1
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Gebhard F, Bonart H, Roy T, Meckel T, Hardt S. Isotachophoresis with Oscillating Sample Zones to Control the Spatial Overlap of Co-focused Species. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4446-4454. [PMID: 38451777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic isotachophoresis (ITP) is a powerful technique that can significantly increase the reaction rate of homogeneous chemical reactions by cofocusing reactants in a narrow sample zone. Correspondingly, ITP has been utilized to reduce the reaction time in various bioanalytical assays. However, in conventional ITP, it is hardly possible to control the reaction rate in real time, i.e., speeding up or slowing down a reaction on demand. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a new mode of ITP that allows the spatial overlap of two ITP zones to be precisely controlled over time, which is a crucial first step toward controlling reaction rates. Two nonreactive samples are initially focused and separated by a spacer using a DC electric field. By superimposing an oscillating field component with sufficiently high amplitude on the DC field, the spatial overlap of their concentration profiles is temporarily increased due to electromigration dispersion. The time-average of this overlap can be precisely controlled by varying the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation. We suggest that this scheme can be transferred to chemical reactions between ionic species with sufficiently different electrophoretic mobilities. Tuning the parameters of the oscillatory electric field should allow direct control of the corresponding reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gebhard
- Fachbereich Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 10, Darmstadt DE 64287, Germany
| | - Henning Bonart
- Fachbereich Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 10, Darmstadt DE 64287, Germany
| | - Tamal Roy
- Fachbereich Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 10, Darmstadt DE 64287, Germany
- Departement Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zürich CH8006, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 8, Darmstadt DE 64287, Germany
| | - Steffen Hardt
- Fachbereich Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 10, Darmstadt DE 64287, Germany
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2
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Garg R, Maurya A, Mani NK, Prasad D. Thread-powered cell lysis and isotachophoresis: unlocking microbial DNA for diverse molecular applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:97. [PMID: 38349426 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Central to the domain of molecular biology resides the foundational process of DNA extraction and purification, a cornerstone underpinning a myriad of pivotal applications. In this research, we introduce a DNA extraction and purification technique leveraging polypropylene (PP) threads. The process commences with robust cell lysis achieved through the vigorous agitation of interwoven PP threads. The friction between the threads facilitates cell lysis especially those microbes having tough cell wall. For purification of DNA, thread-based isotachophoresis was employed which makes the whole process swift and cost-effective. Lysed cell-laden threads were submerged in a trailing electrolyte which separated DNA from other cellular contents. The process was performed with a tailored ITP device. An electric field directs DNA, cell debris, trailing electrolyte, and leading electrolyte toward the anode. Distinct ion migration resulted in DNA concentrating on the PP thread's anode-proximal region. The SYBR green dye is used to visualize DNA as a prominent green zone under blue light. The purified DNA exhibits high purity levels of 1.82 ± 0.1 (A260/A280), making it suitable for various applications aiming at nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Garg
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Aharnish Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Dinesh Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
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3
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Li Z, Zhai W, Wang L, Liu J, Li C, Xu L. Preparation and characterization of a homogeneous immunoassay for point-of-care testing (POCT) of procalcitonin (PCT). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5002-5009. [PMID: 37728429 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) has been recognized as a specific and early marker for microbial infection and sepsis. Sensitive measuring interaction-triggered luminescence experiment (SMILE), a homogeneous immunoassay method, was established for point-of-care testing (POCT) of PCT. SMILE is achieved through the principle of double antibody sandwich, where two antibodies immobilized on the surface of polystyrene microspheres (donor and acceptor beads) bind to the PCT antigen. The donor bead contains phthalocyanine dye (luminol chemiluminescent substance) and the acceptor bead contains dimethylthiophene derivatives and Eu chelates. Therefore, singlet oxygen can be transferred when the distance between donor and acceptor beads is within 200 nm, generating detectable luminescent signals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to detect the diameter and polymer dispersity index (PDI) of microspheres before and after binding with antibodies to characterize the immobilization of antibodies. The reaction conditions for antibody immobilization including pH, mass ratio and reaction time have also been optimized. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the SMILE method (0.01 ng mL-1) was lower than that of the LFI method (0.1 ng mL-1), the working range (0.01-500 ng mL-1) was wider than that of the LFI method (0.1-50 ng mL-1), and the assay time (10 min) was shorter than that of the LFI method (15 min). So, SMILE is more suitable for POCT of PCT compared with lateral flow immunochromatography (LFI), which is the most used measuring method, due to its advantages of simple operation, saving time, convenience, wide detection range, and high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | | | - Lu Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jiyang Liu
- Epsilon Biotechnology Corporation, Zhejiang, 311199, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin, 300222, China
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
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4
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Ozadam H, Tonn T, Han CM, Segura A, Hoskins I, Rao S, Ghatpande V, Tran D, Catoe D, Salit M, Cenik C. Single-cell quantification of ribosome occupancy in early mouse development. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06228-9. [PMID: 37344592 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Translation regulation is critical for early mammalian embryonic development1. However, previous studies had been restricted to bulk measurements2, precluding precise determination of translation regulation including allele-specific analyses. Here, to address this challenge, we developed a novel microfluidic isotachophoresis (ITP) approach, named RIBOsome profiling via ITP (Ribo-ITP), and characterized translation in single oocytes and embryos during early mouse development. We identified differential translation efficiency as a key mechanism regulating genes involved in centrosome organization and N6-methyladenosine modification of RNAs. Our high-coverage measurements enabled, to our knowledge, the first analysis of allele-specific ribosome engagement in early development. These led to the discovery of stage-specific differential engagement of zygotic RNAs with ribosomes and reduced translation efficiency of transcripts exhibiting allele-biased expression. By integrating our measurements with proteomics data, we discovered that ribosome occupancy in germinal vesicle-stage oocytes is the predominant determinant of protein abundance in the zygote. The Ribo-ITP approach will enable numerous applications by providing high-coverage and high-resolution ribosome occupancy measurements from ultra-low input samples including single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ozadam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tori Tonn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Crystal M Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Alia Segura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ian Hoskins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shilpa Rao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Vighnesh Ghatpande
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Duc Tran
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - David Catoe
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Salit
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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5
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Panferov VG, Ivanov NA, Mazzulli T, Brinc D, Kulasingam V, Krylov SN. Electrophoresis-Assisted Multilayer Assembly of Nanoparticles for Sensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215548. [PMID: 36357330 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-need method. A major limitation of LFIA is a high limit of detection (LOD), which impacts its diagnostic sensitivity. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a signal-enhancement procedure that is performed after completing LFIA and involves controllably moving biotin- and streptavidin-functionalized gold nanoparticles by electrophoresis. The nanoparticles link to immunocomplexes forming multilayer aggregates on the test strip, thus, enhancing the signal. Here, we demonstrate lowering the LOD of hepatitis B surface antigen from approximately 8 to 0.12 ng mL-1 , making it clinically acceptable. Testing 118 clinical samples for hepatitis B showed that signal enhancement increased the diagnostic sensitivity of LFIA from 73 % to 98 % while not affecting its 95 % specificity. Electrophoresis-driven enhancement of LFIA is universal (antigen-independent), takes two minutes, and can be performed by an untrained person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily G Panferov
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Nikita A Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Sinai Health, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Davor Brinc
- Toronto General Hospital: University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Toronto General Hospital: University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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6
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Malá Z, Gebauer P. Analytical isotachophoresis 1967–2022: From standard analytical technique to universal on-line concentration tool. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Li J, Wang Y, Wang B, Lou J, Ni P, Jin Y, Chen S, Duan G, Zhang R. Application of CRISPR/Cas Systems in the Nucleic Acid Detection of Infectious Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102455. [PMID: 36292145 PMCID: PMC9600689 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas system is a protective adaptive immune system against attacks from foreign mobile genetic elements. Since the discovery of the excellent target-specific sequence recognition ability of the CRISPR/Cas system, the CRISPR/Cas system has shown excellent performance in the development of pathogen nucleic-acid-detection technology. In combination with various biosensing technologies, researchers have made many rapid, convenient, and feasible innovations in pathogen nucleic-acid-detection technology. With an in-depth understanding and development of the CRISPR/Cas system, it is no longer limited to CRISPR/Cas9, CRISPR/Cas12, and other systems that had been widely used in the past; other CRISPR/Cas families are designed for nucleic acid detection. We summarized the application of CRISPR/Cas-related technology in infectious-disease detection and its development in SARS-CoV-2 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- International School of Public Health and One Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuexia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Juan Lou
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Ni
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- International School of Public Health and One Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Applications of capillary electromigration methods for separation and analysis of proteins (2017–mid 2021) – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Avaro AS, Sun Y, Jiang K, Bahga SS, Santiago JG. Web-Based Open-Source Tool for Isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15768-15774. [PMID: 34788021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present the development of a client-side web-based simulator for complex electrophoresis phenomena, including isotachophoresis. The simulation tool is called Client-based Application for Fast Electrophoresis Simulation (CAFES). CAFES uses the broad cross-browser compatibility of JavaScript to provide a rapid and easy-to-use tool for coupled unsteady electromigration, diffusion, and equilibrium electrolyte reactions among multiple weak electrolytes. The code uses a stationary grid (for simplicity) and an adaptive time step to provide reliable estimates of ion concentration dynamics (including pH profile evolution), requiring no prior installation nor compilation. CAFES also offers a large database of commonly used species and their relevant physicochemical properties. We present a validation of predictions from CAFES by comparing them to experimental data of peak- and plateau-mode isotachophoresis experiments. The code yields accurate estimates of interface velocity, plateau length and relative intensity, and pH variations while significantly reducing the computation time compared to existing codes. The tool is open-source and available for free at https://microfluidics.stanford.edu/cafes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S Avaro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yixiao Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kaiying Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Supreet S Bahga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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11
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Vaghef-Koodehi A, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Microscale electrokinetic-based analysis of intact cells and viruses. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:263-287. [PMID: 34796523 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized electrokinetic methods have proven to be robust platforms for the analysis and assessment of intact microorganisms, offering short response times and higher integration than their bench-scale counterparts. The present review article discusses three types of electrokinetic-based methodologies: electromigration or motion-based techniques, electrode-based electrokinetics, and insulator-based electrokinetics. The fundamentals of each type of methodology are discussed and relevant examples from recent reports are examined, to provide the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art on the latest advancements on the analysis of intact cells and viruses with microscale electrokinetic techniques. The concluding remarks discuss the potential applications and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Vaghef-Koodehi
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Ward SJ, Massad-Ivanir N, Scheper T, Weiss SM, Segal E. Porous Silicon-Based Aptasensors: Toward Cancer Protein Biomarker Detection. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:82-94. [PMID: 34693403 PMCID: PMC8532149 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The anterior gradient homologue-2 (AGR2) protein is an attractive biomarker for various types of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, it is secreted to the pancreatic juice by premalignant lesions, which would be an ideal stage for diagnosis. Thus, designing assays for the sensitive detection of AGR2 would be highly valuable for the potential early diagnosis of pancreatic and other types of cancer. Herein, we present a biosensor for label-free AGR2 detection and investigate approaches for enhancing the aptasensor sensitivity by accelerating the target mass transfer rate and reducing the system noise. The biosensor is based on a nanostructured porous silicon thin film that is decorated with anti-AGR2 aptamers, where real-time monitoring of the reflectance changes enables the detection and quantification of AGR2, as well as the study of the diffusion and target-aptamer binding kinetics. The aptasensor is highly selective for AGR2 and can detect the protein in simulated pancreatic juice, where its concentration is outnumbered by orders of magnitude by numerous proteins. The aptasensor's analytical performance is characterized with a linear detection range of 0.05-2 mg mL-1, an apparent dissociation constant of 21 ± 1 μM, and a limit of detection of 9.2 μg mL-1 (0.2 μM), which is attributed to mass transfer limitations. To improve the latter, we applied different strategies to increase the diffusion flux to and within the nanostructure, such as the application of isotachophoresis for the preconcentration of AGR2 on the aptasensor, mixing, or integration with microchannels. By combining these approaches with a new signal processing technique that employs Morlet wavelet filtering and phase analysis, we achieve a limit of detection of 15 nM without compromising the biosensor's selectivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Simon J. Ward
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Naama Massad-Ivanir
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ester Segal
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The
Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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13
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2019-mid 2021). Electrophoresis 2021; 43:82-108. [PMID: 34632606 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The review provides a comprehensive overview of developments and applications of high performance capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, microscale isolation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides from 2019 up to approximately the middle of 2021. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides and in the methodology of their analysis, such as sample preparation, sorption suppression, EOF control, and detection, are presented. New developments in the individual CE and CEC methods are demonstrated and several types of their applications are shown. They include qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes, amino acid, sequence, and chiral analyses, and peptide mapping of proteins. In addition, micropreparative separations and determination of significant physicochemical parameters of peptides by CE and CEC methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
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14
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Jiang Q, Ramachandran A, Santiago JG. Species Abundance and Reaction Off-Rate Regulate Product Formation in Reactions Accelerated Using Isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12541-12548. [PMID: 34492181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a model for second-order and pseudo-first-order reversible chemical reactions accelerated using peak-mode isotachophoresis (ITP). In such systems, ITP preconcentrates and co-locates the reactants between the leading and trailing electrolyte zones, and this significantly accelerates chemical reactions. Our model quantifies the effects of reaction rate constants and species abundance on product formation rate. We identify two key non-dimensional parameters, which are specific groupings of reaction rate constants, species concentrations, and influx rates. We then use a regular perturbation to study the effects of reverse reaction rate and relative species abundance (and relative rates of species accumulation) on production rate. We also use this perturbation method to derive an analytical expression for the quasi-steady-state production rate achievable by ITP. Our analytical models and numerical solutions are generally applicable to a wide range of systems, which use ITP to enhance reactions. The model is also an interesting case study of the complex coupling of electric field-driven species transport and reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Shebindu A, Somaweera H, Estlack Z, Kim J, Kim J. A fully integrated isotachophoresis with a programmable microfluidic platform. Talanta 2021; 225:122039. [PMID: 33592763 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional isotachophoresis (ITP) can be used for pre-concentration of a single analyte, but preconcentration of multiple analytes is time consuming due to handling and washing steps required for the extensive buffer optimization procedure. In this work, we present a programmable microfluidic platform (PMP) to demonstrate fully automated optimization of ITP of multiple analytes. By interfacing a PMP with ITP, buffer selection and repetitive ITP procedures were automated. Using lifting-gate microvalve technology, a PMP consisting of a two-dimensional microvalve array was designed and fabricated for seamless integration with an ITP chip. The microvalve array was used for basic liquid manipulation such as metering, mixing, selecting, delivering, and washing procedures to prime and run ITP. Initially, the performances of the PMP and ITP channel were validated individually by estimating volume per pumping cycle and preconcentrating Alexa Fluor 594 with appropriate trailing (TE) and leading (LE) buffers, respectively. After confirming basic functions, autonomous ITP was demonstrated using multiple analytes (Pacific blue, Alexa Fluor 594, and Alexa Fluor 488). The optimal buffer combination was was determined by performing multiple ITP runs with three different TEs (borate, HEPES, and phosphate buffers) and three different concentrations of Tris-HCl for the LE. We found that 40 mM borate and 100 mM Tris-HCl successfully preconcentrated all analytes during a single ITP run. The integrated PMP-ITP system can simplify overall buffer selection and validation procedures for various biological and chemical target samples. Furthermore, by incorporating analytical tools that interconnect with the PMP, it can provide high sample concentrations to aid in downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Himali Somaweera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | | | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Wang Y, Adeoye DI, Ogunkunle EO, Wei IA, Filla RT, Roper MG. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis: A Critical Review of the Literature from 2018 to 2020. Anal Chem 2020; 93:295-310. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Damilola I. Adeoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Emmanuel O. Ogunkunle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - I-An Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Robert T. Filla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Michael G. Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Electric field-driven microfluidics for rapid CRISPR-based diagnostics and its application to detection of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29518-29525. [PMID: 33148808 PMCID: PMC7703567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010254117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, early-stage screening is crucial during pandemics for early identification of infected patients and control of disease spread. CRISPR biology offers new methods for rapid and accurate pathogen detection. Despite their versatility and specificity, existing CRISPR diagnostic methods suffer from the requirements of up-front nucleic acid extraction, large reagent volumes, and several manual steps—factors which prolong the process and impede use in low-resource settings. We here combine microfluidics, on-chip electric field control, and CRISPR to directly address limitations of current CRISPR diagnostic methods. We apply our method to the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical samples. Our method takes about 35 min from raw sample to result, a significant improvement over existing nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods for COVID-19. The rapid spread of COVID-19 across the world has revealed major gaps in our ability to respond to new virulent pathogens. Rapid, accurate, and easily configurable molecular diagnostic tests are imperative to prevent global spread of new diseases. CRISPR-based diagnostic approaches are proving to be useful as field-deployable solutions. In one basic form of this assay, the CRISPR–Cas12 enzyme complexes with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA). This complex becomes activated only when it specifically binds to target DNA and cleaves it. The activated complex thereafter nonspecifically cleaves single-stranded DNA reporter probes labeled with a fluorophore−quencher pair. We discovered that electric field gradients can be used to control and accelerate this CRISPR assay by cofocusing Cas12–gRNA, reporters, and target within a microfluidic chip. We achieve an appropriate electric field gradient using a selective ionic focusing technique known as isotachophoresis (ITP) implemented on a microfluidic chip. Unlike previous CRISPR diagnostic assays, we also use ITP for automated purification of target RNA from raw nasopharyngeal swab samples. We here combine this ITP purification with loop-mediated isothermal amplification and the ITP-enhanced CRISPR assay to achieve detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA (from raw sample to result) in about 35 min for both contrived and clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples. This electric field control enables an alternate modality for a suite of microfluidic CRISPR-based diagnostic assays.
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Somaweera H, Estlack Z, Devadhasan JP, Kim J, Kim J. Characterization and Optimization of Isotachophoresis Parameters for Pacific Blue Succinimidyl Ester Dye on a PDMS Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11110951. [PMID: 33105673 PMCID: PMC7690402 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) for Pacific Blue (PB) dye using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chip is developed and characterized by determining the types and concentrations of electrolytes, the ITP duration, and the electric field density. Among candidate buffers for the trailing electrolyte (TE) and leading electrolyte (LE), 40 mM borate buffer (pH 9) and 200 mM trisaminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) (pH 8) were selected to obtain the maximum preconcentration and resolution of the PB bands, respectively. With the selected TE and LE buffers, further optimization was performed to determine the electric field (EF) density and the ITP duration. These ITP parameters showed a 20–170,000 preconcentration ratio from initial PB concentrations of 10 nM–100 fM. Further demonstration was implemented to preconcentrate PB-conjugated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using the PDMS microfluidic chip. By utilizing the quenching nature of PB-LDH conjugation, we were able to identify concentrations of LDH as low as 10 ng/mL. This simple PDMS microfluidic chip-based ITP for PB preconcentration enables highly sensitive biological and chemical analyses by coupling with various downstream detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himali Somaweera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (H.S.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | | | | | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(801)-581-6743
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Khan JU, Sayyar S, Paull B, Innis PC. Novel Approach toward Electrofluidic Substrates Utilizing Textile-Based Braided Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45618-45628. [PMID: 32910632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrofluidics is the unique combination of electrophoresis and microfluidics, which has opened up broad opportunities for bioanalysis and multiplexed assay. These systems typically comprise inaccessible and fully enclosed microcapillary or microchannels, with limited sample loading capacities and no direct access to the solutes within. Here, we investigate the application of multiyarn textile assemblies which provides an open and surface accessible electrophoretic separation platform. Three-dimensional (3D) textile structures have been produced using conventional knitting and braiding techniques from a range of commercially available yarns. Capillary zone electrophoresis separation studies have been carried out on these substrates using fluorescent anionic (fluorescence, FL) and cationic (rhodamine-B, Rh-B) markers. The effects of different yarn surface chemistry, textile fabrication technique, and electrolyte ionic strength on the electrophoretic mobility of the test analytes have been studied. From the broad range of yarns investigated, polyester was shown to have the highest electrophoretic mobility for Rh-B (6 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1) and for FL (4 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1). The braiding approach, being simple and versatile, was found to be the most effective route to produce 3D textile-based structures and offered the potential for selective movement and targeted delivery to different channels. Composite braids made with yarns of differential surface chemistries further revealed a unique behavior of separation and parallel movement of oppositely charged ionic species. We also demonstrate the feasibility to apply isotachophoresis (ITP) on these braided textile substrates to rapidly focus dispersed FL sample bands. Here, we demonstrate the focusing of FL from a dispersed band into narrow band with a 400 times reduction in sample width over 90 s. Owing to the simplicity and reproducibility of the developed approach, textile-based inverted microfluidic applications are expected to enable opportunities in bioanalysis, proteomics, and rapid clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawairia Umar Khan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
- Department of Fibre and Textile Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sepidar Sayyar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
- Australian National Fabrication Facility-Materials Node, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Peter C Innis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
- Australian National Fabrication Facility-Materials Node, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
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20
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Spitzberg JD, van Kooten XF, Bercovici M, Meller A. Microfluidic device for coupling isotachophoretic sample focusing with nanopore single-molecule sensing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17805-17811. [PMID: 32820758 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05000h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores (NPs) are label-free single-molecule sensors, capable of performing highly sensitive assays from a small number of biomolecule translocation events. However, single-molecule sensing is challenging at extremely low analyte concentrations due to the limited flux of analytes to the sensing volume. This leads to a low event rate and increases the overall assay time. In this work, we present a method to enhance the event rate at low analyte concentrations by using isotachophoresis (ITP) to focus and deliver analytes to a nanopore sensor. Central to this method is a device capable of performing ITP focusing directly on a solid-state NP chip, while preventing the focusing electric field from damaging the nanopore membrane. We discuss considerations and trade-offs related to the design of the focusing channel, the ITP electrolyte system and electrical decoupling between the focusing and sensing modes. Finally, we demonstrate an integrated device wherein the concentration enhancement due to ITP focusing leads to an increase in event rate of >300-fold in the ITP-NP device as compared to the NP-only case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Spitzberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000 Israel.
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21
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Paper-based ITP technology: An application to specific cancer-derived exosome detection and analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 164:112292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Khnouf R, Han C. Isotachophoresis-Enhanced Immunoassays: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2020.2966028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Practical sample pretreatment techniques coupled with capillary electrophoresis for real samples in complex matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dorfman KD, Adrahtas DZ, Thomas MS, Frisbie CD. Microfluidic opportunities in printed electrolyte-gated transistor biosensors. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:011301. [PMID: 32002104 PMCID: PMC6984978 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Printed electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) are an emerging biosensor platform that leverage the facile fabrication engendered by printed electronics with the low voltage operation enabled by ion gel dielectrics. The resulting label-free, nonoptical sensors have high gain and provide sensing operations that can be challenging for conventional chemical field effect transistor architectures. After providing an overview of EGT device fabrication and operation, we highlight opportunities for microfluidic enhancement of EGT sensor performance via multiplexing, sample preconcentration, and improved transport to the sensor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Demetra Z Adrahtas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Mathew S Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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25
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2017–mid 2019). Electrophoresis 2019; 41:10-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
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26
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Kluska M, Jabłońska J, Erchak N. Analytics and Application of Biologically Active Pentacoordinate Electrostatically Stabilized Silanates. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:1-7. [PMID: 31526141 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1666249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to synthesize information on the analytics, using two separation techniques, and the application of electrostatically stabilized silanate derivatives. They are biologically active, water-soluble, hydrolytically stable and biodegradable. Some of these compounds are used as plant growth regulators, while others, with higher molecular mass and lower electrophoretic mobility, are used in the form of terminating electrolytes in isotachophoresis, which is regarded as one of the green chemistry techniques. Two compounds were successfully used in the form of terminating electrolyte solutions, i.e. 4,4'-bis{1-(perhydroazepiniomethyl)[spirobi(1-sila-2,5-dioxacyclopentane-3-on)]at}, and 4,4'-bis{1-[(N,N-dimethyl)aminiomethyl]spirobi(1-sila-2,5-dioxacyclopentane-3-on)at} to isolate organic ionic substances with high molecular mass, e.g. derivatives of quinoline, stilbene and electrostatically stabilized silanates (ES-silanates). Establishing the best conditions for the analysis of these derivatives extends the possibilities of conducting research on their biological activity and miscellaneous applications. Furthermore, the terminating electrolytes used in the form of solutions of electrostatically stabilized silanates allow the analysis of both cationic and anionic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kluska
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Joanna Jabłońska
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
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27
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Yan Y, Lu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen J. pH-Driven Precise Control of Hybridization Reaction Kinetics for Rapid DNA Assay. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Yan
- Department Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis; Ministry of Education; Department of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University Beijing; 100084 P.R.China
| | - Xiaoni Liu
- Department Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Department Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
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28
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Malá Z, Gebauer P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:55-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
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