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Rinkovec T, Kalebic D, Dehaen W, Whitelam S, Harvey JN, De Feyter S. On the origin of cooperativity effects in the formation of self-assembled molecular networks at the liquid/solid interface. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6076-6087. [PMID: 38665531 PMCID: PMC11041291 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate the behaviour of molecules at the nanoscale using scanning tunnelling microscopy in order to explore the origin of the cooperativity in the formation of self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) at the liquid/solid interface. By studying concentration dependence of alkoxylated dimethylbenzene, a molecular analogue to 5-alkoxylated isophthalic derivatives, but without hydrogen bonding moieties, we show that the cooperativity effect can be experimentally evaluated even for low-interacting systems and that the cooperativity in SAMN formation is its fundamental trait. We conclude that cooperativity must be a local effect and use the nearest-neighbor Ising model to reproduce the coverage vs. concentration curves. The Ising model offers a direct link between statistical thermodynamics and experimental parameters, making it a valuable tool for assessing the thermodynamics of SAMN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rinkovec
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Demian Kalebic
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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2
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Gorbunov VA, Uliankina AI, Akimenko SS, Myshlyavtsev AV. Tensor renormalization group study of orientational ordering in simple models of adsorption monolayers. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:014133. [PMID: 37583228 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.014133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple lattice model of the orientational ordering in organic adsorption layers that considers the directionality of intermolecular interactions is proposed. The symmetry and the number of rotational states of the adsorbed molecule are the main parameters of the model. The model takes into account both the isotropic and directional contributions to the molecule-molecule interaction potential. Using several special cases of this model, we have shown that the tensor renormalization group (TRG) approach can be successfully used for the analysis of orientational ordering in organic adsorption layers with directed intermolecular interactions. Adsorption isotherms, potential energy, and entropy have been calculated for the model adsorption layers differing in the molecule symmetry and the number of rotational states. The calculated thermodynamic characteristics show that entropy effects play a significant role in the self-assembly of dense phases of the molecular layers. All the results obtained with the TRG have been verified by the standard Monte Carlo method. The proposed model reproduces the main features of the phase behavior of the real adsorption layers of benzoic, terephthalic, and trimesic acids on a homogeneous surface of metal single crystals and graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Gorbunov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Avenue, Omsk 644050, Russian Federation
| | - A I Uliankina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Avenue, Omsk 644050, Russian Federation
| | - S S Akimenko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Avenue, Omsk 644050, Russian Federation
| | - A V Myshlyavtsev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Omsk State Technical University, 11 Mira Avenue, Omsk 644050, Russian Federation
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Preetha Genesh N, Cui D, Dettmann D, MacLean O, Johal TK, Lunchev AV, Grimsdale AC, Rosei F. Selective Self-Assembly and Modification of Herringbone Reconstructions at a Solid-Liquid Interface of Au(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3057-3062. [PMID: 36946688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of molecular self-assembly on surfaces presents many opportunities for the creation of complex nanostructures. Within this endeavor, selective patterning by exploiting molecular interactions at the solid-liquid interface would be a beneficial capability. Using scanning tunneling microscopy at the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/Au(111) interface, we observed selective self-assembly of 1,3,5-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)benzene (TMPB) molecules in the face-centered cubic (FCC) regions of Au(111). Density functional theory calculations suggest higher adsorption energy of TMPB molecules at FCC regions, explaining the preference for self-assembly. The molecular coverage is found to increase with the concentration of the applied solution, eventually yielding a full monolayer. Moreover, the adsorption of TMPB molecules induces a concentration-dependent lifting of the herringbone reconstruction, observed as an increase in the area of the FCC regions at higher concentrations. Our results represent a simple and cost-effective selective nanoscale patterning method on Au(111), providing a possible avenue to guide the co-adsorption of other functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navathej Preetha Genesh
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130103, People's Republic of China
| | - Tarnjit Kaur Johal
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Andrey V Lunchev
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Andrew C Grimsdale
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
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4
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Reaction selectivity of homochiral versus heterochiral intermolecular reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes on surfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4122. [PMID: 31511503 PMCID: PMC6739358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces remains a great challenge. Here, competing reactions of a prochiral alkyne on Ag(111): two-dimensional (2D) homochiral Glaser coupling and heterochiral cross-coupling with a Bergman cyclization step have been examined. We demonstrate control strategies in steering the reactions between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters, as confirmed by high-resolution scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the template effect of organometallic chains obtained under specific kinetic conditions enhances Glaser coupling between homochiral molecules. In contrast, for the reaction of free monomers, the kinetically favorable reaction pathway is the cross-coupling between two heterochiral molecules (one of them involving cyclization). This work demonstrates the application of kinetic control to steer chiral organic coupling pathways at surfaces. Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces is intriguing but challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate strategies in steering the reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters.
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Freund S, Pawlak R, Moser L, Hinaut A, Steiner R, Marinakis N, Constable EC, Meyer E, Housecroft CE, Glatzel T. Transoid-to-Cisoid Conformation Changes of Single Molecules on Surfaces Triggered by Metal Coordination. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12851-12856. [PMID: 31458009 PMCID: PMC6645055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Conformational isomers are stereoisomers that can interconvert over low potential barriers by rotation around a single bond. However, such bond rotation is hampered by geometrical constraints when molecules are adsorbed on surfaces. Here, we show that the adsorption of 4,4'-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine molecules on surfaces leads to the appearance of prochiral single molecules on NiO(001) and to enantiopure supramolecular domains on Au(111) surfaces containing the transoid-molecule conformation. Upon additional Fe adatom deposition, molecules undergo a controlled interconversion from a transoid-to-cisoid conformation as a result of coordination of the Fe atoms to the 2,2'-bipyridine moieties. As confirmed by atomic force microscopy images and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, the resulting molecular structures become irreversibly achiral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Lucas Moser
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Steiner
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Marinakis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C. Constable
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E. Housecroft
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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