1
|
Meng T, Shi X, Chen H, Xu Z, Qin W, Wei K, Yang X, Huang J, Liao C. Mitochondrial-targeted cyclometalated Ir(III)-5,7-dibromo/dichloro-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline complexes and their anticancer efficacy evaluation in Hep-G2 cells. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae032. [PMID: 38955388 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Both 8-hydroxyquinoline compounds and iridium (Ir) complexes have emerged as potential novel agents for tumor therapy. In this study, we synthesized and characterized two new Ir(III) complexes, [Ir(L1)(bppy)2] (Br-Ir) and [Ir(L2)(bppy)2] (Cl-Ir), with 5,7-dibromo-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (HL-1) or 5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline as the primary ligand. Complexes Br-Ir and Cl-Ir successfully inhibited antitumor activity in Hep-G2 cells. In addition, complexes Br-Ir and Cl-Ir were localized in the mitochondrial membrane and caused mitochondrial damage, autophagy, and cellular immunity in Hep-G2 cells. We tested the proteins related to mitochondrial and mitophagy by western blot analysis, which showed that they triggered mitophagy-mediated apoptotic cell death. Remarkably, complex Br-Ir showed high in vivo antitumor activity, and the tumor growth inhibition rate was 63.0% (P < 0.05). In summary, our study on complex Br-Ir revealed promising results in in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Meng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Xiongzhi Shi
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Hongfen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Weirong Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Kehua Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gonzalo-Navarro C, Zafon E, Organero JA, Jalón FA, Lima JC, Espino G, Rodríguez AM, Santos L, Moro AJ, Barrabés S, Castro J, Camacho-Aguayo J, Massaguer A, Manzano BR, Durá G. Ir(III) Half-Sandwich Photosensitizers with a π-Expansive Ligand for Efficient Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1783-1811. [PMID: 38291666 PMCID: PMC10859961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
One approach to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT), which allows spatiotemporal control of the cytotoxicity. We have used the strategy of coordinating π-expansive ligands to increase the excited state lifetimes of Ir(III) half-sandwich complexes in order to facilitate the generation of 1O2. We have obtained derivatives of formulas [Cp*Ir(C∧N)Cl] and [Cp*Ir(C∧N)L]BF4 with different degrees of π-expansion in the C∧N ligands. Complexes with the more π-expansive ligand are very effective photosensitizers with phototoxic indexes PI > 2000. Furthermore, PI values of 63 were achieved with red light. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations nicely explain the effect of the π-expansion. The complexes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cellular level, causing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cleavage of DNA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation, as well as lysosomal damage. Consequently, cell death by apoptosis and secondary necrosis is activated. Thus, we describe the first class of half-sandwich iridium cyclometalated complexes active in PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalo-Navarro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan Angel Organero
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales
y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Félix A. Jalón
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joao Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucía Santos
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías
Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela,
s/n, 13071 Ciudad
Real, Spain
| | - Artur J. Moro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Barrabés
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castro
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Javier Camacho-Aguayo
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Analytic Biosensors Group, Instituto de Nanociencia
y Nanomateriales de Aragon, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Blanca R. Manzano
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karuth A, Casanola-Martin GM, Lystrom L, Sun W, Kilin D, Kilina S, Rasulev B. Combined Machine Learning, Computational, and Experimental Analysis of the Iridium(III) Complexes with Red to Near-Infrared Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:471-480. [PMID: 38190332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Various coordination complexes have been the subject of experimental and theoretical studies in recent decades because of their fascinating photophysical properties. In this work, a combined experimental and computational approach was applied to investigate the optical properties of monocationic Ir(III) complexes. An interpretative machine learning-based quantitative structure-property relationship (ML/QSPR) model was successfully developed that could reliably predict the emission wavelength of the Ir(III) complexes and provide a foundation for the theoretical evaluation of the optical properties of Ir(III) complexes. A hypothesis was proposed to explain the differences in the emission wavelengths between structurally different individual Ir(III) complexes. The efficacy of the developed model was demonstrated by high R2 values of 0.84 and 0.87 for the training and test sets, respectively. It is worth noting that a relationship between the N-N distance in the diimine ligands of the Ir(III) complexes and emission wavelengths is detected. This effect is most probably associated with a degree of distortion in the octahedral geometry of the complexes, resulting in a perturbed ligand field. This combined experimental and computational approach shows great potential for the rational design of new Ir(III) complexes with the desired optical properties. Moreover, the developed methodology could be extended to other transition-metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Karuth
- Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Gerardo M Casanola-Martin
- Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jing S, Wu X, Niu D, Wang J, Leung CH, Wang W. Recent Advances in Organometallic NIR Iridium(III) Complexes for Detection and Therapy. Molecules 2024; 29:256. [PMID: 38202839 PMCID: PMC10780525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Iridium(III) complexes are emerging as a promising tool in the area of detection and therapy due to their prominent photophysical properties, including higher photostability, tunable phosphorescence emission, long-lasting phosphorescence, and high quantum yields. In recent years, much effort has been devoted to develop novel near-infrared (NIR) iridium(III) complexes to improve signal-to-noise ratio and enhance tissue penetration. In this review, we summarize different classes of organometallic NIR iridium(III) complexes for detection and therapy, including cyclometalated ligand-enabled NIR iridium(III) complexes and NIR-dye-conjugated iridium(III) complexes. Moreover, the prospects and challenges for organometallic NIR iridium(III) complexes for targeted detection and therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhen Jing
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.J.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 45 South Gaoxin Road, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.J.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 45 South Gaoxin Road, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dou Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China;
| | - Jing Wang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.J.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 45 South Gaoxin Road, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.J.); (X.W.); (J.W.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 45 South Gaoxin Road, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neelambaran N, Shamjith S, Murali VP, Maiti KK, Joseph J. Exploring a Mitochondria Targeting, Dinuclear Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complex for Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5776-5788. [PMID: 38061031 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an efficient and noninvasive treatment approach utilizing laser-triggered photosensitizers for combating cancer. Within this rapidly advancing field, iridium-based photosensitizers with their dual functionality as both imaging probes and PDT agents exhibit a potential for precise and targeted therapeutic interventions. However, most reported classes of Ir(III)-based photosensitizers comprise mononuclear iridium(III), with very few examples of dinuclear systems. Exploring the full potential of iridium-based dinuclear systems for PDT applications remains a challenge. Herein, we report a dinuclear Ir(III) complex (IRDI) along with a structurally similar monomer complex (IRMO) having 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine and 4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The comparative investigation of the mononuclear and dinuclear Ir(III) complexes showed similar absorption profiles, but the dinuclear derivative IRDI exhibited a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (Φp) of 0.70 compared to that of IRMO (Φp = 0.47). Further, IRDI showed a higher singlet oxygen generation quantum yield (Φs) of 0.49 compared to IRMO (Φs = 0.28), signifying the enhanced potential of the dinuclear derivative for image-guided photodynamic therapy. In vitro assessments indicate that IRDI shows efficient cellular uptake and significant photocytotoxicity in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In addition, the presence of a dual positive charge on the dinuclear system facilitates the inherent mitochondria-targeting ability without the need for a specific targeting group. Subcellular singlet oxygen generation by IRDI was confirmed using Si-DMA, and light-activated cellular apoptosis via ROS-mediated PDT was verified through various live-dead assays performed in the presence and absence of the singlet oxygen scavenger NaN3. Further, the mechanism of cell death was elucidated by an annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric assay and by investigating the cytochrome c release from mitochondria using Western blot analysis. Thus, the dinuclear complex designed to enhance spin-orbit coupling with minimal excitonic coupling represents a promising strategy for efficient image-guided PDT using iridium complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishna Neelambaran
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shanmughan Shamjith
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Murali
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li C, Pang Y, Xu Y, Lu M, Tu L, Li Q, Sharma A, Guo Z, Li X, Sun Y. Near-infrared metal agents assisting precision medicine: from strategic design to bioimaging and therapeutic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37334831 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal agents have made incredible strides in preclinical research and clinical applications in recent years, but their short emission/absorption wavelengths continue to be a barrier to their distribution, therapeutic action, visual tracking, and efficacy evaluation. Nowadays, the near-infrared window (NIR, 650-1700 nm) provides a more accurate imaging and treatment option. Thus, there has been ongoing research focusing on developing multifunctional NIR metal agents for imaging and therapy that have deeper tissue penetration. The design, characteristics, bioimaging, and therapy of NIR metal agents are covered in this overview of papers and reports published to date. To start with, we focus on describing the structure, design strategies, and photophysical properties of metal agents from the NIR-I (650-1000 nm) to NIR-II (1000-1700 nm) region, in order of molecular metal complexes (MMCs), metal-organic complexes (MOCs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Next, the biomedical applications brought by these superior photophysical and chemical properties for more accurate imaging and therapy are discussed. Finally, we explore the challenges and prospects of each type of NIR metal agent for future biomedical research and clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonglu Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yida Pang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yuling Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Mengjiao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Le Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Qian Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Amit Sharma
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector-30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hendi Z, Kozina DO, Porsev VV, Kisel KS, Shakirova JR, Tunik SP. Investigation of the N^C Ligand Effects on Emission Characteristics in a Series of Bis-Metalated [Ir(N^C)2(N^N)]+ Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062740. [PMID: 36985710 PMCID: PMC10054739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of bis-metalated phosphorescent [(N^C)2Ir(bipyridine)]+ complexes with systematic variations in the structure and electronic characteristics of the N^C ligands were synthesized and characterized by using elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Investigation of the complexes’ spectroscopic properties together with DFT and TD DFT calculations revealed that metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intraligand (LC) transition play key roles in the generation of emissive triplet states. According to the results of theoretical studies, the 3LC excited state is more accurate to consider as an intraligand charge transfer process (ILCT) between N- and C-coordinated moieties of the N^C chelate. This hypothesis is completely in line with the trends observed in the experimental absorption and emission spectra, which display systematic bathochromic shifts upon insertion of electron-withdrawing substituents into the N-coordinated fragment. An analogous shift is induced by expansion of the aromatic system of the C-coordinated fragment and insertion of polarizable sulfur atoms into the aromatic rings. These experimental and theoretical findings extend the knowledge of the nature of photophysical processes in complexes of this type and provide useful instruments for fine-tuning of their emissive characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hendi
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 11155-3516, Iran
| | - Daria O. Kozina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vitaly V. Porsev
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kristina S. Kisel
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia R. Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (J.R.S.); (S.P.T.)
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (J.R.S.); (S.P.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mu X, Zhang W, Yi C, Li MJ, Fu F. Colorimetric and Photoluminescent Probes Based on Iridium(III) Complexes for Highly Selective Detection of Homocysteine. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Wu Y, Li S, Chen Y, He W, Guo Z. Recent advances in noble metal complex based photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5085-5106. [PMID: 35655575 PMCID: PMC9093168 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes light-activated photosensitizers (PSs) to generate toxic species for therapeutics. It has become an emerging solution for cancer treatment because of its specific spatiotemporal selectivity and minimal invasiveness. Noble metal (Ru, Ir and Pt) complexes are of increasing interest as photosensitizers for their excellent photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological properties. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of noble metal complex photosensitizers for PDT during the last 5 years. We will summarize the design strategies of noble metal complexes for efficient and precise PDT, including increasing the light penetration depth, reducing the oxygen-dependent nature and improving target ability. Finally, we summarize recent efforts for the development of noble-based PSs and discuss the limitations of such PSs in clinical application and future perspectives in this field, such as the combination of PDT with other treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mizukami K, Muraoka T, Shiozaki S, Tobita S, Yoshihara T. Near-Infrared Emitting Ir(III) Complexes Bearing a Dipyrromethene Ligand for Oxygen Imaging of Deeper Tissues In Vivo. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2794-2802. [PMID: 35109653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) using a phosphorescent oxygen probe is an innovative technique for elucidating the behavior of oxygen in living tissues. In this study, we designed and synthesized an Ir(III) complex, PPYDM-BBMD, that exhibits long-lived phosphorescence in the near-infrared region and enables in vivo oxygen imaging in deeper tissues. PPYDM-BBMD has a π-extended ligand based on a meso-mesityl dipyrromethene structure and phenylpyridine ligands with cationic dimethylamino groups to promote intracellular uptake. This complex gave a phosphorescence spectrum with a maximum at 773 nm in the wavelength range of the so-called biological window and exhibited an exceptionally long lifetime (18.5 μs in degassed acetonitrile), allowing for excellent oxygen sensitivity even in the near-infrared window. PPYDM-BBMD showed a high intracellular uptake in cultured cells and mainly accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. We evaluated the oxygen sensitivity of PPYDM-BBMD phosphorescence in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells based on the Stern-Volmer analysis, which gave an O2-induced quenching rate constant of 1.42 × 103 mmHg-1 s-1. PPYDM-BBMD was administered in the tail veins of anesthetized mice, and confocal one-photon PLIM images of hepatic tissues were measured at different depths from the liver surfaces. The PLIM images visualized the oxygen gradients in hepatic lobules up to a depth of about 100 μm from the liver surfaces with a cellular-level resolution, allowing for the quantification of oxygen partial pressure based on calibration results using AML12 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Mizukami
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takako Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Seiji Tobita
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshitada Yoshihara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chelushkin PS, Shakirova JR, Kritchenkov IS, Baigildin VA, Tunik SP. Phosphorescent NIR emitters for biomedicine: applications, advances and challenges. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1257-1280. [PMID: 34878463 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of NIR (near-infrared) emitting transition metal complexes in biomedicine is a rapidly developing area of research. Emission of this class of compounds in the "optical transparency windows" of biological tissues and the intrinsic sensitivity of their phosphorescence to oxygen resulted in the preparation of several commercial oxygen sensors capable of deep (up to whole-body) and quantitative mapping of oxygen gradients suitable for in vivo experimental studies. In addition to this achievement, the last decade has also witnessed the increased growth of successful alternative applications of NIR phosphors that include (i) site-specific in vitro and in vivo visualization of sophisticated biological models ranging from 3D cell cultures to intact animals; (ii) sensing of various biologically relevant analytes, such as pH, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, RedOx agents, etc.; (iii) and several therapeutic applications such as photodynamic (PDT), photothermal (PTT), and photoactivated cancer (PACT) therapies as well as their combinations with other therapeutic and imaging modalities to yield new variants of combined therapies and theranostics. Nevertheless, emerging applications of these compounds in experimental biomedicine and their implementation as therapeutic agents practically applicable in PDT, PTT, and PACT face challenges related to a critically important improvement of their photophysical and physico-chemical characteristics. This review outlines the current state of the art and achievements of the last decade and stresses the most promising trends, major development prospects, and challenges in the design of NIR phosphors suitable for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Chelushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Julia R Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vadim A Baigildin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yoshida J, Yamazaki K, Tateyama K, Yuge H, Sato H. Chiroptical switching behavior of heteroleptic ruthenium complexes bearing acetylacetonato and tropolonato ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14611-14617. [PMID: 34605516 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four types of tris-chelate ruthenium complexes bearing acetylacetonato (acac) and tropolonato (trop) ligands were synthesized and optically resolved into Δ and Λ isomers: [Ru(acac)3] (Ru-0), [Ru(acac)2(trop)] (Ru-1), [Ru(acac)(trop)2] (Ru-2), and [Ru(trop)3] (Ru-3). Chiral HPLC chromatograms, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) of the four ruthenium complexes were systematically investigated. As a result, the absolute configurations of the newly prepared enantiomeric complexes Ru-2 and Ru-3 were determined. For the case of Ru-2, its absolute configuration was also confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The ECD changes upon chemical oxidation were further investigated for the four complexes. An ECD change in enantiomeric Ru-1 was observed upon oxidation, but the oxidized species soon returned to the neutral state within a few minutes. Enantiomers of Ru-3 also showed explicit ECD changes upon oxidation. Further, the lifetime of the oxidized state was the longest among the four investigated complexes, whereas they racemized in solution at room temperature. In contrast, the enantiomers of heteroleptic complexes (Ru-1 and Ru-2) concurrently exhibited ECD changes, relatively long lifetime of the oxidized state, and nil or quite slow racemization behavior. The coexistence of acac and trop ligands was key to making the competing factors compatible in the resultant ruthenium complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan.
| | - Kana Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tateyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yuge
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hisako Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-chou, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu C, Lu T, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of cationic dinuclear iridium(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14309-14319. [PMID: 34558585 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of two cationic dinuclear Ir(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) ligands are reported in this paper. The two complexes possess intense and featureless diimine ligand localized 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer)/1π,π* absorption bands at ca. 330 and 430 nm, and a weak 1,3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer)/1,3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption band at >500 nm. Both complexes exhibit weak dual phosphorescence at ca. 590 nm and 710 nm, which are attributed to the 3ILCT/3π,π* and 3MLCT/3LLCT states, respectively. The low-energy 3MLCT/3LLCT state also gives rise to a moderately strong triplet excited-state absorption at 490-800 nm. Because of the stronger triplet excited-state absorption than the ground-state absorption of these complexes at 532 nm, both complexes manifest a moderate reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for ns laser pulses. Expansion of the π-conjugation of the fluorenyl-tethered diimine ligand in Ir-1 causes a slight red-shift of the 1ILCT/1π,π* absorption bands in its UV-vis absorption spectrum and the 3MLCT/3LLCT absorption band in the transient absorption spectrum and slightly enhances the RSA at 532 nm compared to that in Ir-2. This work represents the first report on dinuclear Ir(III) complexes that exhibit RSA at 532 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fitzgerald SA, Otaif HY, Elgar CE, Sawicka N, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Polysubstituted Ligand Framework for Color Tuning Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15467-15484. [PMID: 34605234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of ligands have been synthesized based upon a polysubstituted 2-phenylquinoxaline core structure. These ligands introduce different combinations of fluorine and methyl substituents on both the phenyl and quinoxaline constituent rings. The resultant investigation of these species as cyclometalating agents for Ir(III) gave cationic complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2(bipy)]PF6 (where C^N = cyclometalating ligand; bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). X-ray crystallographic studies were conducted on four complexes and each revealed the expected distorted octahedral geometry based upon a cis-C,C and trans-N,N ligand arrangement at Ir(III). Supporting computational studies predict that each of the complexes share the same general descriptions for the frontier orbitals. TD-DFT calculations suggest MLCT contributions to the lowest energy absorption and a likely MLCT/ILCT/LLCT nature to the emitting state. Experimentally, the complexes display tunable luminescence across the yellow-orange-red part of the visible spectrum (λem = 579-655 nm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Fitzgerald
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Haleema Y Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Elgar
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sawicka
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Beames
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu W, Lystrom L, Pan Y, Sun X, Thomas SA, Kilina SV, Yang Z, Wang H, Hobbie EK, Sun W. Mono-/Bimetallic Neutral Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15278-15290. [PMID: 34581183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysics (UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption) of four neutral heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (Ir-1-Ir-4) incorporating thiophene/selenophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ancillary ligands are reported. The effects of thiophene versus selenophene substitution on DPP and bis- versus monoiridium(III) complexation on the photophysics of these complexes were systematically investigated via spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory calculations. All complexes exhibited strong vibronically resolved absorption in the regions of 500-700 nm and fluorescence at 600-770 nm, and both are predominantly originated from the DPP-NHC ligand. Complexation induced a pronounced red shift of this low-energy absorption band and the fluorescence band with respect to their corresponding ligands due to the improved planarity and extended π-conjugation in the DPP-NHC ligand. Replacing the thiophene units by selenophenes and/or biscomplexation led to the red-shifted absorption and fluorescence spectra, accompanied by the reduced fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield and enhanced population of the triplet excited states, as reflected by the stronger triplet excited-state absorption and singlet oxygen generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yanxiong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Xinyang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Salim A Thomas
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana V Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu J, Pan Q, Zhu S, Liu R, Zhu H. Ligand-Mediated Photophysics Adjustability in Bis-tridentate Ir(III) Complexes and Their Application in Efficient Optical Limiting Materials. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12835-12846. [PMID: 34428896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A family of novel bis-tridentate Ir(III) complexes (Ir1-Ir5) incorporating both functional N∧C∧N-type ligands (L1-L5) and N∧N∧C-type ligand (L0) were synthesized attentively and characterized scientifically. The crystalline structures of Ir1, Ir3 and Ir4 were resoundingly confirmed by XRD. With the aid of experimental and theoretical methods, their photophysical properties at transient and steady states were scientifically investigated. The broadband charge-transfer absorption for these aforementioned Ir(III) complexes is up to 600 nm as shown in the UV-visible absorption spectrum. The emission lifetimes of their excited states are good. Between the visible and near-infrared regions, Ir1-Ir5 possessed powerful excited-state absorption. Hence, a remarkably robust reverse saturable absorption (RSA) process can occur once the complexes are irradiated by a 532 nm laser. The RSA effect follows the descending order: Ir3 > Ir5 > Ir4 ≈ Ir1 > Ir2. To sum up, modifying electron-donating units (-OCH3) and large π-conjugated units to the pyridyl N∧C∧N-type ligands is a systematic way to markedly raise the RSA effect. Therefore, these octahedral bis-tridentate Ir(III) complexes are potentially state-of-the-art optical limiting (OPL) materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qianqian Pan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Senqiang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Qiao J. Near-infrared emitting iridium complexes: Molecular design, photophysical properties, and related applications. iScience 2021; 24:102858. [PMID: 34381981 PMCID: PMC8340135 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have become popular displays from small screens of wearables to large screens of televisions. In those active-matrix OLED displays, phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes serve as the indispensable green and red emitters because of their high luminous efficiency, excellent color tunability, and high durability. However, in contrast to their brilliant success in the visible region, iridium complexes are still underperforming in the near-infrared (NIR) region, particular in poor luminous efficiency according to the energy gap law. In this review, we first recall the basic theory of phosphorescent iridium complexes and explore their full potential for NIR emission. Next, the recent advances in NIR-emitting iridium complexes are summarized by highlighting design strategies and the structure-properties relationship. Some important implications for controlling photophysical properties are revealed. Moreover, as promising applications, NIR-OLEDs and bio-imaging based on NIR Ir(III) complexes are also presented. Finally, challenges and opportunities for NIR-emitting iridium complexes are envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu B, Jiao J, Xu W, Zhang M, Cui P, Guo Z, Deng Y, Chen H, Sun W. Highly Efficient Far-Red/NIR-Absorbing Neutral Ir(III) Complex Micelles for Potent Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100795. [PMID: 34219286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A critical issue in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is inadequate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in tumors, causing inevitable survival of tumor cells that usually results in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Existing photosensitizers frequently suffer from relatively low light-to-ROS conversion efficiency with far-red/near-infrared (NIR) light excitation due to low-lying excited states that lead to rapid non-radiative decays. Here, a neutral Ir(III) complex bearing distyryl boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY-Ir) is reported to efficiently produce both ROS and hyperthermia upon far-red light activation for potentiating in vivo tumor suppression through micellization of BODIPY-Ir to form "Micelle-Ir". BODIPY-Ir absorbs strongly at 550-750 nm with a band maximum at 685 nm, and possesses a long-lived triplet excited state with sufficient non-radiative decays. Upon micellization, BODIPY-Ir forms J-type aggregates within Micelle-Ir, which boosts both singlet oxygen generation and the photothermal effect through the high molar extinction coefficient and amplification of light-to-ROS/heat conversion, causing severe cell apoptosis. Bifunctional Micelle-Ir that accumulates in tumors completely destroys orthotopic 4T1 breast tumors via synergistic PDT/photothermal therapy (PTT) damage under light irradiation, and enables remarkable suppression of metastatic nodules in the lungs, together without significant dark cytotoxicity. The present study offers an emerging approach to develop far-red/NIR photosensitizers toward potent cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Jian Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Miya Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Huabing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu Y, Wang X, Song K, Du J, Liu J, Miao Y, Li Y. BSA-encapsulated cyclometalated iridium complexes as nano-photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of tumor cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15323-15331. [PMID: 35424038 PMCID: PMC8698255 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01740c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment method. The development of suitable photosensitizers can improve therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report three iridium complexes (Ir1, Ir2, and Ir3), and encapsulate them within bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form nano-photosensitizers (Ir1@BSA, Ir2@BSA, and Ir3@BSA) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumor cells. In the structures of Ir(iii) complexes, we use the pyrazine heterocycle as part of the C^N ligands and explore the effect of different ligands on the ability to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) by changing the conjugation length of the ligand and increasing the coplanarity of the ligand. Besides, the fabricated nano-photosensitizers are beneficial to improve water dispersibility and increase cellular uptake ability. Through studying photophysical properties, 1O2 generation capacity, and cellular uptake performance, the results show that Ir1@BSA has the best photodynamic therapeutic effect on 4T1 tumor cells. This study provides an effective research basis for the further design of new nano-photosensitizers. Three new iridium complexes were synthesized and fabricated with BSA to form nano-photosensitizers, which can catalyze oxygen to produce singlet oxygen to achieve photodynamic therapy of tumor cells.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Kang Song
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Jun Du
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xiong K, Zhou Y, Lin X, Kou J, Lin M, Guan R, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Mitochondria-targeting Photosensitizers against Cisplatin-resistant Cells †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:85-91. [PMID: 33617666 DOI: 10.1111/php.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Four iridium (III) complexes Ir1-Ir4 were synthesized and characterized. Possessing high singlet oxygen production ability and specific mitochondria-localization, Ir1 was developed as a mitochondria-targeting photosensitizer. Ir1 exhibited strong phototoxicity against cancer cell line A549 and its corresponding cisplatin-resistant one A549R. In contrast, Ir1 showed low cytotoxicity toward normal cell HLF. This selectivity resulted from the different uptake amount. With 405 nm irradiation, Ir1 induced mitochondria-mediated cell death in A549R cells, achieving the overcome of drug-resistant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlin Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bevernaegie R, Wehlin SAM, Elias B, Troian‐Gautier L. A Roadmap Towards Visible Light Mediated Electron Transfer Chemistry with Iridium(III) Complexes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bevernaegie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST) Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Sara A. M. Wehlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST) Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian‐Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
P. K. A, Paira P. Ruthenium( ii) p-cymene complexes of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde and 2-amino benzothiazole-based ligands: cytoselective and in vitro live cell imaging agents. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04137h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of DNA targeting, highly cytoselective, luminescent Ru(ii)–arene complexes was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuja P. K.
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhu X, Liu B, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Multinuclear 2-(Quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline-Coordinated Iridium(III) Complexes Tethered by Carbazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17096-17108. [PMID: 33170657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Five mono/di/trinuclear iridium(III) complexes (1-5) bearing the carbazole-derivative-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) diimine (N^N) ligand were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of these complexes and their corresponding diimine ligands were systematically studied via UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and simulated by time-dependent density functional theory. All complexes possessed strong well-resolved absorption bands at <400 nm that have predominant ligand-based 1π,π* transitions and broad structureless charge-transfer (1CT) absorption bands at 400-700 nm. The energies or intensities of these 1CT bands varied pronouncedly when the number of tethered Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ (piq refers to 1-phenylisoquinoline) units, π conjugation of the carbazole derivative linker, or attachment positions on the carbazole linker were altered. All complexes were emissive at room temperature, with 1-3 showing near-IR (NIR) 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer)/3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer) emission at ∼710 nm and 4 and 5 exhibiting red or NIR 3ILCT (intraligand charge-transfer)/3LMCT (ligand-to-metal charge-transfer) emission in CH2Cl2. In CH3CN, 1-3 displayed an additional emission band at ca. 590 nm (3ILCT/3LMCT/3MLCT/3π,π* in nature) in addition to the 710 nm band. The different natures of the emitting states of 1-3 versus those of 4 and 5 also gave rise to different spectral features in their triplet TA spectra. It appears that the parentage and characteristics of the lowest triplet excited states in these complexes are mainly impacted by the π systems of the bridging carbazole derivatives and essentially no interactions among the Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ units. In addition, all of the diimine ligands tethered by the carbazole derivatives displayed a dramatic solvatochromic effect in their emission due to the predominant intramolecular charge-transfer nature of their emitting states. Aggregation-enhanced emission was also observed from the mixed CH2Cl2/ethyl acetate or CH2Cl2/hexane solutions of these ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hua W, Xu G, Zhao J, Wang Z, Lu J, Sun W, Gou S. DNA‐Targeting Ru
II
‐Polypyridyl Complex with a Long‐Lived Intraligand Excited State as a Potential Photodynamic Therapy Agent. Chemistry 2020; 26:17495-17503. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Hua
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Z. Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050 USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050 USA
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu C, Xu W, Shah H, Liu B, Xu W, Sun L, Qian SY, Sun W. In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Iridium(III) Bis(terpyridine) Complexes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6865-6875. [PMID: 35019348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three mononuclear or dinuclear bis(terpyridine) (tpy) iridium(III) complexes bearing pyren-1-yl (pyr) group(s) were synthesized. Their photophysical properties in water and in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects toward the human lung epithelial cancer cell line A549 and the human epidermal skin cancer cell line A431 were investigated to evaluate the effects of dinuclear versus mononuclear complexes and the impact of the oligoether substituent at the ligand. All complexes possessed pyr-tpy ligand-associated charge transfer (1CT)/1π,π* absorption bands at 350-550 nm, with the dinuclear complex Ir3 showing the much enhanced absorptivity of this band. These complexes exhibited dual emission upon excitation at >430 nm in most cases, with the emitting states being ascribed to 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) and 3π,π*/3CT states, respectively. All complexes exhibited relatively weak to moderate cytotoxicity in the dark but high photocytotoxicity upon broadband visible light irradiation. Among them, the dinuclear complex Ir3 showed the highest intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and PDT efficiency compared to its mononuclear counterpart Ir1. Introducing an oligoether substituent on one of the tpy ligands in Ir2 also improved its intracellular ROS generation and PDT efficacy compared to those induced by Ir1. Ir3 induced both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage upon light activation toward both cell lines, whereas Ir1 and Ir2 caused both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage in A431 cells but only lysosomal damage in A549 cells. The dominant cell death pathway induced by Ir1-Ir3 PDT is apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shakirova JR, Hendi Z, Zhukovsky DD, Sokolov VV, Jamali S, Pavlovskiy VV, Porsev VV, Evarestov RA, Tunik SP. NIR emitting platinum pincer complexes based on the N^N^C ligand containing {benz[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin} aromatic system; synthesis, characterization and photophysical study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Bi XD, Yang R, Zhou YC, Chen D, Li GK, Guo YX, Wang MF, Liu D, Gao F. Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as High-Sensitivity Two-Photon Excited Mitochondria Dyes and Near-Infrared Photodynamic Therapy Agents. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14920-14931. [PMID: 32951429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using two-photon near-infrared light excitation is a very effective way to avoid the use of short-wavelength ultraviolet or visible light which cannot efficiently penetrate into the biological tissues and is harmful to the healthy cells. Herein, a series of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes with a structurally simple diimine ligand were designed and the synthetic route and preparation procedure were optimized, so that the complexes could be obtained in apparently higher yield, productivity, and efficiency in comparison to the traditional methods. Their ground state and excited singlet and triplet state properties were studied by spectroscopy and quantum chemistry theoretical calculations to investigate the effect of substituent groups on the photophysical properties of the complexes. The Ir(III) complexes, especially Ir1 and Ir3, showed very low dark toxicities and high phototoxicities under both one-photon and two-photon excitation, indicating their great potential as PDT agents. They were also found to be highly sensitive two-photon mitochondria dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Chen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daomei Chen
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Kui Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Xiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shafikov MZ, Zaytsev AV, Suleymanova AF, Brandl F, Kowalczyk A, Gapińska M, Kowalski K, Kozhevnikov VN, Czerwieniec R. Near Infrared Phosphorescent Dinuclear Ir(III) Complex Exhibiting Unusually Slow Intersystem Crossing and Dual Emissive Behavior. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5849-5855. [PMID: 32615767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A dinuclear iridium(III) complex IrIr shows dual emission consisting of near infrared (NIR) phosphorescence (λmax = 714 nm, CH2Cl2, T = 300 K) and green fluorescence (λmax = 537 nm). The NIR emission stems from a triplet state (T1) localized on the ditopic bridging ligand (3LC). Because of the dinuclear molecular structure, the phosphorescence efficiency (ΦPL = 3.5%) is high compared to those of other known red/NIR-emitting iridium complexes. The weak fluorescence stems from the lowest excited singlet state (S1) of 1LC character. The occurrence of fluorescence is ascribed to relatively slow intersystem crossing (ISC) from state S1 (1LC) to the triplet manifold. The measured ISC rate corresponds to a time constant τISC of 2.1 ps, which is an order of magnitude longer than those usually found for iridium complexes. This slow ISC rate can be explained in terms of the LC character and large energy separation (0.57 eV) of the respective singlet and triplet excited states. IrIr is internalized by live HeLa cells as evidenced by confocal luminescence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Z Shafikov
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
- Department for Technology of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Andrey V Zaytsev
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | | | - Fabian Brandl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gapińska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Valery N Kozhevnikov
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Rafał Czerwieniec
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhu S, Hu L, Gu L, Liu R, Zhu H. Heteroleptic Ir(iii) complexes with varied π-conjugated diimine ligands: synthesis, tunable triplet states and nonlinear absorption properties. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7945-7951. [PMID: 32495779 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01207f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Four heteroleptic Ir(iii) complexes (Ir-1-Ir-4) with varied π-conjugated diimine ligands were synthesized. Their optical properties were investigated systematically via spectroscopic methods, in order to elucidate the influence of the extended π-conjugation on the singlet and triplet states of the molecules. All these Ir(iii) complexes exhibit ligand localized 1π,π* transitions below 370 nm, and broad metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT/LLCT) absorption bands in the visible region. Extending the π-conjugation in diimine ligands influences the electron distribution of the triplet state. The 3π,π* dominated Ir(iii) complexes (Ir-3 and Ir-4) exhibit long-lived triplet states and low phosphorescence quantum yields, compared with the charge transfer dominated Ir(iii) complexes (Ir-1 and Ir-2). Complexes Ir-3 and Ir-4 exhibit broadband transient absorption spectra from 420 to 750 nm, between which the nonlinear absorption could be observed by virtue of reverse saturable absorption. The results of nonlinear transmission measurements using 532 nm laser pulses further elucidate that selected complexes Ir-3 and Ir-4 are promising candidates for optical limiting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senqiang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao J, Zhang X, Fang L, Gao C, Xu C, Gou S. Iridium(III) Complex-Derived Polymeric Micelles with Low Dark Toxicity and Strong NIR Excitation for Phototherapy and Chemotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000363. [PMID: 32174002 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Iridium(III) complexes are potent candidates for photodynamic therapy. However, their clinical usage is impeded by their poor water solubility, high dark toxicity, and negligible absorption in near-infrared region (NIR region). Here, it is proposed to solve these challenges by developing an iridium(III) complexe-based polymeric micelle system. This system is self-assembled using an iridium(III) complex-containing amphiphilic block polymer. The upconversion nanoparticles are included in the polymeric micelles to permit NIR excitation. Compared with the nonformulated iridium(III) complexes, under NIR stimulation, this polymeric micelle system exhibits higher 1 O2 generation efficiency, negligible dark toxicity, excellent tumor-targeting ability, and synergistic phototherapy-chemotherapy effect both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chuanzhu Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yoshida J, Tateyama K, Yuge H. Tris(tropolonato) ruthenium as a hub for connecting π-conjugated systems. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2102-2111. [PMID: 32025681 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the intramolecular electronic communication between π-conjugated moieties bridged by the tris-chelate [Ru(trop)3] (trop = tropolonate) framework has been investigated and compared with [Ru(acac)3] (acac = acetylacetonate) derivatives. Two types of π-conjugated groups, -C2SiMe3 and -C2Ph, which were each introduced at the 5-position of tropolonate, were found to behave almost independently in the resultant ruthenium complexes. In contrast, the cyclic voltammetry study of [Ru(trop)3] derivatives showed a clear decrease in ΔE, the difference in the potentials of the two redox couples, with an increase in the number of π-conjugated groups introduced into the [Ru(trop)3] framework. The lower ΔE values observed in [Ru(trop)3] derivatives compared to those in [Ru(acac)3] derivatives illustrated the non-innocent behavior of the tropolonate ligand, i.e., the mixing between the metal- and ligand-based frontier orbitals. This orbital mixing was exemplified in the oxidized [Ru(trop)3] derivatives, which showed a broad near-infrared (NIR) absorption. The increase in the red shift of the NIR absorption with the increasing number of terminal groups indicated intramolecular electronic communication between the terminal π-conjugated moieties. In contrast, no NIR absorption was observed upon oxidation of [Ru(acac)3] derivatives with -C2Ph groups. The lifetimes of the in situ formed [Ru(trop)3]+ and [Ru(acac)3]+ in acetonitrile solution were found to be several hours and minutes, respectively. Density functional theory calculations for [Ru(trop)3] and [Ru(acac)3] with terminal -C2Ph groups demonstrated that the spin densities in their mono-oxidized states were evenly distributed over the entire molecular framework and localized mainly on one ligand, respectively. These results confirmed that the mono-oxidized [Ru(trop)3]+ framework can behave as a hub and induce moderate intramolecular electronic communication between terminal π-conjugated groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cullinane D, Gkika KS, Byrne A, Keyes TE. Photostable NIR emitting ruthenium(II) conjugates; uptake and biological activity in live cells. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 207:111032. [PMID: 32311630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A photostable Ru(2,2-biquinoline)2(3-(2-pyridyl)-5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazolate) (Ru(biq)2(trzbenzCOOH)) complex that exhibits near-infrared (NIR) emission centred at 786 nm is reported. The parent complex was conjugated via amide coupling to a cell-penetrating peptide sequence octa-arginine (R8), and two signal peptide sequences; the nuclear localizing sequence (NLS) VQRKRQKLMP and the mitochondria penetrating peptide (MPP) FrFKFrFK(Ac) (r = D isomer of arginine, Ac = terminal lysine amine acetyl blocked). Notably, none of the peptide conjugates were cell-permeable as chloride salts but efficient and rapid membrane permeation was observed post ion exchange with perchlorate counterion. Also, surprisingly, all three peptide conjugates exhibited potent dark cytotoxicity in both CHO and HeLa cell lines. The peptide conjugates induce cell death through a caspase dependent apoptotic pathway. At the minimum concentration of dye (approx. 15 μM) required for cell imaging, only 20% of the cells were viable after a 24 h incubation period. To overcome cytotoxicity, the parent complex was PEGylated; this dramatically decreased cytotoxicity, where 50% of cells were viable even at 150 μM concentration after 24 h. Confocal luminescence microscopy indicated that all four bioconjugates, peptides in perchlorate form and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in chloride form, were rapidly internalized within the cell. However, interestingly the precise localisation by the signal peptides observed in related complexes was not observed here and the peptide conjugates were unsuitable as luminescent probes for cell microscopy due to their high cell toxicity. The poor targeting of signal peptides in this instance is attributed to the high lipophilicity of the metal centre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Karmel Sofia Gkika
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Solomatina AI, Kuznetsov KM, Gurzhiy VV, Pavlovskiy VV, Porsev VV, Evarestov RA, Tunik SP. Luminescent organic dyes containing a phenanthro[9,10-D]imidazole core and [Ir(N^C)(N^N)] + complexes based on the cyclometalating and diimine ligands of this type. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6751-6763. [PMID: 32373874 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of diimine (N^N) and cyclometalating (N^C) ligands based on a phenanthro-imidazole aromatic system: 2-pyridyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (N^N); 2-R-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole, R = phenyl (N^C4), 3-iodophenyl (N^C5) and 4-nitrophenyl (N^C6) were prepared. It was found that N^C4 and N^C5 show π-π* fluorescence typical of aromatic systems of this sort, whereas the donor-acceptor architecture of N^C6 leads to strong emission solvatochromism and acidochromism, indicating the charge transfer character of the fluorescence observed. Six iridium(iii) complexes (1-6) [Ir(N^C#)2(N^N)]+, where # = 1-6 and N^C1 = 2-phenylpyridine, N^C2 = 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)pyridine, and N^C3 = methyl 2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylate, were also synthesized and characterized. The complexes obtained display moderate to bright phosphorescence with quantum yields up to 46% in degassed solution. The photophysical characteristics of 1-6 were studied in detail. DFT and TD DFT calculations were used for the assignment of electronic transitions responsible for the absorption and emission of these compounds. The variations in the cyclometalating ligand structure give rise to rich photophysics of the complexes obtained. It was found that the orbitals of both N^C and N^N ligands make a major contribution to the formation of emissive excited states and a delicate balance between the energy of the ligands' frontier orbitals determines the emission character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I Solomatina
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Kirill M Kuznetsov
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vladislav V Gurzhiy
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Earth Sciences, University emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Pavlovskiy
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vitaly V Porsev
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Robert A Evarestov
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu B, Monro S, Jabed MA, Cameron CG, Colón KL, Xu W, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Neutral iridium(iii) complexes bearing BODIPY-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands: synthesis, photophysics, in vitro theranostic photodynamic therapy, and antimicrobial activity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2381-2396. [PMID: 31432864 PMCID: PMC6785369 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, and photobiological activities of a series of novel neutral heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes incorporating boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands (Ir1-Ir5) are reported. The effect of the substitution position of BODIPY on the NHC ligands, either on C4 of the phenyl ring (Ir1-Ir3) or C5 of the benzimidazole unit (Ir4 and Ir5), and its linker type (single or triple bond) on the photophysical properties was studied. Ir1-Ir5 exhibited BODIPY-localized intense 1IL (intraligand transition)/1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption at 530-543 nm and 1,3IL/1,3CT (charge transfer) emission at 582-610 nm. The nanosecond transient absorption results revealed that the lowest triplet excited states of these complexes were the BODIPY-localized 3π,π* states. Complexes Ir4 and Ir5 exhibited blue-shifted 1IL absorption and 1,3IL/1,3CT emission bands compared to the corresponding absorption and emission bands in complexes Ir1 and Ir3. However, replacing the methyl substituents on N3 of benzimidazole in complexes Ir1 and Ir4 with oligoether substituents in Ir3 and Ir5, respectively, did not impact the energies of the low-energy absorption and emission bands in the corresponding complexes. Water-soluble complexes Ir3 and Ir5 have been explored as photosensitizers for in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects toward human SKMEL28 melanoma cells. Ir3 showed no dark cytotoxicity (EC50 > 300 μM) but good photocytotoxic activity (9.66 ± 0.28 μM), whereas Ir5 exhibited a higher dark cytotoxicity (20.2 ± 1.26 μM) and excellent photocytotoxicity (0.15 ± 0.01 μM). The phototherapeutic indices with visible light (400-700 nm) activation were >31 for Ir3 and 135 for Ir5. Ir3 and Ir5 displayed 1O2 quantum yields of 38% and 22% in CH3CN, respectively, upon 450 nm excitation. Ir5 was more effective at generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Ir5 was also active against Staphylococcus aureus upon visible light activation, with a phototherapeutic index of >15 and EC50 value of 6.67 μM. These photobiological activities demonstrated that these neutral Ir(iii) complexes are promising in vitro PDT reagents, and substitution at C5 on the benzimidazole group of the NHC ligand was superior to C4 substitution on the phenyl ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu G, Lin C, Liu Y, Yi R, Chen G, Lu C, Su H. Efficient and Saturated Red Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes with EQE up to 9.4 %. Chemistry 2019; 25:13748-13758. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Xiang Yu
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Hsiang Lin
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - You‐Xuan Liu
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Rong‐Huei Yi
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - Guan‐Yu Chen
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - Chin‐Wei Lu
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - Hai‐Ching Su
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
McCain J, Colón KL, Barrett PC, Monro SMA, Sainuddin T, Roque Iii J, Pinto M, Yin H, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Photophysical Properties and Photobiological Activities of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing π-Expansive Cyclometalating Ligands with Thienyl Groups. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10778-10790. [PMID: 31386351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new family of cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(N^N)2(C^N)]+ derived from the π-extended benzo[h]imidazo[4,5-f]quinolone ligand appended with thienyl groups (n = 1-4, compounds 1-4) was prepared and its members were characterized for their chemical, photophysical, and photobiological properties. The lipophilicities of 1-4, determined as octanol-water partition coefficients (log Po/w), were positive and increased with the number of thienyl units. The absorption and emission bands of the C^N compounds were red-shifted by up to 200 nm relative to the analogous Ru(II) diimine systems. All of the complexes exhibited dual emission with the intraligand fluorescence (1IL, C^N-based) shifting to lower energies with increasing n and the metal-to-ligand charge transfer phosphorescence (3MLCT, N^N-based) remaining unchanged. Compounds 1-3 exhibited excited state absorption (ESA) profiles consistent with lowest-lying 3MLCT states when probed by nanosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy with 532 nm excitation and had contributions from 1IL(C^N) states with 355 nm excitation. These assignments were supported by the lifetimes observed (<10 ns for the 1IL states and around 20 ns for the 3MLCT states) as well as a noticeable ESA for 3 with 355 nm excitation that did not occur with 532 nm excitation. Compound 4 was the only member of the family with two 3MLCT emissive lifetimes (15, 110 ns), and the TA spectra collected with both 355 and 532 nm excitation was assigned to the 3IL state, which was corroborated by its 4-6 μs lifetime. The ESA for 4 had a rise time of approximately 10 ns and an initial decay of 110 ns, which suggests a possible 3MLCT-3IL excited state equilibrium that results in delayed emission from the 3MLCT state. Compound 4 was nontoxic toward human skin melanoma cells (SKMEL28) in the dark (EC50 = >300 μM); 1-3 were cytotoxic and yielded EC50 values between 1 and 20 μM. The photocytotoxicites with visible light ranged from 87 nM with a phototherapeutic index (PI) of 13 for 1 to approximately 1 μM (PI = >267) for 4. With red light, EC50 values varied from 270 nM (PI = 21) for 3 to 12 μM for 4 (PI = >25). The larger PIs for 4, especially with visible light, were attributed to the much lower dark cytotoxicity for this compound. Because the dark cytotoxicity contributes substantially to the observed photocytotoxicity for 1-3, it was not possible to assess whether the 3IL state of 4 led to a much more potent phototoxic mechanism in the absence of dark toxicity. There was no stark contrast in cellular uptake and accumulation by laser scanning confocal and differential interference contrast microscopy to explain the large differences in dark toxicities between 1-3 and 4. Nevertheless, the study highlights a new family of Ru(II) C^N complexes where π-conjugation beyond a certain point results in low dark cytotoxicity with high photocytotoxicity, opposing the notion that cyclometalated Ru(II) systems are too toxic to be phototherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Katsuya L Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Susan M A Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - John Roque Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Mitch Pinto
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Liu B, Lystrom L, Cameron CG, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Monocationic Iridium(III) Complexes with Far‐Red Charge‐Transfer Absorption and Near‐IR Emission: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Reverse Saturable Absorption. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402‐6170 USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402‐6170 USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108‐6050 USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen G, Chang B, Shih T, Lin C, Lo C, Chen Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Guo J, Lu C, Yang Z, Su H. Cationic Ir
III
Emitters with Near‐Infrared Emission Beyond 800 nm and Their Use in Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Chemistry 2019; 25:5489-5497. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan‐Yu Chen
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - Bo‐Ren Chang
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Ting‐An Shih
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Hsiang Lin
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - Chieh‐Liang Lo
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Yan‐Zhi Chen
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - You‐Xuan Liu
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ru Li
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Jin‐Ting Guo
- Institute of Photonic SystemNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Chin‐Wei Lu
- Department of Applied ChemistryProvidence University Taichung 43301 Taiwan
| | - Zu‐Po Yang
- Institute of Photonic SystemNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| | - Hai‐Ching Su
- Institute of Lighting and Energy PhotonicsNational Chiao Tung University Tainan 71150 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu B, Lystrom L, Kilina S, Sun W. Effects of Varying the Benzannulation Site and π Conjugation of the Cyclometalating Ligand on the Photophysics and Reverse Saturable Absorption of Monocationic Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:476-488. [PMID: 30525520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of monocationic iridium(III) complexes, [Ir(C^N)2(pqu)]+PF6- [pqu = 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline, C^N = 2-phenylquinoline (1), 3-phenylisoquinoline (2), 1-phenylisoquinoline (3), benzo[ h]quinoline (4), 2-(pyridin-2-yl)naphthalene (5), 1-(pyridin-2-yl)naphthalene (6), 2-(phenanthren-9-yl)pyridine (7), 2-phenylbenzo[ g]quinoline (8), 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)quinoline (9), and 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)benzo[ g]quinoline (10)], were synthesized in this work. These complexes bear C^N ligands with varied degrees of π conjugation and sites of benzannulation, allowing for elucidation of the effects of the benzannulation site at the C^N ligand on the photophysics of the complexes. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption and emission of the complexes were systematically investigated via spectroscopic techniques and time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Their triplet excited-state absorption and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) were studied by nanosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and nonlinear transmission techniques. The fusion of phenyl ring(s) to the phenyl ring or the 4 and 5 positions of the pyridyl ring of the C^N ligand resulted in red-shifted UV-vis absorption and emission spectra in complexes 2, 5-7, 9, and 10 compared to those of the parent complex 0, while their triplet lifetimes and emission quantum yields were significantly reduced. In contrast, the fusion of one phenyl ring to the other sites of the pyridyl group of the C^N ligand showed an insignificant impact on the energies of the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited states in complexes 1, 3, and 4 but noticeably affected their TA spectral features. The fusion of the naphthyl group to the 5 and 6 and positions at the pyridyl ring did not influence the S1 energy of complex 8 but altered the nature of the T1 states in 8 and 10 by switching them to the benzo[ g]quinoline-localized 3π,π* state, which resulted in completely different emission and TA spectra in these two complexes. The site-dependent variations of the ground- and excited-state absorption induced strong but varied RSA from these complexes for 4.1-ns laser pulses at 532 nm, with the RSA strength decreasing in the trend of 3 > 7 ≈ 4 ≈ 9 ≈ 6 > 8 ≈ 1 ≈ 2 ≈ 5 > 10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108-6050 , United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108-6050 , United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108-6050 , United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota 58108-6050 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu B, Monro S, Lystrom L, Cameron CG, Colon K, Yin H, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Photophysical and Photobiological Properties of Dinuclear Iridium(III) Bis-tridentate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9859-9872. [PMID: 30091916 PMCID: PMC6337720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cationic dinuclear iridium(III) complexes (Ir1-Ir5) bearing terpyridine-capped fluorenyl bridging ligands and different polypyridyl or cyclometalating terminal tridentate ligands were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their photophysical and photobiological activities. The influence of the bridging and terminal ligands on the photophysical properties of the complexes was investigated by UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy and simulated by TDDFT calculations. All of the complexes displayed strong bridging-ligand localized visible 1π,π* absorption and red- or near-infrared phosphorescence as well as broad triplet excited-state absorption across both visible and NIR wavelengths. These triplet states were assigned as predominantly 3π,π* for Ir1 (τ = 3.1 μs) and Ir4 (τ = 48 μs) and 3CT (charge transfer) for Ir2, Ir3, and Ir5 (τ = 1.7-2.7 μs). Complexes Ir1-Ir5 acted as in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents toward human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells when activated with visible light, with submicromolar photocytotoxicity and phototherapeutic indices ranging from 20 to almost 300. The in vitro PDT effects with visible light did not correlate with singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields or DNA photocleaving capacity probed under cell-free conditions. All of the Ir(III) complexes phosphoresced brightly when associated with compromised cells (with or without light treatment) and exhibited photoactivated cellular uptake, highlighting the theranostic potential of this new class of Ir(III) complex photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Katsuya Colon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ghosh G, Colón KL, Fuller A, Sainuddin T, Bradner E, McCain J, Monro SMA, Yin H, Hetu MW, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complexes Derived from α-Oligothiophenes as Highly Selective Cytotoxic or Photocytotoxic Agents. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:7694-7712. [PMID: 29927243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical and photobiological properties of a new class of cyclometalated ruthenium(II) compounds incorporating π-extended benzo[ h]imidazo[4,5- f]quinoline (IBQ) cyclometalating ligands (C^N) bearing thienyl rings ( n = 1-4, compounds 1-4) were investigated. Their octanol-water partition coefficients (log Po/w) were positive and increased with n. Their absorption and emission energies were red-shifted substantially compared to the analogous Ru(II) diimine (N^N) complexes. They displayed C^N-based intraligand (IL) fluorescence and triplet excited-state absorption that shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing n and N^N-based metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) phosphorescence that was independent of n. Their photoluminescence lifetimes (τem) ranged from 4-10 ns for 1IL states and 12-18 ns for 3MLCT states. Transient absorption lifetimes (τTA) were 5-8 μs with 355 nm excitation, ascribed to 3IL states that became inaccessible for 1-3 with 532 nm excitation (1-3, τTA = 16-17 ns); the 3IL of 4 only was accessible by lower energy excitation, τTA = 3.8 μs. Complex 4 was nontoxic (EC50 > 300 μM) to SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells and CCD1064-Sk normal skin fibroblasts in the dark, while 3 was selectively cytotoxic to melanoma (EC50= 5.1 μM) only. Compounds 1 and 2 were selective for melanoma cells in the dark, with submicromolar potencies (EC50 = 350-500 nM) and selectivity factors (SFs) around 50. The photocytotoxicities of compounds 1-4 toward melanoma cells were similar, but only compounds 3 and 4 displayed significant phototherapeutic indices (PIs; 3, 43; 4, >1100). The larger cytotoxicities for compounds 1 and 2 were attributed to increased cellular uptake and nuclear accumulation, and possibly related to the DNA-aggregating properties of all four compounds as demonstrated by cell-free gel mobility-shift assays. Together, these results demonstrate a new class of thiophene-containing Ru(II) cyclometalated compounds that contain both highly selective chemotherapeutic agents and extremely potent photocytotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Katsuya L Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Anderson Fuller
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Evan Bradner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Susan M A Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Marc W Hetu
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ligand-Tuneable, Red-Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes for Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Performance. Chemistry 2018; 24:8577-8588. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Hierlinger C, Flint HV, Cordes DB, Slawin AM, Gibson EA, Jacquemin D, Guerchais V, Zysman-Colman E. A panchromatic, near infrared Ir(III) emitter bearing a tripodal C^N^C ligand as a dye for dye-sensitized solar cells. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
47
|
You Y. Recent Progress on the Exploration of the Biological Utility of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
BODIPY@Ir(III) Complexes Assembling Organic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|