1
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Barrena-Espés D, Munárriz J, Martín Pendás Á. How electrons still guard the space: Electron number distribution functions based on QTAIM∩ELF intersections. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144106. [PMID: 38591678 DOI: 10.1063/5.0199318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of the one-particle picture provided by the orbital paradigm, a rigorous understanding of the spatial distribution of electrons in molecules is still of paramount importance to chemistry. Considerable progress has been made following the introduction of topological approaches, capable of partitioning space into chemically meaningful regions. They usually provide atomic partitions, for example, through the attraction basins of the electron density in the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) or electron-pair decompositions, as in the case of the electron localization function (ELF). In both cases, the so-called electron distribution functions (EDFs) provide a rich statistical description of the electron distribution in these spatial domains. Here, we take the EDF concept to a new fine-grained limit by calculating EDFs in the QTAIM ∩ ELF intersection domains. As shown in AHn systems based on main group elements, as well as in the CO, NO, and BeO molecules, this approach provides an exquisitely detailed picture of the electron distribution in molecules, allowing for an insightful combination of the distribution of electrons between Lewis entities (such as bonds and lone pairs) and atoms at the same time. Besides mean-field calculations, we also explore the impact of electron correlation through Hartree-Fock (HF), density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP), and CASSCF calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Barrena-Espés
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julen Munárriz
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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2
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Abbenseth J, Townrow OPE, Goicoechea JM. Thermoneutral N−H Bond Activation of Ammonia by a Geometrically Constrained Phosphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
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3
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Abbenseth J, Townrow OPE, Goicoechea JM. Thermoneutral N-H Bond Activation of Ammonia by a Geometrically Constrained Phosphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23625-23629. [PMID: 34478227 PMCID: PMC8596738 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A geometrically constrained phosphine bearing a tridentate NNS pincer ligand is reported. The effect of the geometric constraint on the electronic structure was probed by theoretical calculations and derivatization reactions. Reactions with N−H bonds result in formation of cooperative addition products. The thermochemistry of these transformations is strongly dependent on the substrate, with ammonia activation being thermoneutral. This represents the first example of a molecular compound that reversibly activates ammonia via N−H bond scission in solution upon mild heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
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4
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Barrales-Martínez C, Gutiérrez-Oliva S, Toro-Labbé A, Pendás ÁM. Interacting Quantum Atoms Analysis of the Reaction Force: A Tool to Analyze Driving and Retarding Forces in Chemical Reactions. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1976-1988. [PMID: 34293240 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the reaction force and its topology has provided a wide range of fruitful concepts in the theory of chemical reactivity over the years, allowing to identify chemically relevant regions along a reaction profile. The reaction force (RF), a projection of the Hellmann-Feynman forces acting on the nuclei of a molecular system onto a suitable reaction coordinate, is partitioned using the interacting quantum atoms approach (IQA). The exact IQA molecular energy decomposition is now shown to open a unique window to identify and quantify the chemical entities that drive or retard a chemical reaction. The RF/IQA coupling offers an extraordinarily detailed view of the type and number of elementary processes that take reactants into products, as tested on two sets of simple reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Barrales-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Gutiérrez-Oliva
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Ayarde-Henríquez L, Guerra C, Duque-Noreña M, Rincón E, Pérez P, Chamorro E. Are There Only Fold Catastrophes in the Diels-Alder Reaction Between Ethylene and 1,3-Butadiene? J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5152-5165. [PMID: 33977708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work revisits the topological characterization of the Diels-Alder reaction between 1,3-butadiene and ethylene. In contrast to the currently accepted rationalization, we here provide strong evidence in support of a representation in terms of seven structural stability domains separated by a sequence of 10 elementary catastrophes, but all are only of the fold type (F and F†), that is, C4H6 + C2H4:1-7-[FF]F[F†F†][F†F†][FF]F†-0: C6H10. Such an unexpected finding provides fundamental new insights opening simplifying perspectives concerning the rationalization of the CC bond formation in pericyclic reactions in terms of the simplest Thom's elementary catastrophe, namely, the one-(state) variable, one-(control) parameter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Rincón
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Las encinas 220, 5110033 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
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Au YK, Zhang J, Quan Y, Xie Z. Ir-Catalyzed Selective B(3)-H Amination of o-Carboranes with NH3. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4148-4153. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yik Ki Au
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangjian Quan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
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Munárriz J, Gallegos M, Contreras-García J, Martín Pendás Á. Energetics of Electron Pairs in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions. Molecules 2021; 26:513. [PMID: 33478091 PMCID: PMC7835785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interacting quantum atoms approach (IQA) as applied to the electron-pair exhaustive partition of real space induced by the electron localization function (ELF) is used to examine candidate energetic descriptors to rationalize substituent effects in simple electrophilic aromatic substitutions. It is first shown that inductive and mesomeric effects can be recognized from the decay mode of the aromatic valence bond basin populations with the distance to the substituent, and that the fluctuation of the population of adjacent bonds holds also regioselectivity information. With this, the kinetic energy of the electrons in these aromatic basins, as well as their mutual exchange-correlation energies are proposed as suitable energetic indices containing relevant information about substituent effects. We suggest that these descriptors could be used to build future reactive force fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Munárriz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Miguel Gallegos
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | | | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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Guevara-Vela JM, Francisco E, Rocha-Rinza T, Martín Pendás Á. Interacting Quantum Atoms-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E4028. [PMID: 32899346 PMCID: PMC7504790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is threefold. On the one hand, we intend it to serve as a gentle introduction to the Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA) methodology for those unfamiliar with it. Second, we expect it to act as an up-to-date reference of recent developments related to IQA. Finally, we want it to highlight a non-exhaustive, yet representative set of showcase examples about how to use IQA to shed light in different chemical problems. To accomplish this, we start by providing a brief context to justify the development of IQA as a real space alternative to other existent energy partition schemes of the non-relativistic energy of molecules. We then introduce a self-contained algebraic derivation of the methodological IQA ecosystem as well as an overview of how these formulations vary with the level of theory employed to obtain the molecular wavefunction upon which the IQA procedure relies. Finally, we review the several applications of IQA as examined by different research groups worldwide to investigate a wide variety of chemical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Guevara-Vela
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán C.P., Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.M.G.-V.); (T.R.-R.)
| | - Evelio Francisco
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Tomás Rocha-Rinza
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán C.P., Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (J.M.G.-V.); (T.R.-R.)
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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9
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Yepes D, Munarriz J, Daniel l'Anson, Contreras-Garcia J, Jaque P. Real-Space Approach to the Reaction Force: Understanding the Origin of Synchronicity/Nonsynchronicity in Multibond Chemical Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1959-1972. [PMID: 32058718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present a complementary analysis based on the reaction force F(ξ)/reaction force constant κ(ξ) and noncovalent interactions (NCI) index to characterize the energetics (kinetic and thermodynamics) and mechanistic pathways of two sets of multibond chemical reactions, namely, two double-proton transfer and two Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions. This approach offers a very straightforward and useful way to delve into a deeper understanding of this type of process. While F(ξ) allows the partition of the whole pathway into three regions or phases, κ(ξ) describes how orchestrated are the bond-breaking and bond-formation events. In turn, NCI indicates how the inter- and intramolecular bonds evolve. The most innovative aspect is the inclusion of the formation of the reactant complex along the pathway, which, by means of NCI, unveils the early molecular recognition and the comprehension of its role in determining the degree of the synchronicity/nonsynchronicity of one-step processes. This approach should be a useful and alternative tool to characterize the energetics and the mechanism of general chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Quı́micas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julen Munarriz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, CC 137-4, place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Daniel l'Anson
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, CC 137-4, place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Julia Contreras-Garcia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, CC 137-4, place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica y Fisicoquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007 Santiago, Chile
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10
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Recent advances in the chemistry of group 9—Pincer organometallics. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Munárriz J, Calatayud M, Contreras-García J. Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory Revisited: An Explanation for Core Polarization. Chemistry 2019; 25:10938-10945. [PMID: 31206860 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory constitutes one of the pillars of theoretical predictive chemistry. It was proposed even before the advent of the concept of "spin", and it is still a very useful tool in chemistry. In this article we propose an extension of VSEPR theory to understand the core structure and predict core polarization in the main-group elements. We show from first principles (Electron Localization Function analysis) how the inner- and outer-core shells are organized. In particular, electrons in these regions are structured following the shape of the dual polyhedron of the valence shell (3rd period) or the equivalent polyhedron (4th and 5th periods). We interpret these results in terms of "hard" and "soft" core character. All the studied systems follow this trend, providing a framework for predicting electron distribution in the core. We also show that lone pairs behave as "standard ligands" in terms of core polarization. The predictive character of the model was tested by proposing the core polarization in different systems not included in the original set (such as XeF4 and [Fe(CN)6 ]3- ) and checking the hypothesis by means of a posteriori calculations. From the experimental point of view, the extension of VSEPR to the core region has consequences for current crystallography research. In particular, it explains the core polarization revealed by high resolution X-ray experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Munárriz
- Departamento de Química Física, and Instituto de Biocomputación y, Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, 75005, France.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mónica Calatayud
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, 75005, France
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12
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Munárriz J, Laplaza R, Martín Pendás A, Contreras-García J. A first step towards quantum energy potentials of electron pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4215-4223. [PMID: 30747171 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A first step towards the construction of a quantum force field for electron pairs in direct space is taken. Making use of topological tools (Interacting Quantum Atoms and the Electron Localisation Function), we have analysed the dependency of electron pairs electrostatic, kinetic and exchange-correlation energies upon bond stretching. Simple correlations were found, and can be explained with elementary models such as the homogeneous electron gas. The resulting energy model is applicable to various bonding regimes: from homopolar to highly polarized and even to non-conventional bonds. Overall, this is a fresh approach for developing real space-based force fields including an exchange-correlation term. It provides the relative weight of each of the contributions, showing that, in common Lewis structures, the exchange correlation contribution between electron pairs is negligible. However, our results reveal that classical approximations progressively fail for delocalised electrons, including lone pairs. This theoretical framework justifies the success of the classic Bond Charge Model (BCM) approach in solid state systems and sets the basis of its limits. Finally, this approach opens the door towards the development of quantitative rigorous energy models based on the ELF topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Munárriz
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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13
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Munárriz J, Laplaza R, Polo V. A bonding evolution theory study on the catalytic Noyori hydrogenation reaction. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1542168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julen Munárriz
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ruben Laplaza
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, LCT, Paris, France
| | - Víctor Polo
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Petković M, Nakarada Đ, Etinski M. When hydroquinone meets methoxy radical: Hydrogen abstraction reaction from the viewpoint of interacting quantum atoms. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1868-1877. [PMID: 29799128 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interacting Quantum Atoms methodology is used for a detailed analysis of hydrogen abstraction reaction from hydroquinone by methoxy radical. Two pathways are analyzed, which differ in the orientation of the reactants at the corresponding transition states. Although the discrepancy between the two barriers amounts to only 2 kJ/mol, which implies that the two pathways are of comparable probability, the extent of intra-atomic and inter-atomic energy changes differs considerably. We thus demonstrated that Interacting Quantum Atoms procedure can be applied to unravel distinct energy transfer routes in seemingly similar mechanisms. Identification of energy components with the greatest contribution to the variation of the overall energy (intra-atomic and inter-atomic terms that involve hydroquinone's oxygen and the carbon atom covalently bound to it, the transferring hydrogen and methoxy radical's oxygen), is performed using the Relative energy gradient method. Additionally, the Interacting Quantum Fragments approach shed light on the nature of dominant interactions among selected fragments: both Coulomb and exchange-correlation contributions are of comparable importance when considering interactions of the transferring hydrogen atom with all other atoms, whereas the exchange-correlation term dominates interaction between methoxy radical's methyl group and hydroquinone's aromatic ring. This study represents one of the first applications of Interacting Quantum Fragments approach on first order saddle points. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Petković
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11 158, Serbia
| | - Đura Nakarada
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11 158, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Etinski
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11 158, Serbia
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