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Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polyether-Ether-Ketone Nanocomposites and Analysis of the Mechanical and Electrical Conductivity Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214623. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is highly desirable for a plethora of engineering applications. The incorporation of conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into PEEK can impart electrical conductivity to the otherwise non-conductive matrix, which can further expand the application realm for PEEK composites. However, a number of physical properties, which are central to the functionalities of the composite, are affected by the complex interplay of the crystallinity and presence of the nanofillers, such as CNTs. It is therefore of paramount importance to conduct an in-depth investigation to identify the process that optimizes the mechanical and electrical performance. In this work, PEEK/CNTs composites with different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) content ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 wt% are prepared by a parallel twin-screw extruder. The effects of CNTs content and annealing treatment on the crystallization behavior, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the PEEK/CNTs composites are investigated in detail. A non-isothermal crystallization kinetics test reveals a substantial loss in the composites’ crystallinity with the increased CNTs content. On the other hand, mechanical tests show that with 5.0 wt% CNTs content, the tensile strength reaches a maximum at 118.2 MPa, which amounts to a rise of 30.3% compared with the neat PEEK sample after annealing treatment. However, additional annealing treatment decreases the electrical conductivity as well as EMI shielding performance. Such a decrease is mainly attributed to the relatively small crystal size of PEEK, which excludes the conductive fillers to the boundaries and disrupts the otherwise conductive networks.
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Strugova D, Ferreira Junior JC, David É, Demarquette NR. Ultra-Low Percolation Threshold Induced by Thermal Treatments in Co-Continuous Blend-Based PP/PS/MWCNTs Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061620. [PMID: 34205535 PMCID: PMC8234504 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the crystallization of polypropylene (PP) forming an immiscible polymer blend with polystyrene (PS) containing conductive multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on its electrical conductivity and electrical percolation threshold (PT) was investigated in this work. PP/PS/MWCNTs composites with a co-continuous morphology and a concentration of MWCNTs ranging from 0 to 2 wt.% were obtained. The PT was greatly reduced by a two-step approach. First, a 50% reduction in the PT was achieved by using the effect of double percolation in the blend system compared to PP/MWCNTs. Second, with the additional thermal treatments, referred to as slow-cooling treatment (with the cooling rate 0.5 °C/min), and isothermal treatment (at 135 °C for 15 min), ultra-low PT values were achieved for the PP/PS/MWCNTs system. A 0.06 wt.% of MWCNTs was attained upon the use of the slow-cooling treatment and 0.08 wt.% of MWCNTs upon the isothermal treatment. This reduction is attributed to PP crystals' volume exclusion, with no alteration in the blend morphology.
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Properties of Conductive Polyacrylonitrile Fibers Prepared by Using Benzoxazine Modified Carbon Black. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010179. [PMID: 31936638 PMCID: PMC7023192 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites of carbon black (CB) and polymers are attractive for producing conductive fibers. Herein, to achieve improved interactions with polymers, the surface of CB was modified to form 4-aminobenzoyl-functionalized carbon black (ABCB), benzoxazine-functionalized carbon black (BZCB), and Ag-anchored carbon black (Ag-ABCB). The surface-modified CBs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the presence of Ag in Ag-ABCB. Conductive polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were wet-spun with conductive fillers (CB, ABCB, Ag-ABCB, and BZCB) to investigate the effects of various functional groups on the electrical and mechanical properties. After annealing the conductive PAN fibers, the conductivity and tensile strength greatly increased, whereas the diameter decreased. Notably, the fiber with a BZCB/PAN weight ratio of 12/88 possessed a conductivity of 8.9 × 10−4 S/cm, and strength of 110.4 MPa, and thus the highest conductivity and best mechanical properties in the conductive PAN fiber. These results indicate that the annealed BZCB/PAN fibers have potential applications in the manufacturing of antistatic fabrics.
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Lai F, Wang BB, Zhang P. Enhanced positive temperature coefficient in amorphous PS/CSPE-MWCNT composites with low percolation threshold. J Appl Polym Sci 2019; 136:47053. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
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Effects of the total content of eutectic Sn-Cu alloy and Cu particles used as conductive filler on the structure and properties of polyamide-66 composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Duan L, D'hooge DR, Spoerk M, Cornillie P, Cardon L. Facile and Low-Cost Route for Sensitive Stretchable Sensors by Controlling Kinetic and Thermodynamic Conductive Network Regulating Strategies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22678-22691. [PMID: 29808670 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are designed employing a facile and low-cost extrusion manufacturing process for both low- and high-strain sensing in the field of, for example, structural health/damage monitoring and human body movement tracking. Focus is on the morphology control for extrusion-processed carbon black (CB)-filled CPCs, utilizing binary and ternary composites based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and olefin block copolymer (OBC). The relevance of the correct CB amount, kinetic control through a variation of the compounding sequence, and thermodynamic control induced by annealing is highlighted, considering a wide range of experimental (e.g., static and dynamic resistance/scanning electron microscopy/rheological measurements) and theoretical analyses. High CB mass fractions (20 m %) are needed for OBC (or TPU)-CB binary composites but only lead to an intermediate sensitivity as their conductive network is fully packed and therefore difficult to be truly destructed. Annealing is needed to enable a monotonic increase of the relative resistance with respect to strain. With ternary composites, a much higher sensitivity with a clearer monotonic increase results, provided that a low CB mass fraction (10-16 m %) is used and annealing is applied. In particular, with CB first dispersed in OBC and annealing, a less compact, hence, brittle conductive network (10-12 m % CB) is obtained, allowing high-performance sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Duan
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 915 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 914 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 907 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 915 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
- Institute of Polymer Processing , Montanuniversitaet Leoben , A-8700 Leoben , Austria
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering , Ghent University , Technologiepark 915 , Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052 , Belgium
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