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Kruczkowska W, Kciuk M, Pasieka Z, Kłosiński K, Płuciennik E, Elmer J, Waszczykowska K, Kołat D, Kałuzińska-Kołat Ż. The artificial oxygen carrier erythrocruorin-characteristics and potential significance in medicine. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:961-972. [PMID: 37460699 PMCID: PMC10400677 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The diminishing supply and increasing costs of donated blood have motivated research into novel hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) that can serve as red blood cell (RBC) substitutes. HBOCs are versatile agents that can be used in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. However, many of the RBC substitutes that are based on mammalian hemoglobins have presented key limitations such as instability and toxicity. In contrast, erythrocruorins (Ecs) are other types of HBOCs that may not suffer these disadvantages. Ecs are giant metalloproteins found in annelids, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates. Thus far, the Ecs of Lumbricus terrestris (LtEc) and Arenicola marina (AmEc) are the most thoroughly studied. Based on data from preclinical transfusion studies, it was found that these compounds not only efficiently transport oxygen and have anti-inflammatory properties, but also can be modified to further increase their effectiveness. This literature review focuses on the structure, properties, and application of Ecs, as well as their advantages over other HBOCs. Development of methods for both the stabilization and purification of erythrocruorin could confer to enhanced access to artificial blood resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Kruczkowska
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Pasieka
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karol Kłosiński
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Functional Genomics, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacob Elmer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Klaudia Waszczykowska
- Department of Functional Genomics, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Kołat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136, Lodz, Poland
| | - Żaneta Kałuzińska-Kołat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136, Lodz, Poland.
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Mohanto N, Park YJ, Jee JP. Current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers as red blood cell substitutes: a review of old to cutting-edge technologies using in vitro and in vivo assessments. J Pharm Investig 2023; 53:153-190. [PMID: 35935469 PMCID: PMC9344254 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Several circumstances such as accidents, surgery, traumatic hemorrhagic shock, and other causalities cause major blood loss. Allogenic blood transfusion can be resuscitative for such conditions; however, it has numerous ambivalent effects, including supply shortage, needs for more time, cost for blood grouping, the possibility of spreading an infection, and short shelf-life. Hypoxia or ischemia causes heart failure, neurological problems, and organ damage in many patients. To address this emergent medical need for resuscitation and to treat hypoxic conditions as well as to enhance oxygen transportation, researchers aspire to achieve a robust technology aimed to develop safe and feasible red blood cell substitutes for effective oxygen transport. Area covered This review article provides an overview of the formulation, storage, shelf-life, clinical application, side effects, and current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers (AOCs) as red blood cell substitutes. Moreover, the pre-clinical (in vitro and in vivo) assessments for the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oxygen transport through AOCs are key considerations in this study. With the most significant technologies, hemoglobin- and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers as well as other modern technologies, such as synthetically produced porphyrin-based AOCs and oxygen-carrying micro/nanobubbles, have also been elucidated. Expert opinion Both hemoglobin- and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers are significant, despite having the latter acting as safeguards; they are cost-effective, facile formulations which penetrate small blood vessels and remove arterial blockages due to their nano-size. They also show better biocompatibility and longer half-life circulation than other similar technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijaya Mohanto
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
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Sakai H, Yasuda S, Okuda C, Yamada T, Owaki K, Miwa Y. Examination of central nervous system by functional observation battery after massive intravenous infusion of carbon monoxide-bound and oxygen-bound hemoglobin vesicles in rats. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2022; 3:100135. [PMID: 36568263 PMCID: PMC9780079 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is known as a toxic gas inducing "CO poisoning", which acutely affects the central nervous system (CNS) and which persistently affects brain functions depending on the exposure time and CO concentration. By contrast, in pathological rodent models, intravenous infusion of CO-bound hemoglobin vesicles (CO-HbV) has shown various beneficial effects such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory reactions. This study assessed effects of CO-HbV infusion on CNS using a functional observation battery, sensory reflexes, grip strength, and landing foot splay measurements. The test fluids were CO-HbV and O2-bound HbV (O2-HbV) suspended in saline ([Hb] = 10 g/dL), and saline alone for comparison. The rats received either 16 or 32 mL/kg of fluid intravenously at 1.5 mL/min/kg. Observations were made before infusion, and at 5 min, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h after infusion. Massive doses of 16 and 32 mL/kg respectively corresponded to about 29 and 57% of the whole circulating blood volume (56 mL/kg). No toxicological effect was observed in any measurement item for any group in comparison to the control saline infusion group. Histopathological examination of hippocampal tissue at 14 days after infusion showed the number of necrotic cells to be minimal. Results obtained from rats in this experiment suggest that the massive intravenous infusion of CO-HbV yields beneficial anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects without showing CO-poisoning-related symptoms of CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan,Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Shunichi Yasuda
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc, Hashima, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chie Okuda
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan,Department of Anesthesiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc, Hashima, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keita Owaki
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc, Hashima, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoji Miwa
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc, Hashima, Gifu, Japan
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Abstract
The design of an encapsulation system consisting of a synthetic peptide which is fully biodegradable into non-toxic constituents. This system should be capable of encapsulating perfluorinated hydrocarbons and should be a promising basis for oxygen carriers to be used as artificial blood replacement. A diblock-peptide is synthesised following a phosgene-free method and characterised by 1H-NMR. Subsequently, this diblock-peptide is self-assembled with perfluorodecalin (PFD) to form PFD-filled capsules as potential artificial oxygen carriers allowing for rapid oxygen uptake and release. The diblock-peptide Bu-PAsp10-PPhe10 is successfully synthesised and used to encapsulate PFD. The capsules have a spherical shape with an average diameter of 360 nm in stable aqueous dispersion. NMR measurements prove their physical capability for reversible uptake and release of oxygen. The resulting capsules are expected to be fully biodegradable and possibly could act as oxygen carriers for artificial blood replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Feng
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, CeNIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Linders
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, CeNIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sascha Myszkowska
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, CeNIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, CeNIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Jägers J, Wrobeln A, Ferenz KB. Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers: from physics to physiology. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:139-50. [PMID: 33141239 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing biocompatible, synthetic oxygen carriers is a consistently challenging task that researchers have been pursuing for decades. Perfluorocarbons (PFC) are fascinating compounds with a huge capacity to dissolve gases, where the respiratory gases are of special interest for current investigations. Although largely chemically and biologically inert, pure PFCs are not suitable for injection into the vascular system. Extensive research created stable PFC nano-emulsions that avoid (i) fast clearance from the blood and (ii) long organ retention time, which leads to undesired transient side effects. PFC-based oxygen carriers (PFOCs) show a variety of application fields, which are worthwhile to investigate. To understand the difficulties that challenge researchers in creating formulations for clinical applications, this review provides the physical background of PFCs’ properties and then illuminates the reasons for instabilities of PFC emulsions. By linking the unique properties of PFCs and PFOCs to physiology, it elaborates on the response, processing and dysregulation, which the body experiences through intravascular PFOCs. Thereby the reader will receive a scientific and easily comprehensible overview why PFOCs are precious tools for so many diverse application areas from cancer therapeutics to blood substitutes up to organ preservation and diving disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donat R Spahn
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology - Intensive Care Medicine - OR-Management, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fukui T, Kawaguchi AT, Takekoshi S, Miyasaka M, Sumiyoshi H, Tanaka R. Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin Accelerates Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic dB/dB Mice. Artif Organs 2017; 41:319-326. [PMID: 28326562 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin with high O2 affinity (h-LEH, P50 O2 = 10 mm Hg) has been reported to accelerate skin wound healing in normal mice, it was tested in dB/dB mice with retarded wound healing, as seen in human diabetics. Two full-thickness dorsal wounds 6 mm in diameter encompassed by silicone stents were created in dB/dB mice. Two days later (day 2), the animals were randomly assigned to receive intravenous h-LEH (2 mL/kg, n = 7) or saline (2 mL/kg, n = 7). The same treatment was repeated 4 days after wounding (day 4), and the size of the skin lesions was analyzed by photography, surface perfusion was detected by Laser-Doppler imager, and plasma cytokines and chemokines were determined on days 0, 2, 4, and 7, when all animals were euthanized for morphological studies. The size of the ulcer compared to the skin defect or silicone stent became significantly reduced on days 4 and 7 in mice treated with h-LEH (47 ± 8% of original size), similar to the level in wild-type mice, compared to saline-treated dB/dB mice (68 ± 18%, P < 0.01). Mice treated with h-LEH had significantly attenuated inflammatory cytokines, increased surface perfusion, and increased Ki67 expression on day 7 in accordance with the ulcer size reduction, while there was no significant difference in chemokines, histological granulation, epithelial thickness, and granulocyte infiltration detected by immunohistochemical staining in the ulcer between the treatment groups. The results suggest that h-LEH (2 mL/kg) early after wounding may accelerate skin wound healing in dB/dB mice to levels equivalent to wild-type mice probably via mechanism(s) involving reduced hypoxia, increased surface perfusion, suppressed inflammation, accelerated in situ cell proliferation and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fukui
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Akira T Kawaguchi
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Susumu Takekoshi
- Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Department of Cell Biology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Muneo Miyasaka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Hideaki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Rica Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Laudien J, Naglav D, Groβ-Heitfeld C, Ferenz KB, de Groot H, Mayer C, Schulz S, Schnepf A, Kirsch M. Perfluorodecalin-soluble fluorescent dyes for the monitoring of circulating nanocapsules with intravital fluorescence microscopy. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:738-45. [PMID: 24963954 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.918668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is an established artificial oxygen carrier due to its physical capability to solve the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. PFD-filled poly(n-butyl-cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanocapsules are already discussed as effective artificial oxygen carriers, and their principal suitability for intravenous administration had been shown. To further elucidate their action in vivo, it is imperative to characterise their preclinical safety and particularly their biodistribution. For these purposes, intravital fluorescence microscopy would display an attractive technique in order to monitor the PACA nanocapsules in vivo, but unfortunately, it is impossible to stain the PACA nanocapsules with a fluorescent dye fulfilling special criteria required for in vivo microscopy. In order to develop such a dye, a long-chained fluorinated thiol was used to modify a BODIPY derivative that is a highly fluorescent organic compound belonging to the difluoro-boraindacene family, as well as to functionalise mesoscopic systems, such as CdSe/ZnS-quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, a functionalisation of porphyrin derivatives was investigated by placing divalent ions in the centre of these systems. Due to the high solubility of all synthesised dyes in PFD, it should be possible to stain PFD-filled particles in general. However, only the functionalised BODIPY derivative was suitable for in vivo monitoring of the PFD-filled PACA nanocapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laudien
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
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Kawaguchi AT, Okamoto Y, Kise Y, Takekoshi S, Murayama C, Makuuchi H. Effects of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin on gastric wound healing in the rat. Artif Organs 2014; 38:641-9. [PMID: 24923439 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) may improve microcirculation and oxygen (O2 ) metabolism at a surgical wound to accelerate its healing. Ten mL/kg of LEH with high (h-LEH) or low O2 -affinity (l-LEH), homologous red blood cells (RBC), empty liposome or saline as a control was infused before a 10-mm incision and interrupted suture closure of the gastric wall in a total of 110 rats. Two and 4 days later, the stomach was excised for bursting pressure determination and histological sampling. The dose-response relationship was examined in 70 additional rats receiving progressively reduced doses of h-LEH. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was stained immunohistochemically in 54 other rats to examine its accumulation at the anastomotic sites. Bursting pressure of the surgical wound was significantly higher 2 days after surgery only in the h-LEH-treated rats (P < 0.05), but not at 4 days after surgery, when other rats showed increased bursting pressure to a nonsignificant level. Histological examination revealed less granulocyte infiltration, better granulation, and more macrophage infiltration in h-LEH-treated rats at 2 days, but no longer at 4 days postsurgery. Dose-response study revealed that 0.4 mL/kg of h-LEH (hemoglobin 24 mg/kg) was effective for elevating bursting pressure at 2 days. h-LEH-treated rats had significantly suppressed HIF-1α accumulation in the wound 6, 24, and 48 h after surgery as compared with control animals treated with homologous RBC or saline. In conclusion, the results suggest that h-LEH, but not l-LEH or homologous transfusion, may accelerate wound healing early after gastric incision and anastomosis in the rat. The mechanism(s) appears to be related to improved O2 supply, aerobic metabolism, and suppressed inflammation in the wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira T Kawaguchi
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ferenz KB, Waack IN, Laudien J, Mayer C, Broecker-Preuss M, Groot HD, Kirsch M. Safety of poly (ethylene glycol)-coated perfluorodecalin-filled poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules following intravenous administration of high amounts in rats. Results Pharma Sci 2014; 4:8-18. [PMID: 25756002 PMCID: PMC4050377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The host response against foreign materials designates the biocompatibility of intravenously administered microcapsules and thus, widely affects their potential for subsequent clinical use as artificial oxygen/drug carriers. Therefore, body distribution and systemic parameters, as well as markers of inflammation and indicators of organ damage were carefully evaluated after administration of short-chained poly (vinyl alcohol, (PVA)) solution or poly (ethylene glycol (PEG))-shielded perfluorodecalin-filled poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide, PFD-filled PLGA) microcapsules into Wistar rats. Whereas PVA infusion was well tolerated, all animals survived the selected dose of 1247 mg microcapsules/kg body weight but showed marked toxicity (increased enzyme activities, rising pro-inflammatory cytokines and complement factors) and developed a mild metabolic acidosis. The observed hypotension emerging immediately after start of capsule infusion was transient and mean arterial blood pressure restored to baseline within 70 min. Microcapsules accumulated in spleen and liver (but not in other organs) and partly occluded hepatic microcirculation reducing sinusoidal perfusion rate by about 20%. Intravenous infusion of high amounts of PFD-filled PLGA microcapsules was tolerated temporarily but associated with severe side effects such as hypotension and organ damage. Short-chained PVA displays excellent biocompatibility and thus, can be utilized as emulsifier for the preparation of drug carriers designed for intravenous use.
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Key Words
- ALAT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase
- Artificial oxygen carriers
- BE, base excess
- Biocompatibility
- Biodegradable microcapsules
- C3, complement factor 3
- C4a, complement factor 4a
- CARPA, complement activation-related pseudoallergy
- CK, creatine kinase
- DAPI, 4',6-diamidin-2-phenylindol
- FITC-dextran, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 150,000
- IFN-?, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- IVM, intravital microscopy
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MAP, mean arterial blood pressure
- PEG, poly (ethylene glycol)
- PFD, perfluorodecalin
- PLA)
- PLGA, poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)
- PVA, poly (vinyl alcohol)
- Perfluorocarbon
- Poly (lactic/glycolic) acid (PLGA
- Poly (vinyl alcohol)
- TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- pO2, pCO2, oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja B Ferenz
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Indra N Waack
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Julia Laudien
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physical Chemistry, CeNIDE, Universitaetsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Martina Broecker-Preuss
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Illnesses, Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Herbert de Groot
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Michael Kirsch
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
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