1
|
Logallo A, Hevia E. Applying Na/Co(II) bimetallic partnerships to promote multiple Co-H exchanges in polyfluoroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5383-5386. [PMID: 37060131 PMCID: PMC10152514 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic base NaCo(HMDS)3 [HMDS = N(SiMe3)2] enables regioselective di-cobaltation of activated polyfluoroarenes under mild reaction conditions. For 1,3,5-C6H2X3 (X= Cl, F), NaCo(HMDS)3 in excess at 80 °C impressively induces the collective cleavage of five bonds (two C-H and three C-X) of the substrates via a cascade activation process that cannot be replicated by LiCo(HMDS)3 or KCo(HMDS)3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Logallo
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Sun X, Chen P, Liu HT, Li J, Liu D, Li D, Dou J, Tian H. Modulating the relaxation dynamics of the Na 2Mn 3 system via an auxiliary anion change. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14774-14781. [PMID: 34591053 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports two closely related heteropentanuclear manganese complexes, namely, {Na2Mn3(opch)3(μ4-O)(μ2-N3) (μ2-AcO)(μ2-MeO)}·6CH3OH·0.5H2O (1) and {Na2Mn3(opch)3(μ4-O)(μ2-N3)2(μ2-AcO)}·2.5CH3OH·2H2O (2), where H2opch is (E)-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the trigonal bipyramidal skeletons in both complexes are comparable, where a perfect triangular Mn3 motif occupies the equatorial plane. Magnetic investigations suggest that overall antiferromagnetic coupling is present within the triangles of 1 and 2. However, their dynamic magnetic properties are drastically distinct. Indeed, complexes 1 and 2 show two kinds of dual slow magnetic relaxation processes that correspond to anisotropy barriers (Δ) of 9.2 cm-1 (11.4 cm-1 for 2) and 12.8 cm-1 (30.0 cm-1 for 2) for the low- and high-frequency domains, respectively. More importantly, a further comparative study of the structure and magnetism indicates that the coordination sphere of these two model complexes with the homologous hydrazone-based coordination sites undergoes an alteration from methoxide-O to azide-N upon a subtle change of the auxiliary anion accompanied by modulating octahedron geometries, leading to a further influence on different relaxation dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Peiqiong Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Hou-Ting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dacheng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Jianmin Dou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Haiquan Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maddock L, Morton R, Kennedy A, Hevia E. Lateral Metallation and Redistribution Reactions of Sodium Ferrates Containing Bulky 2,6-Diisopropyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)anilide Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:15180-15186. [PMID: 34324749 PMCID: PMC8596604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alkali‐metal ferrates containing amide groups have emerged as regioselective bases capable of promoting Fe−H exchanges of aromatic substrates. Advancing this area of heterobimetallic chemistry, a new series of sodium ferrates is introduced incorporating the bulky arylsilyl amido ligand N(SiMe3)(Dipp) (Dipp=2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3). Influenced by the large steric demands imposed by this amide, transamination of [NaFe(HMDS)3] (HMDS=N(SiMe3)2) with an excess of HN(SiMe3)(Dipp) led to the isolation of heteroleptic [Na(HMDS)2Fe{N(SiMe3)Dipp}]∞ (1) resulting from the exchange of just one HMDS group. An alternative co‐complexation approach, combining the homometallic metal amides [NaN(SiMe3)Dipp] and [Fe{N(SiMe3)Dipp}2] induces lateral metallation of one Me arm from the SiMe3 group in the iron amide furnishing tetrameric [NaFe{N(SiCH2Me2)Dipp}{N(SiMe3)Dipp}]4 (2). Reactivity studies support that this deprotonation is driven by the steric incompatibility of the single metal amides rather than the basic capability of the sodium reagent. Displaying synergistic reactivity, heteroleptic sodium ferrate 1 can selectively promote ferration of pentafluorobenzene using one of its HMDS arms to give heterotrileptic [Na{N(SiMe3)Dipp}(HMDS)Fe(C6F5)]∞ (4). Attempts to deprotonate less activated pyridine led to the isolation of NaHMDS and heteroleptic Fe(II) amide [(py)Fe{N(SiMe3)Dipp}(HMDS)] (5), resulting from an alternative redistribution process which is favoured by the Lewis donor ability of this substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Maddock
- University of Bern: Universitat Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Rebekka Morton
- University of Strathclyde Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pure and Applied Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alan Kennedy
- University of Strathclyde Faculty of Science, Pure and applied chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Eva Hevia
- Universitat Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, SWITZERLAND
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maddock LCH, Mu M, Kennedy AR, García‐Melchor M, Hevia E. Facilitating the Ferration of Aromatic Substrates through Intramolecular Sodium Mediation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of Chemistry CRANN and AMBER Research Centres Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St Glasgow G11XL UK
| | - Max García‐Melchor
- School of Chemistry CRANN and AMBER Research Centres Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maddock LCH, Mu M, Kennedy AR, García‐Melchor M, Hevia E. Facilitating the Ferration of Aromatic Substrates through Intramolecular Sodium Mediation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15296-15301. [PMID: 33950575 PMCID: PMC8362017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting cooperative effects between Na and FeII centres present in tris(amide) ferrate complexes has led to the chemoselective ferration of pentafluorobenzene, benzene, toluene, anisole, and pyridine being realised at room temperature. The importance of this bimetallic partnership is demonstrated by neither the relevant sodium amide (NaHMDS or NaTMP) nor the FeII amide Fe(HMDS)2 efficiently metallating these substrates under the conditions of this study. By combining NMR studies with the isolation of key intermediates and DFT calculations, we offer a possible mechanism for how these reactions take place, uncovering a surprising reaction pathway in which the metals cooperate in a synchronised manner. Although the isolated products are formally the result of Fe-H exchange, theoretical calculations indicate that the aromatic substrates undergo Na-H exchange followed by fast intramolecular transmetallation to Fe, thus stabilizing the newly generated aryl fragment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of ChemistryCRANN and AMBER Research CentresTrinity College DublinCollege GreenDublin2Ireland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StGlasgowG11XLUK
| | - Max García‐Melchor
- School of ChemistryCRANN and AMBER Research CentresTrinity College DublinCollege GreenDublin2Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nicolini A, Affronte M, SantaLucia DJ, Borsari M, Cahier B, Caleffi M, Ranieri A, Berry JF, Cornia A. Tetrairon(II) extended metal atom chains as single-molecule magnets. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7571-7589. [PMID: 33983354 PMCID: PMC8214398 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01007g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron-based extended metal atom chains (EMACs) are potentially high-spin molecules with axial magnetic anisotropy and thus candidate single-molecule magnets (SMMs). We herein compare the tetrairon(ii), halide-capped complexes [Fe4(tpda)3Cl2] (1Cl) and [Fe4(tpda)3Br2] (1Br), obtained by reacting iron(ii) dihalides with [Fe2(Mes)4] and N2,N6-di(pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-diamine (H2tpda) in toluene, under strictly anhydrous and anaerobic conditions (HMes = mesitylene). Detailed structural, electrochemical and Mössbauer data are presented along with direct-current (DC) and alternating-current (AC) magnetic characterizations. DC measurements revealed similar static magnetic properties for the two derivatives, with χMT at room temperature above that for independent spin carriers, but much lower at low temperature. The electronic structure of the iron(ii) ions in each derivative was explored by ab initio (CASSCF-NEVPT2-SO) calculations, which showed that the main magnetic axis of all metals is directed close to the axis of the chain. The outer metals, Fe1 and Fe4, have an easy-axis magnetic anisotropy (D = -11 to -19 cm-1, |E/D| = 0.05-0.18), while the internal metals, Fe2 and Fe3, possess weaker hard-axis anisotropy (D = 8-10 cm-1, |E/D| = 0.06-0.21). These single-ion parameters were held constant in the fitting of DC magnetic data, which revealed ferromagnetic Fe1-Fe2 and Fe3-Fe4 interactions and antiferromagnetic Fe2-Fe3 coupling. The competition between super-exchange interactions and the large, noncollinear anisotropies at metal sites results in a weakly magnetic non-Kramers doublet ground state. This explains the SMM behavior displayed by both derivatives in the AC susceptibility data, with slow magnetic relaxation in 1Br being observable even in zero static field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nicolini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM, I-41125 Modena, Italy. and Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Affronte
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniel J SantaLucia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Benjamin Cahier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matteo Caleffi
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Ranieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Andrea Cornia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Borys AM, Hevia E. Beyond Ni{N(SiMe3)2}2: Synthesis of a Stable Solvated Sodium Tris-Amido Nickelate. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andryj M. Borys
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guillet GL, Arpin KY, Boltin AM, Gordon JB, Rave JA, Hillesheim PC. Synthesis and Characterization of a Linear Triiron(II) Extended Metal Atom Chain Complex with Fe–Fe Bonds. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11238-11243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L. Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
| | - Kathleen Y. Arpin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
| | - Alan M. Boltin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
| | - Jesse B. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Justin A. Rave
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
| | - Patrick C. Hillesheim
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Ave Maria University, 5050 Ave Maria Boulevard, Ave Maria, Florida 34142, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nicolini A, Galavotti R, Barra AL, Borsari M, Caleffi M, Luo G, Novitchi G, Park K, Ranieri A, Rigamonti L, Roncaglia F, Train C, Cornia A. Filling the Gap in Extended Metal Atom Chains: Ferromagnetic Interactions in a Tetrairon(II) String Supported by Oligo-α-pyridylamido Ligands. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5438-5448. [PMID: 29668273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stringlike complex [Fe4(tpda)3Cl2] (2; H2tpda = N2, N6-bis(pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-diamine) was obtained as the first homometallic extended metal atom chain based on iron(II) and oligo-α-pyridylamido ligands. The synthesis was performed under strictly anaerobic and anhydrous conditions using dimesityliron, [Fe2(Mes)4] (1; HMes = mesitylene), as both an iron source and a deprotonating agent for H2tpda. The four lined-up iron(II) ions in the structure of 2 (Fe···Fe = 2.94-2.99 Å, Fe···Fe···Fe = 171.7-168.8°) are wrapped by three doubly deprotonated twisted ligands, and the chain is capped at its termini by two chloride ions. The spectroscopic and electronic properties of 2 were investigated in dichloromethane by UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical measurements showed four fully resolved, quasi-reversible one-electron-redox processes, implying that 2 can adopt five oxidation states in a potential window of only 0.8 V. Direct current (dc) magnetic measurements indicate dominant ferromagnetic coupling at room temperature, although the ground state is only weakly magnetic. On the basis of density functional theory and angular overlap model calculations, this magnetic behavior was explained as being due to two pairs of ferromagnetically coupled iron(II) ions ( J = -21 cm-1 using JŜ i·Ŝ j convention) weakly antiferromagnetically coupled with each other. Alternating-current susceptibility data in the presence of a 2 kOe dc field and at frequencies up to 1.5 kHz revealed the onset of slow magnetic relaxation below 2.8 K, with the estimated energy barrier Ueff/ kB = 10.1(1.3) K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nicolini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM , I-41125 Modena , Italy.,Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Rita Galavotti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Anne-Laure Barra
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses-CNRS , Université Grenoble-Alpes , F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Matteo Caleffi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Guangpu Luo
- Department of Physics , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Ghenadie Novitchi
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses-CNRS , Université Grenoble-Alpes , F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Kyungwha Park
- Department of Physics , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Antonio Ranieri
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Roncaglia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Cyrille Train
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses-CNRS , Université Grenoble-Alpes , F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Andrea Cornia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia & INSTM , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maddock LCH, Nixon T, Kennedy AR, Probert MR, Clegg W, Hevia E. Utilising Sodium-Mediated Ferration for Regioselective Functionalisation of Fluoroarenes via C−H and C−F Bond Activations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:187-191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tracy Nixon
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Michael R. Probert
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maddock LCH, Nixon T, Kennedy AR, Probert MR, Clegg W, Hevia E. Utilising Sodium-Mediated Ferration for Regioselective Functionalisation of Fluoroarenes via C−H and C−F Bond Activations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tracy Nixon
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Michael R. Probert
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| |
Collapse
|