1
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Martins ICB, Al‐Sabbagh D, Bentrup U, Marquardt J, Schmid T, Scoppola E, Kraus W, Stawski TM, Guilherme Buzanich A, Yusenko KV, Weidner S, Emmerling F. Formation Mechanism of a Nano-Ring of Bismuth Cations and Mono-Lacunary Keggin-Type Phosphomolybdate. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200079. [PMID: 35267226 PMCID: PMC9322599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new hetero-bimetallic polyoxometalate (POM) nano-ring was synthesized in a one-pot procedure. The structure consists of tetrameric units containing four bismuth-substituted monolacunary Keggin anions including distorted [BiO8 ] cubes. The nano-ring is formed via self-assembly from metal precursors in aqueous acidic medium. The compound (NH4 )16 [(BiPMo11 O39 )4 ] ⋅ 22 H2 O; (P4 Bi4 Mo44 ) was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS), Raman spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry mass spectrometry (TG-DSC-MS). The formation of the nano-ring in solution was studied by time-resolved in situ small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and in situ EXAFS measurements at the Mo-K and the Bi-L3 edge indicating a two-step process consisting of condensation of Mo-anions and formation of Bi-Mo-units followed by a rapid self-assembly to yield the final tetrameric ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C. B. Martins
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Dominik Al‐Sabbagh
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. (LIKAT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Julien Marquardt
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Schmid
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA)Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinUnter den Linden 610099BerlinGermany
| | - Ernesto Scoppola
- Biomaterials, Hierarchical Structure of Biological and Bio-inspired MaterialsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Werner Kraus
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Tomasz M. Stawski
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Ana Guilherme Buzanich
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Kirill V. Yusenko
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Steffen Weidner
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Str.1112489BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
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2
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Mukhacheva AA, Asanova T, Ryzhikov MR, Sukhikh TS, Kompankov NB, Yanshole VV, Berezin AS, Gushchin AL, Abramov PA, Sokolov MN. Keggin-type polyoxometalate 1 : 1 complexes of Pb(II) and Bi(III): experimental, theoretical and luminescence studies. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6913-6922. [PMID: 33928982 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bi3+ and Pb2+ uptake by a monolacunary Keggin-type [PW11O39]7- anion leads to the formation of [PW11O39Bi]4- and [PW11O39Pb]5- complexes with a stereochemically active lone pair at the incorporated heterometal. The two complexes were isolated as (TBA)4[PW11O39Bi] (1) and (TBA)5[PW11O39Pb] (2) and characterized by 31P and 183W NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray mass-spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). EXAFS and XANES data confirm the unchanged oxidation state and ψ-square pyramidal geometry of Bi3+ and Pb2+ in 1 and 2. DFT calculations were used in order to (i) confirm the absence of ligands attached to the heterometal sites in both complexes and localize the lone pair, and (ii) assign all signals in the 183W NMR spectra. Complexes 1 and 2 demonstrate photoluminescence (PL). A reversible change in the PL spectra of both complexes in the presence of water vapor has been detected. On the contrary, PL data for sandwich-type ((CH3)4N)4K3[H4(PW11O39)2Bi]·25H2O (3) do not show sensitivity to water vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Mukhacheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Asanova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Maxim R Ryzhikov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Taisiya S Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Nikolay B Kompankov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Vadim V Yanshole
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya str. 3a, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey S Berezin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Artem L Gushchin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Pavel A Abramov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
| | - Maxim N Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090, Russia.
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3
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Tanuhadi E, Al-Sayed E, Roller A, Čipčić-Paljetak H, Verbanac D, Rompel A. Synthesis, Characterization, and Phosphoesterase Activity of a Series of 4f- and 4d-Sandwich-Type Germanotungstates [( n-C 4H 9) 4N] l/mH 2[(M(H 2O) 3)(γ-GeW 10O 35) 2] (M = Ce III, Nd III, Gd III, Er III, l = 7; Zr IV, m = 6). Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14078-14084. [PMID: 32945651 PMCID: PMC7539296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
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We report on a family of five new
4f- and 4d-doped sandwich-type
germanotungstates with the general formula [(n-C4H9)4N]l/mH2[(M(H2O)3)(γ-GeW10O35)2]·3(CH3)2CO [M(H2O)3(GeW10)2] (M = CeIII, NdIII, GdIII, ErIII, l = 7; ZrIV, m = 6), which have been synthesized
at room temperature in an acetone–water mixture. Among the
compound series, [Zr(H2O)3(GeW10)2]8–, which has been obtained in the
presence of 30% H2O2, represents the first example
of a 4d-substituted germanotungstate incorporating the intact dilacunary
[γ-GeIVW10O36]8– building block. All compounds were characterized thoroughly in the
solid state by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD),
IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis
and in solution by NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy. The phosphoesterase
activity of [Ce(H2O)3(GeW10)2]9– and [Zr(H2O)3(GeW10)2]8– toward the model substrates 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP)
and O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (DMNP) was monitored with 1H- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy revealing an acceleration
of the hydrolytic reaction by an order of magnitude (kcorr = 3.44 (±0.30) × 10–4 min–1 for [Ce(H2O)3(GeW10)2]9– and kcorr = 5.36 (±0.05) × 10–4 min–1 for [Zr(H2O)3(GeW10)2]8–) as compared to the uncatalyzed reaction (kuncat = 2.60 (±0.10) × 10–5 min–1). [Ce(H2O)3(GeW10)2]9– demonstrated improved antibacterial
activity toward Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC 32 μg/mL),
compared to the unsubstituted [GeW10O36]8– POM (MIC 64 μg/mL). We report on the synthesis and characterization of five
new monosubstituted 4f- and 4d-germanotungstates [(n-C4H9)4N]l/mH2[(M(H2O)3)(γ-GeW10O35)2]·3(CH3)2CO [M(H2O)3(GeW10)2] (M = CeIII, NdIII, GdIII, ErIII, l = 7; ZrIV; m = 6). The phosphoesterase properties of [Ce(H2O)3(GeW10)2]9− and [Zr(H2O)3(GeW10)2]8− were
investigated by probing the hydrolytic activity toward 4-nitrophenyl
phosphate (NPP) and O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (DMNP). Antibacterial tests
revealed inhibiting activity of [Ce(H2O)3(GeW10)2]9− against Moraxella
catarrhalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Tanuhadi
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Emir Al-Sayed
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Fakultät für Chemie, Zentrum für Röntgenstrukturanalyse, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Hana Čipčić-Paljetak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Croatian Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Donatella Verbanac
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Annette Rompel
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
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4
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Amiri M, Martin NP, Sadeghi O, Nyman M. Bismuth for Controlled Assembly/Disassembly of Transition-Metal Oxo Clusters, Defining Reaction Pathways in Inorganic Synthesis and Nature. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3471-3481. [PMID: 32078309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trivalent bismuth is a unique heavy p-block ion. It is highly insoluble in water, due to strong hydrolysis tendencies, and known for low toxicity. Its lone pair is structure-directing, providing framework materials with structural flexibility, leading to piezoelectric and multiferroic function. The flexibility it provides is also advantageous for dopants and vacancies, giving rise to conductivity, luminescence, color, and catalytic properties. We are exploiting Bi3+ in a completely different way, as a knob to "tune" the solubility and stability of transition-metal oxo clusters. The lone pair allows capping and isolation of metastable cluster forms for solid-state and solution characterization. With controlled release of the bismuth (via bismuth oxyhalide metathesis), the metal oxo clusters can be retained in aqueous solution, and we can track their reaction pathways and conversion to related metal oxyhydroxides. Here we present isolation of a bismuth-stabilized MnIV cluster, fully formulated [MnIV6Bi2KO9(CH3COO)10(H2O)3(NO3)2] (Mn6Bi2). In addition to characterization by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solution characterization in acetonitrile and acetonitrile-acetic acid by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry shows high stability and the tendency of Mn6Bi2 to link into chains by bridging the bismuth (and potassium) caps with nitrate and acetate ligands. On the other hand, the dissolution of Mn6Bi2 in water, with and without metathesis of the bismuth, leads to the precipitation of related oxyhydroxide phases, which we characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and the conversion pathway by SAXS. Without removal of bismuth, amorphous manganese/bismuth oxyhydroxides precipitate within a day. On the other hand, metathesis of BiOBr yields a solution containing soluble manganese oxyhydroxide prenucleation clusters that assemble and precipitate over 10 days. This allows tracking of the reaction pathway via SAXS. We observe one-dimensional growth of species, followed by the precipitation of nanocrystalline hollandite (identified by TEM). The hollandite is presumably templated by the K+, originally in the crystalline lattice of Mn6Bi2. In this Forum Article that combines new results and prospective, we compare these results to prior studies in which we first introduced the use of capping Bi3+ to stabilize reactive clusters, followed by destabilization to understand reaction pathways in synthesis and low-temperature geochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Nicolas P Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Linn-Benton Community College, Albany Oregon 97321, United States
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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5
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Senevirathna DC, Werrett MV, Kubeil M, Stephan H, Andrews PC. Synthesis, structural characterisation, and cytotoxicity studies of Bi, W, and Mo containing homo- and hetero-bimetallic polyoxometalates. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15962-15969. [PMID: 31592521 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03288f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three new and different homo- and hetero-bimetallic polyoxometalate (POM) species have been synthesised by simple one-pot synthetic methods utilising naturally occurring bismite (Bi2O3) (or Bi(NO3)3·5H2O) and aryl sulfonic acids. The POM species isolated are (NH4)14[Bi2W22O76]·14H2O (1·14H2O), (NH4)[Bi(DMSO)7][Mo8O26]·H2O (2·H2O) and [(NH4)4(Mo36O108(OH)4·16H2O)]·45H2O (3·45H2O). The compounds have been characterised by X-ray crystallography, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), powdered X-ray diffraction (PXRD), mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TGA) and ICP analyis. In vitro cytoxicity and proliferation studies conducted on 1 and 3, highlight the low toxicity of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Manja Kubeil
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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6
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Suzuki K, Minato T, Tominaga N, Okumo I, Yonesato K, Mizuno N, Yamaguchi K. Hexavacant γ-Dawson-type phosphotungstates supporting an edge-sharing bis(square-pyramidal) {O 2M(μ 3-O) 2(μ-OAc)MO 2} core (M = Mn 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+, or Zn 2+). Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7281-7289. [PMID: 30778456 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In aqueous media, the introduction of additional metal species into polyoxometalates (POMs) with multiple vacant sites, such as a hexavacant Dawson-type phosphotungstate, which is of interest for the synthesis of novel metal oxide clusters, is generally difficult because they easily undergo self-condensation and/or structural decomposition. In this study, we succeeded in developing a novel synthetic method to obtain metal-substituted γ-Dawson-type phosphotungstate monomers by introducing metal species into an organic solvent-soluble lacunary phosphotungstate, TBA4H10[α-P2W12O48] (I) (TBA = tetra-n-butylammonium), in organic media. The reaction of I, which possessed two types of vacant sites, i.e. middle and edge sites, with divalent metal species such as Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ in acetonitrile afforded a series of isostructural POMs M2 (TBA5[γ-P2W12O44M2(OAc)(CH3CONH)2]·nH2O·mCH3CN; M = Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+; OAc = acetate) with an edge-sharing bis(square-pyramidal) {O2M(μ3-O)2(μ-OAc)MO2} core. The bis(square-pyramidal) core was selectively placed at the middle site of the hexavacant lacunary phosphotungstate, and the two metals in the core were bridged by two phosphate units and one acetate species. Meanwhile, the edge sites were capped by acetimidate ligands, which protect the reactive lacunary POM from self-condensation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the synthesis and characterization of metal-substituted hexavacant γ-Dawson-type POM monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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7
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Bismuth(III)‐Containing Heteropolytungstates [Bi(XW
11
O
39
)
2
]
n
–
(X = Si, Ge,
n
= 13; X = P,
n
= 11) and [Bi(P
2
W
17
O
61
)
2
]
17–. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Wihadi MNK, Hayashi A, Ichihashi K, Ota H, Nishihara S, Inoue K, Tsunoji N, Sano T, Sadakane M. A Sandwich Complex of Bismuth Cation and Mono‐Lacunary α‐Keggin‐Type Phosphotungstate: Preparation and Structural Characterisation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muh Nur Khoiru Wihadi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Akio Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Katsuya Ichihashi
- Department of Chemisty Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University 1‐3‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8526 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiromi Ota
- Division of Instrumental Analysis Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenic Department Advanced Science Research Center Okayama University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Okayama 700‐8530 Japan
| | - Sadafumi Nishihara
- Department of Chemisty Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University 1‐3‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8526 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
- Chirality Research Center and Institute for Advanced Materials Research Hiroshima University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Katsuya Inoue
- Department of Chemisty Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University 1‐3‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8526 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
- Chirality Research Center and Institute for Advanced Materials Research Hiroshima University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Nao Tsunoji
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Tsuneji Sano
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masahiro Sadakane
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University 1‐4‐1 Kagamiyama 739‐8527 Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
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9
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Suzuki K, Mizuno N, Yamaguchi K. Polyoxometalate Photocatalysis for Liquid-Phase Selective Organic Functional Group Transformations. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Precursory Research
for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology
Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Noritaka Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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10
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11
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Minato T, Suzuki K, Yamaguchi K, Mizuno N. Alkoxides of Trivacant Lacunary Polyoxometalates. Chemistry 2017; 23:14213-14220. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Minato
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kosuke Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Noritaka Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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