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Vlatakis S, Zhang W, Thomas S, Cressey P, Moldovan AC, Metzger H, Prentice P, Cochran S, Thanou M. Effect of Phase-Change Nanodroplets and Ultrasound on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:51. [PMID: 38258062 PMCID: PMC10818572 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Phase-change nanodroplets (PCND;NDs) are emulsions with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) core that undergo acoustic vaporisation as a response to ultrasound (US). Nanodroplets change to microbubbles and cavitate while under the effect of US. This cavitation can apply forces on cell connections in biological barrier membranes, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and trigger a transient and reversible increased permeability to molecules and matter. This study aims to present the preparation of lipid-based NDs and investigate their effects on the brain endothelial cell barrier in vitro. The NDs were prepared using the thin-film hydration method, followed by the PFC addition. They were characterised for size, cavitation (using a high-speed camera), and PFC encapsulation (using FTIR). The bEnd.3 (mouse brain endothelial) cells were seeded onto transwell inserts. Fluorescein with NDs and/or microbubbles were applied on the bEND3 cells and the effect of US on fluorescein permeability was measured. The Live/Dead assay was used to assess the BBB integrity after the treatments. Size and PFC content analysis indicated that the NDs were stable while stored. High-speed camera imaging confirmed that the NDs cavitate after US exposure of 0.12 MPa. The BBB cell model experiments revealed a 4-fold increase in cell membrane permeation after the combined application of US and NDs. The Live/Dead assay results indicated damage to the BBB membrane integrity, but this damage was less when compared to the one caused by microbubbles. This in vitro study shows that nanodroplets have the potential to cause BBB opening in a similar manner to microbubbles. Both cavitation agents caused damage on the endothelial cells. It appears that NDs cause less cell damage compared to microbubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Vlatakis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.V.); (W.Z.); (S.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.V.); (W.Z.); (S.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.V.); (W.Z.); (S.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Cressey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.V.); (W.Z.); (S.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Alexandru Corneliu Moldovan
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (A.C.M.); (H.M.); (P.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Hilde Metzger
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (A.C.M.); (H.M.); (P.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Paul Prentice
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (A.C.M.); (H.M.); (P.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Sandy Cochran
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (A.C.M.); (H.M.); (P.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Maya Thanou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.V.); (W.Z.); (S.T.); (P.C.)
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Yazdanparast S, Rezai P, Amirfazli A. Microfluidic Droplet-Generation Device with Flexible Walls. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1770. [PMID: 37763933 PMCID: PMC10536617 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Controlling droplet sizes is one of the most important aspects of droplet generators used in biomedical research, drug discovery, high-throughput screening, and emulsion manufacturing applications. This is usually achieved by using multiple devices that are restricted in their range of generated droplet sizes. In this paper, a co-flow microfluidic droplet-generation device with flexible walls was developed such that the width of the continuous (C)-phase channel around the dispersed (D)-phase droplet-generating needle can be adjusted on demand. This actuation mechanism allowed for the adjustment of the C-phase flow velocity, hence providing modulated viscous forces to manipulate droplet sizes in a single device. Two distinct droplet-generation regimes were observed at low D-phase Weber numbers, i.e., a dripping regime at high- and medium-channel widths and a plug regime at low-channel widths. The effect of channel width on droplet size was investigated in the dripping regime under three modes of constant C-phase flow rate, velocity, and Capillary number. Reducing the channel width at a constant C-phase flow rate had the most pronounced effect on producing smaller droplets. This effect can be attributed to the combined influences of the wall effect and increased C-phase velocity, leading to a greater impact on droplet size due to the intensified viscous force. Droplet sizes in the range of 175-913 µm were generated; this range was ~2.5 times wider than the state of the art, notably using a single microfluidic device. Lastly, an empirical model based on Buckingham's Pi theorem was developed to predict the size of droplets based on channel width and height as well as the C-phase Capillary and Reynolds numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Alidad Amirfazli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Huang B, Ge X, Rubinstein BY, Chen X, Wang L, Xie H, Leshansky AM, Li Z. Gas-assisted microfluidic step-emulsification for generating micron- and submicron-sized droplets. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:86. [PMID: 37435566 PMCID: PMC10330193 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Micron- and submicron-sized droplets have extensive applications in biomedical diagnosis and drug delivery. Moreover, accurate high-throughput analysis requires a uniform droplet size distribution and high production rates. Although the previously reported microfluidic coflow step-emulsification method can be used to generate highly monodispersed droplets, the droplet diameter (d) is constrained by the microchannel height (b), d ≳ 3 b , while the production rate is limited by the maximum capillary number of the step-emulsification regime, impeding emulsification of highly viscous liquids. In this paper, we report a novel, gas-assisted coflow step-emulsification method, where air serves as the innermost phase of a precursor hollow-core air/oil/water emulsion. Air gradually diffuses out, producing oil droplets. The size of the hollow-core droplets and the ultrathin oil layer thickness both follow the scaling laws of triphasic step-emulsification. The minimal droplet size attains d ≈ 1.7 b , inaccessible in standard all-liquid biphasic step-emulsification. The production rate per single channel is an order-of-magnitude higher than that in the standard all-liquid biphasic step-emulsification and is also superior to alternative emulsification methods. Due to low gas viscosity, the method can also be used to generate micron- and submicron-sized droplets of high-viscosity fluids, while the inert nature of the auxiliary gas offers high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Huang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 ZhongGuanCunNan Street, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xinjin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | | | - Xianchun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 ZhongGuanCunNan Street, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 ZhongGuanCunNan Street, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Huiying Xie
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 ZhongGuanCunNan Street, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Alexander M. Leshansky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000 Israel
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 ZhongGuanCunNan Street, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100081 China
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4
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Huang B, Xie H, Li Z. Microfluidic Methods for Generation of Submicron Droplets: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:638. [PMID: 36985045 PMCID: PMC10056697 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Submicron droplets are ubiquitous in nature and widely applied in fields such as biomedical diagnosis and therapy, oil recovery and energy conversion, among others. The submicron droplets are kinetically stable, their submicron size endows them with good mobility in highly constricted pathways, and the high surface-to-volume ratio allows effective loading of chemical components at the interface and good heat transfer performance. Conventional generation technology of submicron droplets in bulk involves high energy input, or relies on chemical energy released from the system. Microfluidic methods are widely used to generate highly monodispersed micron-sized or bigger droplets, while downsizing to the order of 100 nm was thought to be challenging because of sophisticated nanofabrication. In this review, we summarize the microfluidic methods that are promising for the generation of submicron droplets, with an emphasize on the device fabrication, operational condition, and resultant droplet size. Microfluidics offer a relatively energy-efficient and versatile tool for the generation of highly monodisperse submicron droplets.
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Zhang C, Yan K, Fu C, Peng H, Hawker CJ, Whittaker AK. Biological Utility of Fluorinated Compounds: from Materials Design to Molecular Imaging, Therapeutics and Environmental Remediation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:167-208. [PMID: 34609131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The applications of fluorinated molecules in bioengineering and nanotechnology are expanding rapidly with the controlled introduction of fluorine being broadly studied due to the unique properties of C-F bonds. This review will focus on the design and utility of C-F containing materials in imaging, therapeutics, and environmental applications with a central theme being the importance of controlling fluorine-fluorine interactions and understanding how such interactions impact biological behavior. Low natural abundance of fluorine is shown to provide sensitivity and background advantages for imaging and detection of a variety of diseases with 19F magnetic resonance imaging, 18F positron emission tomography and ultrasound discussed as illustrative examples. The presence of C-F bonds can also be used to tailor membrane permeability and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs and delivery agents for enhanced cell uptake and therapeutics. A key message of this review is that while the promise of C-F containing materials is significant, a subset of highly fluorinated compounds such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been identified as posing a potential risk to human health. The unique properties of the C-F bond and the significant potential for fluorine-fluorine interactions in PFAS structures necessitate the development of new strategies for facile and efficient environmental removal and remediation. Recent progress in the development of fluorine-containing compounds as molecular imaging and therapeutic agents will be reviewed and their design features contrasted with environmental and health risks for PFAS systems. Finally, present challenges and future directions in the exploitation of the biological aspects of fluorinated systems will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kai Yan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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6
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Durham PG, Dayton PA. Applications of sub-micron low-boiling point phase change contrast agents for ultrasound imaging and therapy. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Khizar S, Zine N, Errachid A, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Elaissari A. Microfluidic based nanoparticle synthesis and their potential applications. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:819-838. [PMID: 34758117 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A lot of substantial innovation in advancement of microfluidic field in recent years to produce nanoparticle reveals a number of distinctive characteristics for instance compactness, controllability, fineness in process, and stability along with minimal reaction amount. Recently, a prompt development, as well as realization in production of nanoparticles in microfluidic environs having dimension of micro to nanometers and constituents extending from metals, semiconductors to polymers, has been made. Microfluidics technology integrates fluid mechanics for production of nanoparticles having exclusive with homogenous sizes, shapes, and morphology, which are utilized in several bioapplications such as biosciences, drug delivery, healthcare, including food engineering. Nanoparticles are usually well-known for having fine and rough morphology because of their small dimensions including exceptional physical, biological, chemical, and optical properties. Though the orthodox procedures need huge instruments, costly autoclaves, use extra power, extraordinary heat loss, as well as take surplus time for synthesis. Additionally, this is fascinating in order to systematize, assimilate, in addition, to reduce traditional tools onto one platform to produce micro and nanoparticles. The synthesis of nanoparticles by microfluidics permits fast handling besides better efficacy of method utilizing the smallest components for process. Herein, we will focus on synthesis of nanoparticles by means of microfluidic devices intended for different bioapplications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Khizar
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | - Nadia Zine
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | | | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
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8
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Le TNQ, Tran NN, Escribà-Gelonch M, Serra CA, Fisk I, McClements DJ, Hessel V. Microfluidic encapsulation for controlled release and its potential for nanofertilisers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11979-12012. [PMID: 34515721 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is increasingly being utilized to create advanced materials with improved or new functional attributes. Converting fertilizers into a nanoparticle-form has been shown to improve their efficacy but the current procedures used to fabricate nanofertilisers often have poor reproducibility and flexibility. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, have advantages over traditional nanoparticle fabrication methods in terms of energy and materials consumption, versatility, and controllability. The increased controllability can result in the formation of nanoparticles with precise and complex morphologies (e.g., tuneable sizes, low polydispersity, and multi-core structures). As a result, their functional performance can be tailored to specific applications. This paper reviews the principles, formation, and applications of nano-enabled delivery systems fabricated using microfluidic approaches for the encapsulation, protection, and release of fertilizers. Controlled release can be achieved using two main routes: (i) nutrients adsorbed on nanosupports and (ii) nutrients encapsulated inside nanostructures. We aim to highlight the opportunities for preparing a new generation of highly versatile nanofertilisers using microfluidic systems. We will explore several main characteristics of microfluidically prepared nanofertilisers, including droplet formation, shell fine-tuning, adsorbate fine-tuning, and sustained/triggered release behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Nguyen Quang Le
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Higher Polytechnic Engineering School, University of Lleida, Igualada (Barcelona), 08700, Spain
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian Fisk
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Rd, Coventry, UK
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9
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Willemen NGA, Hassan S, Gurian M, Li J, Allijn IE, Shin SR, Leijten J. Oxygen-Releasing Biomaterials: Current Challenges and Future Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1144-1159. [PMID: 33602609 PMCID: PMC9078202 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for the survival, function, and fate of mammalian cells. Oxygen tension controls cellular behaviour via metabolic programming, which in turn controls tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, drug metabolism, and numerous pathologies. Thus, oxygen-releasing biomaterials represent a novel and unique strategy to gain control over a variety of in vivo processes. Consequently, numerous oxygen-generating or carrying materials have been developed in recent years, which offer innovative solutions in the field of drug efficiency, regenerative medicine, and engineered living systems. In this review, we discuss the latest trends, highlight current challenges and solutions, and provide a future perspective on the field of oxygen-releasing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels G A Willemen
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands; Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melvin Gurian
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jinghang Li
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Iris E Allijn
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Li K, Li R, Zhou B, Chen J, Lan K, Zhan W, Chen D, Zhang T, Li X. Cascade Release Nanocarriers for the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Near-Infrared Imaging and Photothermal-Chemo Synergistic Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:747608. [PMID: 34604092 PMCID: PMC8480474 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.747608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has inadequate treatment approaches and a poor prognosis. It is urgent to develop new treatment approaches for TNBC. The combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy is a very effective potential therapy for TNBC. However, asynchronous accumulation, unclear efficacy, and toxic side effects hinder the further promotion of this method. Therefore, we designed and constructed a new type of nanocarriers, the cascade release near-infrared imaging (NIFI) & thermal-chemo combination nanoparticles (CNC NPs), that can release drugs through the cascade of ultrasound triggering and pH responding to achieve the synchronous tumor accumulation, monitoring and synergistic treatment of two functional molecules. The key material of CNC NPs is the polydopamine (PDA), which, through self-assembling, forms a rigid shell that contains doxorubicin (DOX) and NIF fluorescent dye IR780 on the surface of the perfluorohexane (PFH) microbubbles. The results show that CNC NPs have a hollow core-shell structure with an average particle size of 97.3 ± 27.2 nm and have exceptional colloidal stability and photothermal conversion efficiency. The NPs can effectively perform cascade drug release through ultrasound triggering and pH responding. CNC NPs have good in vivo biological safety and excellent fluorescence imaging, drug delivery, and therapeutic abilities in the TNBC models. These results provide an experimental basis for the development of new clinical treatment methods for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruyue Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baona Zhou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Lan
- College of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ultrasonography Department, Xingping Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Xingping, China
| | - Xueping Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Guo R, Xu N, Liu Y, Ling G, Yu J, Zhang P. Functional ultrasound-triggered phase-shift perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for cancer therapy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2064-2079. [PMID: 33992473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, because of their unique properties, the use of perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFC NDs) in ultrasound-mediated tumor theranostics has attracted increasing interest. PFC is one of the most stable organic compounds with high hydrophobicity. Phase-shift PFC NDs can be transformed into highly echogenic microbubbles for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging by ultrasound and laser light. In addition, in the process of acoustic droplet vaporization, PFC NDs with cavitation nuclei can be combined with a variety of ultrasound technologies to produce cavitation effects for tumor ablation, antivascular therapy and release of therapeutic agents loaded in nanodroplets. Moreover, they can also be used to overcome tumor hypoxia by virtue of high oxygen solubility. In this review, first the preparation and stabilization of PFC NDs are summarized and then the issues and outlook are discussed. More importantly, multifunctional platforms based on PFC NDs for cancer diagnostics, therapy and theranostics are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Guo
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guixia Ling
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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12
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Tanaka D, Kajiya S, Shijo S, Yoon DH, Furuya M, Nozaki Y, Fujita H, Sekiguchi T, Shoji S. Efficient Generation of Microdroplets Using Tail Breakup Induced with Multi-Branch Channels. Molecules 2021; 26:3707. [PMID: 34204558 PMCID: PMC8235478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on the application of microdroplets in the fields of biotechnology and chemistry has made remarkable progress, but the technology for the stable generation of single-micrometer-scale microdroplets has not yet been established. In this paper, we developed an efficient and stable single-micrometer-scale droplet generation device based on the fragmentation of droplet tails, called "tail thread mode", that appears under moderate flow conditions. This method can efficiently encapsulate microbeads that mimic cells and chemical products in passively generated single-micrometer-scale microdroplets. The device has a simple 2D structure; a T-junction is used for droplet generation; and in the downstream, multi-branch channels are designed for droplet deformation into the tail. Several 1-2 µm droplets were successfully produced by the tail's fragmentation; this continuous splitting was induced by the branch channels. We examined a wide range of experimental conditions and found the optimal flow rate condition can be reduced to one-tenth compared to the conventional tip-streaming method. A mold was fabricated by simple soft lithography, and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device was fabricated using the mold. Based on the 15 patterns of experimental conditions and the results, the key factors for the generation of microdroplets in this device were examined. In the most efficient condition, 61.1% of the total droplets generated were smaller than 2 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tanaka
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; (D.H.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Satsuki Kajiya
- Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shin-juku-ku, Tokyo 145-0065, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (M.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Seito Shijo
- Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shin-juku-ku, Tokyo 145-0065, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (M.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; (D.H.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Masahiro Furuya
- Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shin-juku-ku, Tokyo 145-0065, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (M.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Yoshito Nozaki
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; (D.H.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Canon Medical Systems Corporation, 1385 Shimoishigami, Otawara-shi, Tochigi 324-8550, Japan;
| | - Tetsushi Sekiguchi
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; (D.H.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Shuichi Shoji
- Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shin-juku-ku, Tokyo 145-0065, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (M.F.); (S.S.)
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13
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Vidallon MLP, Giles LW, Crawford S, Bishop AI, Tabor RF, de Campo L, Teo BM. Exploring the transition of polydopamine-shelled perfluorohexane emulsion droplets into microbubbles using small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9843-9850. [PMID: 33908524 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01146d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets are interesting colloidal systems with applications, ranging from diagnostics and theranostics to drug delivery, due to their controllable phase transition into microbubbles via heat application or acoustic droplet vapourisation. This work highlights the application of small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS, respectively), in combination with contrast variation techniques, in observing the in situ phase transition of polydopamine-stabilised perfluorohexane (PDA/PFH) emulsion droplets into microbubbles during heating. Results show peak USANS intensities at temperatures around 90 °C, which indicates that the phase transition of PDA/PFH emulsion droplets occurs at significantly higher temperatures than the bulk boiling point of pure liquid PFH (56 °C). Analysis and model fitting of the SANS and USANS data allowed us to estimate droplet sizes and interfacial properties at different temperatures (20 °C, 90 °C, and 20 °C after cooling), giving valuable insights about the transformation of these polydisperse emulsion droplet systems.
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14
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Concepts for efficient preparation of particulate polymer carrier systems by droplet-based microfluidics. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Shang M, Sun X, Guo L, Shi D, Liang P, Meng D, Zhou X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Li J. pH- and Ultrasound-Responsive Paclitaxel-Loaded Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanodroplets for Combined Imaging and Synergistic Chemoradiotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:537-552. [PMID: 32021193 PMCID: PMC6988588 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s233669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synergistic chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has become a primary effective curative approach for many solid cancers. However, CRT is still associated with several obstacles, including the increases in side effects and systemic toxicity. Incorporating nanocarriers into CRT is a new and exciting approach to solve these obstacles. The purpose of the present study was to design a unique pH- and ultrasound-responsive perfluoropentane-encapsulated, paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanodroplets (NDs) for combined imaging and synergistic CRT. Materials and Methods The NDs were prepared by a homogenization/emulsion method. Their physicochemical properties, echogenicity and biocompatibility were evaluated. PTX-loaded NDs with a high loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency were prepared and their pH-responsive drug release profile was determined by dialysis sack method. Then, PC3 cells were exposed to (1) PTX (4 μg/mL), (2) NDs (30 μg/mL), (3) PTX-loaded NDs (34 μg/mL), (4) RT (6 Gy), (5) RT (10 Gy), (6) combination of PTX (4 μg/mL), ultrasound (0.5 W/cm2, 30 s) and RT (6 Gy), (7) combination of NDs (30 μg/mL), ultrasound (0.5 W/cm2, 30 s) and RT (6Gy), (8) combination of PTX-loaded NDs (30 μg/mL), ultrasound (0.5 W/cm2, 30 s) and RT (6 Gy). 24 hrs later, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and migration assay were carried out to evaluate their therapeutic effects in CRT. Results The desired NDs were successfully prepared, which were with round, spherical shapes, relatively smooth surfaces, core-shell structures and uniform in sizes (<300 nm with PDI<0.3 when at pH≧6.0). The NDs exhibited good abilities in pH-dependent charge conversion, biocompatibility and ultrasound contrast echogenicity. The in vitro drug release from PTX-loaded NDs (the highest loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency were 20.35% and 91.58%) was pH dependent and exhibited an initial burst followed by a sustained drug release. The results of the CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and migration assay all showed PTX-loaded NDs combined ultrasound and RT significantly enhanced cell responses in CRT. Conclusion The pH- and ultrasound-responsive PTX-loaded NDs, which exhibited a high echogenicity, drug delivery ability and radiosensitization ability, could be a feasible option for combined imaging and novel enhancing approach in synergistic CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Shang
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Meng
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yading Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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16
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Huang Y, Deng X, Liang J. Review of the Application of Nanovesicles and the Human Interstitial Fluid in Gastrointestinal Premalignant Lesion Detection, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9469-9482. [PMID: 31819444 PMCID: PMC6896916 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s208559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Premalignant lesions arise from cells that abnormally proliferate and have a tendency to become cancerous. Developing methods to specifically target and remove these premalignant lesions is imperative to the prevention of malignant progression into gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. However, accurate detection and diagnosis of GI precancerous lesions is challenging, as these lesions show little or no structural change. Thus, this prevents early intervention and reduces the success rate of therapy. In this review, we performed a systematic analysis of the technological advancements in the combined application of nanovesicles (NVs) and the human interstitial fluid (HIF) to specifically target GI premalignant lesions. NVs, which include quantum dots (QDs), are small membranous vehicles of a nanometer diameter that are widely used as drug delivery vectors, therapeutic effectors and diagnostic sensors. HIF is the fluid that is present in human interstitial tissues (HITs) in which signaling molecules and agents travel and can be found throughout the body. HIF is exploited by tumor cells for their invasion, migration and spread. Because the HITs span the entire submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, they have been increasingly targeted in GI tumor therapy. The challenges involved in the combined application of NVs and HIF in the detection, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of GI premalignant lesions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Deng
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liang
- Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
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17
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Haldar R, Gupta D, Chitranshi S, Singh MK, Sachan S. Artificial Blood: A Futuristic Dimension of Modern Day Transfusion Sciences. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2019; 17:11-16. [PMID: 31204626 PMCID: PMC6864588 DOI: 10.2174/1871525717666190617120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Artificial blood is an innovative concept of transfusion medicine where specifically designed compounds perform the task of transport and delivery of oxygen in the body to replace this function of allogenic human blood transfusion. Several molecules have been developed in the past few decades to achieve this objective and continous refinements are being continuously made in the quest of the ideal blood substitute. Currently, available technology manufactures artificial blood from haemoglobin obtained from outdated human/bovine blood (Haemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers) or utilizing Perfluorocarbons. These synthetic blood substitutes are advantageous in that they do not require compatibility testing, are free from blood borne infections, have prolonged shelf life and do not require refrigeration. Artificial blood is projected to have a significant impact on the development of medical care in the future. It can complement the current blood products for transfusion and create a stable supply of safe and effective products. It is likely to reduce the requirements of blood transfusions drastically especially in settings of trauma and surgery thereby reducing the reliance on banked donated blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrashish Haldar
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Devendra Gupta
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Shweta Chitranshi
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Manish Kumar Singh
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sumit Sachan
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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18
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Jeyhani M, Gnyawali V, Abbasi N, Hwang DK, Tsai SS. Microneedle-assisted microfluidic flow focusing for versatile and high throughput water-in-water droplet generation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Yu X, Chen B, He M, Wang H, Hu B. 3D Droplet-Based Microfluidic Device Easily Assembled from Commercially Available Modules Online Coupled with ICPMS for Determination of Silver in Single Cell. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2869-2875. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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20
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A versatile and robust microfluidic device for capillary-sized simple or multiple emulsions production. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Zhu H, Qin D, Wu Y, Jing B, Liu J, Hazlewood D, Zhang H, Feng Y, Yang X, Wan M, Wu D. Laser-Activated Bioprobes with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Sensitive Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Imaging and Photothermal Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29251-29259. [PMID: 30102025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Laser-activated bioprobes with high photothermal conversion efficiency (IRPDA@PFH NDs) based on biocompatible IR-780 doped polydopamine perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (NDs) were developed. When protected by gelatin microspheres, their near-spherical morphologies can be easily observed with transmission electron microscope. Doping IR-780 (3 w/w % of added dopamine hydrochloride) can significantly enhance near-infrared (NIR) absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency to 57.7%. The enhanced NIR absorption and nonradiative relaxation are preferred to stronger photoacoustic (PA) signals and higher PA imaging definition; ultrasound (US) signals also increase more than 2.5 times because of easier phase change of NDs. These bioprobes had sensitive PA/US imaging capability with highly effective substitute utilizations, in which polydopamine was used either as a PA contrast or a photothermal agent. Perfluorocarbon can be used as an US contrast agent and temperature indicator. More importantly, the gray value increments of US increase with temperature in a general range from 35 to 55 °C. Especially, an approximate linear increasing of gray value in the optimized photothermal therapy (PTT) range from 35 °C to 50 °C could be used for the temperature monitoring and control of PTT. During PTT, the heated regions and the extent of photothermal heating can be visualized by US imaging. These findings indicate their great potential for biosensing and PTT monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Hazlewood
- Bioengineering Research Center and Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | | | | | - Xinmai Yang
- Bioengineering Research Center and Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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Song R, Peng C, Xu X, Wang J, Yu M, Hou Y, Zou R, Yao S. Controllable Formation of Monodisperse Polymer Microbubbles as Ultrasound Contrast Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14312-14320. [PMID: 29637761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles have been widely used as ultrasound contrast agents in clinical diagnosis and hold great potential for ultrasound-mediated therapy. However, polydispersed population and short half-life time (<10 min) of the microbubbles still limit their applications in imaging and therapy. To tackle these problems, we develop a microfluidic flow-focusing approach to produce monodisperse microbubbles stabilized by Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as the polymer shell. The size of PLGA microbubbles can be tightly controlled from ∼600 nm to ∼7 μm with a coefficient of variation less than 4% in size distribution for ensuring highly homogeneous echogenic behavior of PLGA polymer microbubbles in ultrasound fields. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the monodisperse PLGA microbubbles had excellent echogenicity and elongated sonographic duration time (>3 times) for ultrasound imaging in comparison with the commercial lipid microbubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Ultrasound , Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center , 510060 Guangzhou , China
| | | | - Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Ultrasound , Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center , 510060 Guangzhou , China
| | | | | | - Ruhai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Ultrasound , Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center , 510060 Guangzhou , China
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Spahn DR. Artificial oxygen carriers: a new future? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:46. [PMID: 29471841 PMCID: PMC5824566 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-1949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donat R Spahn
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology - Intensive Care Medicine - OR-Management, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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