge. In addition, the dimensionality of the synthetic water channels also imposes engineering difficulties to align them in membranes. Here we show that zero-dimensional porous organic cages (POCs) with nanoscale pores can effectively reject small cations and anions while allowing fast water permeation (ca. 109 water molecules per second) on the same magnitude as that of aquaporins. Water molecules are found to preferentially flow in single-file, branched chains within the POCs. This work widens the choice of water channel morphologies for water desalination applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Di Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daohui Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Wu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Hui Xian Gan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 117411, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Z, Jiang J. POC/PIM-1 mixed-matrix membranes for water desalination: A molecular simulation study. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Zhu G, O'Nolan D, Lively RP. Molecularly Mixed Composite Membranes: Challenges and Opportunities. Chemistry 2019; 26:3464-3473. [PMID: 31549449 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of porous molecules, such as metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs), porous organic cages (POCs) and others, has given rise to the potential for creating "solid solutions" of molecular fillers and polymers. Such solid solutions circumvent longstanding interface issues associated with mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), and are referred to as molecularly mixed composite membranes (MMCMs) to distinguish them from traditional two-phase MMMs. Early investigations of MMCMs highlight the advantages of solid solutions over MMMs, including dispersion of the filler, anti-plasticization of the polymer network, and removal of deleterious interfacial issues. However, the exact microscopic structure as well as the transport modality in this new class of membrane are not well understood. Moreover, there are clear engineering challenges that need to be addressed for MMCMs to transition into the field. In this Minireview, the authors outline several scientific and technological challenges associated with the aforementioned questions and their suggestions to tackle them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zhu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Daniel O'Nolan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bavykina A, Cadiau A, Gascon J. Porous liquids based on porous cages, metal organic frameworks and metal organic polyhedra. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Zhao D, Liu J, Jiang J. Porous organic cages embedded in a lipid membrane for water desalination: A molecular simulation study. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
14
|
Liu J, Kong X, Jiang J. Solvent nanofiltration through polybenzimidazole membranes: Unravelling the role of pore size from molecular simulations. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Day GM, Cooper AI. Energy-Structure-Function Maps: Cartography for Materials Discovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704944. [PMID: 29205536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most successful approaches to structural design in materials chemistry have exploited strong directional bonds, whose geometric reliability lends predictability to solid-state assembly. For example, metal-organic frameworks are an important design platform in materials chemistry. By contrast, the structure of molecular crystals is defined by a balance of weaker intermolecular forces, and small changes to the molecular building blocks can lead to large changes in crystal packing. Hence, empirical rules are inherently less reliable for engineering the structures of molecular solids. Energy-structure-function (ESF) maps are a new approach for the discovery of functional organic crystals. These maps fuse crystal-structure prediction with the computation of physical properties to allow researchers to choose the most promising molecule for a given application, prior to its synthesis. ESF maps were used recently to discover a highly porous molecular crystal that has a high methane deliverable capacity and the lowest density molecular crystal reported to date (r = 0.41 g cm-3 , SABET = 3425 m2 g-1 ). Progress in this field is reviewed, with emphasis on the future opportunities and challenges for a design strategy based on computed ESF maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, Leverhulme Centre for Functional Materials Design, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mahdizadeh SJ, Goharshadi EK, Akhlamadi G. Seawater desalination using pillared graphene as a novel nano-membrane in reverse osmosis process: nonequilibrium MD simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22241-22248. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the applicability and efficiency of two types of pillared graphene nanostructures, namely, (6,6)@G and (7,7)@G, were investigated as membranes in reverse osmosis seawater desalination using extensive nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaheh K. Goharshadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
- Nano Research Center
| | - Golnoosh Akhlamadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
| |
Collapse
|