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Peregrino ES, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Vázquez-Flores L, Estrada-Parra S, Wong-Baeza C, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I. The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Immune Response to Pathogens, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6210. [PMID: 38892397 PMCID: PMC11172497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have several mechanisms to evade the host's immune response and achieve an efficient infection. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a relevant cellular communication mechanism, since they can interact with other bacterial cells and with host cells. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by some World Health Organization (WHO) priority Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria; by spore-producing bacteria; by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a bacteria with a complex cell wall); and by Treponema pallidum (a bacteria without lipopolysaccharide). We describe the classification and the general properties of bacterial EVs, their role during bacterial infections and their effects on the host immune response. Bacterial EVs contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate innate immune receptors, which leads to cytokine production and inflammation, but they also contain antigens that induce the activation of B and T cell responses. Understanding the many effects of bacterial EVs on the host's immune response can yield new insights on the pathogenesis of clinically important infections, but it can also lead to the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In addition, since EVs are efficient activators of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses, they constitute a promising platform for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud S. Peregrino
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
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Puca V, Marinacci B, Pellegrini B, Campanile F, Santagati M, Grande R. Biofilm and bacterial membrane vesicles: recent advances. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:475-491. [PMID: 38578180 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2338101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial Membrane Vesicles (MVs) play important roles in cell-to-cell communication and transport of several molecules. Such structures are essential components of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) biofilm matrix of many bacterial species displaying a structural function and a role in virulence and pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED In this review were included original articles from the last ten years by searching the keywords 'biofilm' and 'vesicles' on PUBMED and Scopus databases. The articles available in literature mainly describe a positive correlation between bacterial MVs and biofilms formation. The research on Espacenet and Google Patent databases underlines the available patents related to the application of both biofilm MVs and planktonic MVs in inhibiting biofilm formation. EXPERT OPINION This review covers and analyzes recent advances in the study of the relationship between bacterial vesicles and biofilm. The huge number of papers discussing the role of MVs confirms the interest aimed at developing new applications in the medical field. The study of the MVs composition and biogenesis may contribute to the identification of components which could be (i) the target for the development of new drugs inhibiting the biofilm establishment; (ii) candidates for the development of vaccines; (iii) biomarkers for the diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Puca
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Beatrice Marinacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pellegrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Floriana Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC) - Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Santagati
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC) - Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Spengler C, Maikranz E, Glatz B, Klatt MA, Heintz H, Bischoff M, Santen L, Fery A, Jacobs K. The adhesion capability of Staphylococcus aureus cells is heterogeneously distributed over the cell envelope. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:484-494. [PMID: 37842771 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling microbial adhesion is a critical challenge in biomedical research, given the profound impact of bacterial infections on global health. Many facets of bacterial adhesion, including the distribution of adhesion forces across the cell wall, remain poorly understood. While a recent 'patchy colloid' model has shed light on adhesion in Gram-negative Escherichia coli cells, a corresponding model for Gram-positive cells has been elusive. In this study, we employ single cell force spectroscopy to investigate the adhesion force of Staphylococcus aureus. Normally, only one contact point of the entire bacterial surface is measured. However, by using a sine-shaped surface and recording force-distance curves along a path perpendicular to the rippled structures, we can characterize almost a hemisphere of one and the same bacterium. This unique approach allows us to study a greater number of contact points between the bacterium and the surface compared to conventional flat substrata. Distributed over the bacterial surface, we identify sites of higher and lower adhesion, which we call 'patchy adhesion', reminiscent of the patchy colloid model. The experimental results show that only some cells exhibit particularly strong adhesion at certain locations. To gain a better understanding of these locations, a geometric model of the bacterial cell surface was created. The experimental results were best reproduced by a model that features a few (5-6) particularly strong adhesion sites (diameter about 250 nm) that are widely distributed over the cell surface. Within the simulated patches, the number of molecules or their individual adhesive strength is increased. A more detailed comparison shows that simple geometric considerations for interacting molecules are not sufficient, but rather strong angle-dependent molecule-substratum interactions are required. We discuss the implications of our results for the development of new materials and the design and analysis of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Erik Maikranz
- Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernhard Glatz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Physics of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Andreas Klatt
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544-0001, USA
| | - Hannah Heintz
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Insitute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ludger Santen
- Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Physics of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Physical Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Liu L, Law COK, Nie Q, Pham HQ, Ma H, Zhang L, Ho PL, Lau TCK. Comparative analysis of outer membrane vesicles from uropathogenic Escherichia coli reveal the role of aromatic amino acids synthesis proteins in motility. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151573. [PMID: 36634604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are causative agent that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the recent emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) of UPEC increases the burden on the community. Recent studies of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) identified various factors including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules which provided inter-cellular communication within the bacterial population. However, the components of UPEC-specific OMVs and their functional role remain unclear. Here, we systematically determined the proteomes of UPEC-OMVs and identified the specific components that provide functions to the recipient bacteria. Based on the functional network of OMVs' proteomes, a group of signaling peptides was found in all OMVs which provide communication among bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrated that treatment with UPEC-OMVs affected the motility and biofilm formation of the recipient bacteria, and further identified aromatic amino acid (AAA) biosynthesis proteins as the key factors to provide their movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiangZhe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China; Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carmen Oi Kwan Law
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qichang Nie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hoa Quynh Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pak Leung Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Terrence Chi-Kong Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Liu ZH, Wu QY, Xu F, Zhang X, Liao XB. Biofunction and clinical potential of extracellular vesicles from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cui G, Li P, Wu R, Lin H. Streptococcus mutans membrane vesicles inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis. AMB Express 2022; 12:154. [PMID: 36508003 PMCID: PMC9743899 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, whose main virulence factor is glucosyltransferase (Gtf), has a substantial impact on the development of dental caries. S. mutans membrane vesicles (MVs), which are rich in Gtfs, have been shown to affect biofilm formation of other microorganisms. Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are initial colonizers of tooth surfaces, which provide attachment sites for subsequent microorganisms and are crucial in the development of oral biofilms. S. mutans and S. gordonii, as well as S. mutans and S. sanguinis, have a complex competitive and cooperative relationship, but it is unclear whether S. mutans MVs play a role in these interspecific interactions. Therefore, we co-cultured S. mutans MVs, having or lacking Gtfs, with S. gordonii and S. sanguinis. Our results showed that S. mutans MVs inhibited biofilm formation of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis but did not affect their planktonic growth; contrastingly, S. mutans ΔgtfBC mutant MVs had little effect on both their growth and biofilm formation. Additionally, there were fewer and more dispersed bacteria in the biofilms of the S. mutans MV-treated group than that in the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of the biofilm-related virulence factors GtfG, GtfP, and SpxB in S. gordonii and S. sanguinis were significantly downregulated in response to S. mutans MVs. In conclusion, the results of our study showed that S. mutans MVs inhibited biofilm formation of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis, revealing an important role for MVs in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guxin Cui
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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da Luz BSR, de Rezende Rodovalho V, Nicolas A, Chabelskaya S, Jardin J, Briard-Bion V, Le Loir Y, de Carvalho Azevedo VA, Guédon É. Impact of Environmental Conditions on the Protein Content of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091808. [PMID: 36144410 PMCID: PMC9506334 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major opportunistic pathogen in humans, produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are involved in cellular communication, the delivery of virulence factors, and modulation of the host immune system response. However, to date, the impact of culture conditions on the physicochemical and functional properties of S. aureus EVs is still largely unexplored. Here, we use a proteomic approach to provide a complete protein characterization of S. aureus HG003, a NCTC8325 derivative strain and its derived EVs under four growth conditions: early- and late-stationary growth phases, and in the absence and presence of a sub-inhibitory concentration of vancomycin. The HG003 EV protein composition in terms of subcellular localization, COG and KEGG categories, as well as their relative abundance are modulated by the environment and differs from that of whole-cell (WC). Moreover, the environmental conditions that were tested had a more pronounced impact on the EV protein composition when compared to the WC, supporting the existence of mechanisms for the selective packing of EV cargo. This study provides the first general picture of the impact of different growth conditions in the proteome of S. aureus EVs and its producing-cells and paves the way for future studies to understand better S. aureus EV production, composition, and roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Silva Rosa da Luz
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Rezende Rodovalho
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Svetlana Chabelskaya
- BRM (Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine) UMR_S 1230, Inserm 1230, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Yves Le Loir
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Éric Guédon
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence:
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Heredia M, Andes D. Contributions of Extracellular Vesicles to Fungal Biofilm Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 432:67-79. [PMID: 34972879 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all kingdoms of life and have been increasingly recognized as a key aspect of microbial pathogenicity. These membrane-bound compartments serve as secretory vehicles for the delivery of macromolecules to the extracellular environment. Studies over the past several decades have revealed that microbial EVs are highly suited to the biology and environmental context of the organism secreting them. Fungal EVs have been described in at least 12 species and have diverse functions. These functions include, but are not limited to, molecular transport across the cell wall, immunomodulation, cell-cell communication, export of virulence factors and nucleic acids, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, and induction of drug resistance. This chapter will explore the contributions of EVs to fungal pathogenesis and virulence, with a detailed focus on the role of C. albicans biofilm EVs in matrix biogenesis and antifungal resistance. Brief commentary on EV function in bacterial biofilms will also be provided for comparison, and suggestions for areas of future investigation in this field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marienela Heredia
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Andes
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Lahiri D, Nag M, Dey A, Sarkar T, Pattnaik S, Ghosh S, Edinur HA, Pati S, Kari ZA, Ray RR. Exosome-associated host–pathogen interaction: a potential effect of biofilm formation. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractExosomes being non-ionized micro-vesicles with a size range of 30–100 nm possess the ability to bring about intracellular communication and intercellular transport of various types of cellular components like miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. This is achieved through the targeted transmission of various inclusions to nearby or distant tissues. This is associated with the effective communication of information to bring about changes in physiological properties and functional attributes. The extracellular vesicles (EVs), produced by fungi, parasites, and bacteria, are responsible to bring about modulation/alteration of the immune responses exerted by the host body. The lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans of EVs derived from the pathogens act as the ligands of different families of pattern recognition receptors of the host body. The bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are responsible for the transfer of small RNA species, along with other types of noncoding RNA thereby playing a key role in the regulation of the host immune system. Apart from immunomodulation, the BMVs are also responsible for bacterial colonization in the host tissue, biofilm formation, and survival therein showing antibiotic resistance, leading to pathogenesis and virulence. This mini-review would focus on the role of exosomes in the development of biofilm and consequent immunological responses within the host body along with an analysis of the mechanism associated with the development of resistance.
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Brown HL, Clayton A, Stephens P. The role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in chronic wound infections: Current knowledge and future challenges. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:864-880. [PMID: 34132443 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a significant global problem with an increasing economic and patient welfare impact. How wounds move from an acute to chronic, non-healing, state is not well understood although it is likely that it is driven by a poorly regulated local inflammatory state. Opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are well known to stimulate a pro-inflammatory response and so their presence may further drive chronicity. Studies have demonstrated that host cell extracellular vesicles (hEVs), in particular exosomes, have multiple roles in both increasing and decreasing chronicity within wounds; however, the role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) is still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to evaluate bEV biogenesis and function within chronic wound relevant bacterial species to determine what, if any, role bEVs may have in driving wound chronicity. We determine that bEVs drive chronicity by both increasing persistence of key pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stimulating a pro-inflammatory response by the host. Data also suggest that both bEVs and hEVs show therapeutic promise, providing vaccine candidates, decoy targets for bacterial toxins or modulating the bacterial species within chronic wound biofilms. Caution should, however, be used when interpreting findings to date as the bEV field is still in its infancy and as such lacks consistency in bEV isolation and characterization. It is of primary importance that this is addressed, allowing meaningful conclusions to be drawn and increasing reproducibility within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Brown
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phil Stephens
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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iTRAQ®-based quantitative proteomics reveals the proteomic profiling of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-derived extracellular vesicles after exposure to imipenem. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 66:221-230. [PMID: 33165807 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to reveal the proteomic profiling of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) after exposure to imipenem. The advanced isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ®) proteomic approach were used to analyze the alterations in MRSA-derived EV protein patterns upon exposure to imipenem. A total of 1260 EV proteins were identified and quantified. Among these, 861 differentially expressed exosome proteins (P < 0.05) were found. Multivariate analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were used to analyze the identified proteins. Enrichment analysis of GO annotations indicated that imipenem primarily regulated the metabolic processes in MRSA. The metabolism of differentially expressed proteins was found to be the most significant in the combined analysis of the KEGG pathway analysis. Based on the results from the STRING analysis, 50S ribosomal protein L16 (RplP) and 30S ribosomal protein S8 (RpsH) were involved in the imipenem-induced MRSA-derived EVs. These results provide vital information on MRSA-derived EVs, increasing our knowledge of the proteome level changes in EVs upon exposure to imipenem. Moreover, these results pave the way for developing novel MRSA treatments.
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Bose S, Aggarwal S, Singh DV, Acharya N. Extracellular vesicles: An emerging platform in gram-positive bacteria. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2020; 7:312-322. [PMID: 33335921 PMCID: PMC7713254 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.12.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), also known as membrane vesicles, are produced as an end product of secretion by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Several reports suggest that archaea, gram-negative bacteria, and eukaryotic cells secrete membrane vesicles as a means for cell-free intercellular communication. EVs influence intercellular communication by transferring a myriad of biomolecules including genetic information. Also, EVs have been implicated in many phenomena such as stress response, intercellular competition, lateral gene transfer, and pathogenicity. However, the cellular process of secreting EVs in gram-positive bacteria is less studied. A notion with the thick cell-walled microbes such as gram-positive bacteria is that the EV release is impossible among them. The role of gram-positive EVs in health and diseases is being studied gradually. Being nano-sized, the EVs from gram-positive bacteria carry a diversity of cargo compounds that have a role in bacterial competition, survival, invasion, host immune evasion, and infection. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the EVs produced by gram-positive bacteria. Also, we discuss the functional aspects of these components while comparing them with gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Bose
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Shifu Aggarwal
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya-824236, India
| | - Narottam Acharya
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
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Wu R, Tao Y, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Lin H. Streptococcus mutans Membrane Vesicles Harboring Glucosyltransferases Augment Candida albicans Biofilm Development. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581184. [PMID: 33042098 PMCID: PMC7517897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, as the most common fungus in the oral cavity, is often detected in early childhood caries. Streptococcus mutans is the major etiological agent of dental caries, but the role of S. mutans on C. albicans growth and biofilm development remains to be elucidated. Membrane vesicles (MVs) are a cell-secreted subcellular fraction that play an important role in intercellular communication and disease progression. In the present study, we investigated whether MVs from S. mutans augment C. albicans growth and biofilm development. The results indicated that S. mutans MVs augmented C. albicans biofilm development but had no significant effect on C. albicans growth under planktonic conditions. Subsequently, we labeled S. mutans MVs with PKH26 and used confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to track S. mutans MVs, which were observed to be located in the C. albicans biofilm extracellular matrix. Monosaccharide tests showed that S. mutans MVs contribute to sucrose metabolism in C. albicans. Polysaccharides were significantly enriched in the S. mutans MV-treated group. MVs from ΔgtfBC mutant strains were compared with those from the wild-type S. mutans. The results revealed that MVs from the ΔgtfBC mutant had no effect on C. albicans biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production. In addition, C. albicans biofilm transcriptional regulators (Ndt80, Als1, Mnn9, Van1, Pmr1, Gca1, and Big1) expression were upregulated in S. mutans MV-treated group. In summary, the results of the present study showed that S. mutans MVs harboring glucosyltransferases involved in exopolysaccharide production augment C. albicans biofilm development, revealing a key role for S. mutans MVs in cross-kingdom interactions between S. mutans and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yina Cao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Yu K, Chen F, Yue L, Luo Y, Wang Z, Xing B. CeO 2 Nanoparticles Regulate the Propagation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes by Altering Cellular Contact and Plasmid Transfer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10012-10021. [PMID: 32806911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dissemination and propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via plasmid-mediated conjugation pose a major threat to global public health. The potential effects of nanomaterials on ARGs fates have drawn much attention recently. In this study, CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs), one of the typical nanomaterials proposed for increasing crop production, were applied at the concentration range of 1-50 mg/L to investigate their effects on ARGs transfer between Escherichia coli. Our results revealed that the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid was enhanced by 118-123% at relatively high concentrations (25 and 50 mg/L) of CeO2 NPs, however, CeO2 NPs at low concentrations (1 and 5 mg/L) inhibited the transfer by 22-26%. The opposite effect at low concentrations is mainly attributed to (i) the reduced ROS level, (ii) the weakened intercellular contact via inhibiting the synthesis of polysaccharides in extracellular polymeric substances, and (iii) the down-regulated expression of plasmid transfer genes due to the shortage of ATP supply. Our findings highlight the distinct dose-dependent responses of ARGs conjugative transfer, providing evidence for selecting appropriate NPs dose to reduce the spread of ARGs while applying nanoagrotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feiran Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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15
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Zaborowska M, Taulé Flores C, Vazirisani F, Shah FA, Thomsen P, Trobos M. Extracellular Vesicles Influence the Growth and Adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis Under Antimicrobial Selective Pressure. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1132. [PMID: 32714283 PMCID: PMC7346684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis causes infections associated with orthopedic implants due to its ability to establish persistent biofilms, making infections chronic and hard to treat. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are part of the bacterial communication system, but the role of S. epidermidis-derived EVs in biofilm formation processes and survival is completely unknown. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on vesiculation in S. epidermidis and evaluate the role of EVs in bacterial survival and adhesion under antimicrobial selective pressure and (ii) to evaluate whether EVs derived from a gentamicin-resistant S. epidermidis strain influence the susceptibility and adhesion of a gentamicin-susceptible strain. A gentamicin-susceptible (GENS) strain isolated from implant-associated osteomyelitis was cultured with EVs previously isolated from the same strain growing with subinhibitory concentrations of GEN (0, 0.03, and 0.06 μg × mL–1) or with EVs from a gentamicin-resistant (GENR) strain. EVs were characterized regarding their size, number and protein content. The growth of S. epidermidis cultured with increasing concentrations of GEN (<=> MIC of 0.12 μg × mL–1) was recorded, viability was determined by quantitative culturing and fluorescence staining, and biofilm biomass on polystyrene was quantified by crystal violet staining. Cells grown in subinhibitory concentrations of GEN produced a larger number of EVs of similar size but with greater protein content than cells grown in control (Ctrl) conditions (0 GEN). Under antimicrobial pressure, EVs promoted different mechanisms of antimicrobial tolerance depending on the EV and GEN concentrations. Cell adhesion to polystyrene decreased in the presence of 0 and 0.03 μg × mL–1 GEN upon EV stimulation. Compared with Ctrl cells, cells treated with EVs from a GENR strain showed increased cell division during the exponential growth phase, faster maximal growth rate, shorter doubling time (8–33 min), and dramatically inhibited cell adhesion. These findings suggest that vesiculation in S. epidermidis is a survival response to subinhibitory concentrations of gentamicin. EVs may contribute to bacterial survival through their involvement (1) in the modulation of the growth rate, affecting cell division, and (2) in cell adhesion, decreasing cell attachment to polystyrene and glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaborowska
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carles Taulé Flores
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Forugh Vazirisani
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margarita Trobos
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Bacteriophage-Antibiotic Combination Strategy: an Alternative against Methicillin-Resistant Phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00461-20. [PMID: 32393490 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00461-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative time-kill experiments with Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage (phage) Sb-1 alone and phage-antibiotic combinations (PACs) against two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains have shown synergy with both daptomycin-phage and vancomycin-phage combinations. PACs prevented development of phage resistance and demonstrated bactericidal activity for all triple combinations. In addition, the extracellular membrane vesicle (MV) formation and the potential impact of phage on MV suppression were examined. Our results demonstrate the potential of PAC for combating MRSA infections.
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17
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Choi SY, Lim S, Cho G, Kwon J, Mun W, Im H, Mitchell RJ. Chromobacterium violaceum delivers violacein, a hydrophobic antibiotic, to other microbes in membrane vesicles. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:705-713. [PMID: 31814287 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study describes Chromobacterium violaceum's use of extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) to both solubilize and transport violacein to other microorganisms. Violacein is a hydrophobic bisindole with known antibiotic activities against other microorganisms. Characterization of the MVs found they carried more violacein than protein (1.37 ± 0.19-fold), suggesting they may act as a reservoir for this compound. However, MVs are not produced in response to violacein - a ΔvioA isogenic mutant, which is incapable of making violacein, actually produced significantly more MVs (3.2-fold) than the wild-type strain. Although violacein is insoluble in water (Log Poctanol:water = 3.34), 79.5% remained in the aqueous phase when it was present within the C. violaceum MVs, an increase in solubility of 1740-fold. Moreover, tests with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus showed MV-associated violacein is bactericidal, with 3.1 mg/l killing 90% of S. aureus in 6 h. Tests with the ΔvioA MVs found no loss in the S. aureus viability, even when its MVs were added at much higher concentrations, demonstrating violacein is the active component within the wild-type MVs. In conclusion, our study clearly demonstrates C. violaceum produces MVs and uses them as vehicles to solubilize violacein and transport this hydrophobic antibiotic to other microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yeol Choi
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Sungbin Lim
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Gayoung Cho
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Kwon
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Mun
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Hansol Im
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Robert J Mitchell
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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18
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Synthesis, structure and antibacterial activity of a copper(II) coordination polymer based on thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate ligand. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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19
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Heilbronner S. Commentary: Staphylococcus aureus Membrane-Derived Vesicles Promote Bacterial Virulence and Confer Protective Immunity in Murine Infection Models. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2346. [PMID: 30327647 PMCID: PMC6174226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Heilbronner
- Department of Infection Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Monnappa AK, Bari W, Seo JK, Mitchell RJ. The Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (CNFy) is Carried on Extracellular Membrane Vesicles to Host Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14186. [PMID: 30242257 PMCID: PMC6155089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we show Yersinia pseudotuberculosis secretes membrane vesicles (MVs) that contain different proteins and virulence factors depending on the strain. Although MVs from Y. pseudotuberculosis YPIII and ATCC 29833 had many proteins in common (68.8% of all the proteins identified), those located in the outer membrane fraction differed significantly. For instance, the MVs from Y. pseudotuberculosis YPIII harbored numerous Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) while they were absent in the ATCC 29833 MVs. Another virulence factor found solely in the YPIII MVs was the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNFy), a toxin that leads to multinucleation of host cells. The ability of YPIII MVs to transport this toxin and its activity to host cells was verified using HeLa cells, which responded in a dose-dependent manner; nearly 70% of the culture was multinucleated after addition of 5 µg/ml of the purified YPIII MVs. In contrast, less than 10% were multinucleated when the ATCC 29833 MVs were added. Semi-quantification of CNFy within the YPIII MVs found this toxin is present at concentrations of 5 ~ 10 ng per µg of total MV protein, a concentration that accounts for the cellular responses seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Monnappa
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Wasimul Bari
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Robert J Mitchell
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
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21
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Tartaglia NR, Breyne K, Meyer E, Cauty C, Jardin J, Chrétien D, Dupont A, Demeyere K, Berkova N, Azevedo V, Guédon E, Le Loir Y. Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles Elicit an Immunostimulatory Response in vivo on the Murine Mammary Gland. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:277. [PMID: 30186772 PMCID: PMC6113362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, the most common and costly disease affecting dairy cattle. S. aureus naturally releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) during its growth. EVs play an important role in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions and are notably considered as nanocarriers that deliver virulence factors to the host tissues. Whether EVs play a role in a mastitis context is still unknown. In this work, we showed that S. aureus Newbould 305 (N305), a bovine mastitis isolate, has the ability to generate EVs in vitro with a designated protein content. Purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs were not cytotoxic when tested in vitro on MAC-T and PS, two bovine mammary epithelial cell lines. However, they induced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines at levels similar to those induced by live S. aureus N305. The in vivo immune response to purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was tested in a mouse model for bovine mastitis and their immunogenic effect was compared to that of live S. aureus N305, heat-killed S. aureus N305 and to S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Clinical and histopathological signs were evaluated and pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine levels were measured in the mammary gland 24 h post-inoculation. Live S. aureus induced a significantly stronger inflammatory response than that of any other condition tested. Nevertheless, S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induced a dose-dependent neutrophil recruitment and the production of a selected set of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as chemokines. This immune response elicited by intramammary S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was comparable to that of heat-killed S. aureus N305 and, partly, by LTA. These results demonstrated that S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induce a mild inflammatory response distinct from the live pathogen after intramammary injection. Overall, our combined in vitro and in vivo data suggest that EVs are worth to be investigated to better understand the S. aureus pathogenesis and are relevant tools to develop strategies against bovine S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natayme R. Tartaglia
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Koen Breyne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Denis Chrétien
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes - UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Dupont
- CNRS, INSERM, Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes - UMS 3480, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Vasco Azevedo
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric Guédon
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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