1
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Riley KS, Jhon MH, Le Ferrand H, Wang D, Arrieta AF. Inverse design of bistable composite laminates with switching tunneling method for global optimization. COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2024; 3:115. [PMID: 39179665 DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Bistability enables adaptive designs with tunable deflections for applications including morphing wings, robotic grippers, and consumer products. Composite laminates may be designed to exhibit bistability due to pre-strains that develop during the processing of the polymer matrix, enabling fast reconfiguration between two stable shapes. Unfortunately, designing bistable laminates is challenging because of their highly nonlinear behavior. Here, we propose the Switching Tunneling Method to address this challenge by alternating between gradient-based local minimization and tunneling search phases, with the enhancement of objective expression switching to improve numerical conditioning. Results demonstrate high effectiveness compared to existing optimizers; the Switching Tunneling Method achieves a 99% success rate in finding all energy minima across general composite layups. Additionally, our method facilitates the inverse design of variable pre-strain fields, enabling bioinspired, positive Gaussian curvatures, which are not possible with conventional pre-strain laminates. Validations through both finite element analysis and 3D printed samples confirm the optimal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Riley
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mark H Jhon
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Hortense Le Ferrand
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Faculty Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Faculty Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Singapore.
| | - Andres F Arrieta
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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Tanaka M, Song Y, Nomura T. Fabric soft pneumatic actuators with programmable turing pattern textures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19175. [PMID: 39160199 PMCID: PMC11333703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a novel computational design and fabrication method for fabric-based soft pneumatic actuators (FSPAs) that use Turing patterns, inspired by Alan Turing's morphogenesis theory. These inflatable structures can adapt their shapes with simple pressure changes and are applicable in areas like soft robotics, airbags, and temporary shelters. Traditionally, the design of such structures relies on isotropic materials and the designer's expertise, often requiring a trial-and-error approach. The present study introduces a method to automate this process using advanced numerical optimization to design and manufacture fabric-based inflatable structures with programmable shape-morphing capabilities. Initially, an optimized distribution of the material orientation field on the surface membrane is achieved through gradient-based orientation optimization. This involves a comprehensive physical deployment simulation using the nonlinear shell finite element method, which is integrated into the inner loop of the optimization algorithm. This continuous adjustment of material orientations enhances the design objectives. These material orientation fields are transformed into discretized texture patterns that replicate the same anisotropic deformations. Anisotropic reaction-diffusion equations, using diffusion coefficients determined by local orientations from the optimization step, are then utilized to create space-filling Turing pattern textures. Furthermore, the fabrication methods of these optimized Turing pattern textures are explored using fabrics through heat bonding and embroidery. The performance of the fabricated FSPAs is evaluated through three different deformation shapes: C-shaped bending, S-shaped bending, and twisting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tanaka
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan.
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Yuyang Song
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomura
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
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3
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Yarali E, Mirzaali MJ, Ghalayaniesfahani A, Accardo A, Diaz-Payno PJ, Zadpoor AA. 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402301. [PMID: 38580291 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
4D (bio-)printing endows 3D printed (bio-)materials with multiple functionalities and dynamic properties. 4D printed materials have been recently used in biomedical engineering for the design and fabrication of biomedical devices, such as stents, occluders, microneedles, smart 3D-cell engineered microenvironments, drug delivery systems, wound closures, and implantable medical devices. However, the success of 4D printing relies on the rational design of 4D printed objects, the selection of smart materials, and the availability of appropriate types of external (multi-)stimuli. Here, this work first highlights the different types of smart materials, external stimuli, and design strategies used in 4D (bio-)printing. Then, it presents a critical review of the biomedical applications of 4D printing and discusses the future directions of biomedical research in this exciting area, including in vivo tissue regeneration studies, the implementation of multiple materials with reversible shape memory behaviors, the creation of fast shape-transformation responses, the ability to operate at the microscale, untethered activation and control, and the application of (machine learning-based) modeling approaches to predict the structure-property and design-shape transformation relationships of 4D (bio)printed constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Yarali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ava Ghalayaniesfahani
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro J Diaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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4
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Ferrer JMM, Cruz RES, Caplan S, Van Rees WM, Boley JW. Multiscale Heterogeneous Polymer Composites for High Stiffness 4D Printed Electrically Controllable Multifunctional Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405505. [PMID: 38767502 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
4D printing is an emerging field where 3D printing techniques are used to pattern stimuli-responsive materials to create morphing structures, with time serving as the fourth dimension. However, current materials utilized for 4D printing are typically soft, exhibiting an elastic modulus (E) range of 10-4 to 10 MPa during shape change. This restricts the scalability, actuation stress, and load-bearing capabilities of the resulting structures. To overcome these limitations, multiscale heterogeneous polymer composites are introduced as a novel category of stiff, thermally responsive 4D printed materials. These inks exhibit an E that is four orders of magnitude greater than that of existing 4D printed materials and offer tunable electrical conductivities for simultaneous Joule heating actuation and self-sensing capabilities. Utilizing electrically controllable bilayers as building blocks, a flat geometry is designed and printed that morphs into a 3D self-standing lifting robot, setting new records for weight-normalized load lifted and actuation stress when compared to other 3D printed actuators. Furthermore, the ink palette is employed to create and print planar lattice structures that transform into various self-supporting complex 3D shapes. These contributions are integrated into a 4D printed electrically controlled multigait crawling robotic lattice structure that can carry 144 times its own weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Caplan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wim M Van Rees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J William Boley
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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5
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Lai J, Liu Y, Lu G, Yung P, Wang X, Tuan RS, Li ZA. 4D bioprinting of programmed dynamic tissues. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:348-377. [PMID: 38694766 PMCID: PMC11061618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Setting time as the fourth dimension, 4D printing allows us to construct dynamic structures that can change their shape, property, or functionality over time under stimuli, leading to a wave of innovations in various fields. Recently, 4D printing of smart biomaterials, biological components, and living cells into dynamic living 3D constructs with 4D effects has led to an exciting field of 4D bioprinting. 4D bioprinting has gained increasing attention and is being applied to create programmed and dynamic cell-laden constructs such as bone, cartilage, and vasculature. This review presents an overview on 4D bioprinting for engineering dynamic tissues and organs, followed by a discussion on the approaches, bioprinting technologies, smart biomaterials and smart design, bioink requirements, and applications. While much progress has been achieved, 4D bioprinting as a complex process is facing challenges that need to be addressed by transdisciplinary strategies to unleash the full potential of this advanced biofabrication technology. Finally, we present future perspectives on the rapidly evolving field of 4D bioprinting, in view of its potential, increasingly important roles in the development of advanced dynamic tissues for basic research, pharmaceutics, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Yung
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Cao Y, Xu B, Li B, Fu H. Advanced Design of Soft Robots with Artificial Intelligence. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:214. [PMID: 38869734 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingang Xu
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fu
- Department of Mathematics and Information Technology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Choudhury S, Joshi A, Baghel VS, Ananthasuresh GK, Asthana S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Chatterjee K. Design-encoded dual shape-morphing and shape-memory in 4D printed polymer parts toward cellularized vascular grafts. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5678-5689. [PMID: 38747702 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Current additive manufacturing technologies wherein as-printed simple two-dimensional (2D) structures morph into complex tissue mimetic three-dimensional (3D) shapes are limited to multi-material hydrogel systems, which necessitates multiple fabrication steps and specific materials. This work utilizes a single shape memory thermoplastic polymer (SMP), PLMC (polylactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), to achieve programmable shape deformation through anisotropic design and infill angles encoded during 3D printing. The shape changes were first computationally predicted through finite element analysis (FEA) simulations and then experimentally validated through quantitative correlation. Rectangular 2D sheets could self-roll into complete hollow tubes of specific diameters (ranging from ≈6 mm to ≈10 mm) and lengths (as long as 40 mm), as quantitatively predicted from FEA simulations within one minute at relatively lower temperatures (≈80 °C). Furthermore, shape memory properties were demonstrated post-shape change to exhibit dual shape morphing at temperatures close to physiological levels. The tubes (retained as the permanent shape) were deformed into flat sheets (temporary shape), seeded with endothelial cells (at T < Tg), and thereafter triggered at ≈37 °C back into tubes (permanent shape), utilizing the shape memory properties to yield bioresorbable tubes with cellularized lumens for potential use as vascular grafts with improved long-term patency. Additionally, out-of-plane bending and twisting deformation were demonstrated in complex structures by careful control of infill angles that can unprecedently expand the scope of cellularized biomimetic 3D shapes. This work demonstrates the potential of the combination of shape morphing and SMP behaviors at physiological temperatures to yield next-generation smart implants with precise control over dimensions for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat Choudhury
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Akshat Joshi
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Vageesh Singh Baghel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - G K Ananthasuresh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sonal Asthana
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplantation Surgery, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Shervanthi Homer-Vanniasinkam
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
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8
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Chalissery D, Pretsch T. 4D-Printed Tool for Compressing a Shape Memory Polyurethane Foam during Programming. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1393. [PMID: 38794586 PMCID: PMC11124973 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although several force application concepts are known that can be used to deform shape memory polymers (SMPs) within the scope of programming, controlled deformation is challenging in the case of samples with a cylinder-like shape, which need to be homogeneously compressed starting from the lateral surface. To solve this problem, this contribution follows a material approach that takes advantage of four-dimensional (4D) printing. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) was used as an additive manufacturing (AM) technique to produce a thermoresponsive tool in a cylindrical shape from a polyether urethane (PEU) having a glass transition temperature (Tg) close to 55 °C, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Once it was 4D-printed, a sample of laser cut polyester urethane urea (PEUU) foam with a cylindrical wall was placed inside of it. Subsequent heating to 75 °C and keeping that temperature constant for 15 min resulted in the compression of the foam, because the internal stresses of the PEU were transferred to the PEUU, whose soft segments were completely molten at 65 °C as verified by DSC. Upon cooling to -15 °C and thus below the offset temperature of the soft segment crystallization transition of the PEUU, the foam was fixed in its new shape. After 900 days of storage at temperatures close to 23 °C, the foam recovered its original shape upon reheating to 75 °C. In another experiment, a 4D-printed cylinder was put into hibernation for 900 days before its thermoresponsiveness was investigated. In the future, 4D-printed tools may be produced in many geometries, which fit well to the shapes of the SMPs to be programmed. Beyond programming SMP foams, transferring the forces released by 4D-printed tools to other programmable materials can further expand technical possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Pretsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
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9
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Mandal A, Chatterjee K. 4D printing for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2985-3005. [PMID: 38436200 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
While three-dimensional (3D) printing excels at fabricating static constructs, it fails to emulate the dynamic behavior of native tissues or the temporal programmability desired for medical devices. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an advanced additive manufacturing technology capable of fabricating constructs that can undergo pre-programmed changes in shape, property, or functionality when exposed to specific stimuli. In this Perspective, we summarize the advances in materials chemistry, 3D printing strategies, and post-printing methodologies that collectively facilitate the realization of temporal dynamics within 4D-printed soft materials (hydrogels, shape-memory polymers, liquid crystalline elastomers), ceramics, and metals. We also discuss and present insights about the diverse biomedical applications of 4D printing, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, in vitro models, and medical devices. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and emphasize the importance of an application-driven design approach to enable the clinical translation and widespread adoption of 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkodip Mandal
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
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10
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Mirzaali MJ, Zadpoor AA. Orthopedic meta-implants. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:010901. [PMID: 38250670 PMCID: PMC10799688 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Meta-biomaterials, engineered materials with distinctive combinations of mechanical, physical, and biological properties stemming from their micro-architecture, have emerged as a promising domain within biomedical engineering. Correspondingly, meta-implants, which serve as the device counterparts of meta-biomaterials, offer exceptional functionalities, holding great potential for addressing complex skeletal diseases. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the various types of meta-implants, including hybrid, shape-morphing, metallic clay, and deployable meta-implants, highlighting their unprecedented properties and recent achievement in the field. This paper also delves into the potential future developments of meta-implants, addressing the exploration of multi-functionalities in meta-biomaterials and their applications in diverse biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J. Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands
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11
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Leanza S, Wu S, Sun X, Qi HJ, Zhao RR. Active Materials for Functional Origami. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302066. [PMID: 37120795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, origami has been explored to aid in the design of engineering structures. These structures span multiple scales and have been demonstrated to be used toward various areas such as aerospace, metamaterial, biomedical, robotics, and architectural applications. Conventionally, origami or deployable structures have been actuated by hands, motors, or pneumatic actuators, which can result in heavy or bulky structures. On the other hand, active materials, which reconfigure in response to external stimulus, eliminate the need for external mechanical loads and bulky actuation systems. Thus, in recent years, active materials incorporated with deployable structures have shown promise for remote actuation of light weight, programmable origami. In this review, active materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) and alloys (SMAs), hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), magnetic soft materials (MSMs), and covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers, their actuation mechanisms, as well as how they have been utilized for active origami and where these structures are applicable is discussed. Additionally, the state-of-the-art fabrication methods to construct active origami are highlighted. The existing structural modeling strategies for origami, the constitutive models used to describe active materials, and the largest challenges and future directions for active origami research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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12
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Morales Ferrer JM, Sánchez Cruz RE, Caplan S, van Rees WM, Boley JW. Multiscale Heterogeneous Polymer Composites for High Stiffness 4D Printed Electrically Controllable Multifunctional Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307858. [PMID: 38063841 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
4D printing is an emerging field where 3D printing techniques are used to pattern stimuli-responsive materials to create morphing structures, with time serving as the fourth dimension. However, current materials utilized for 4D printing are typically soft, exhibiting an elastic modulus (E) range of 10-4 to 10 MPa during shape change. This restricts the scalability, actuation stress, and load-bearing capabilities of the resulting structures. To overcome these limitations, multiscale heterogeneous polymer composites are introduced as a novel category of stiff, thermally responsive 4D printed materials. These inks exhibit an E that is four orders of magnitude greater than that of existing 4D printed materials and offer tunable electrical conductivities for simultaneous Joule heating actuation and self-sensing capabilities. Utilizing electrically controllable bilayers as building blocks, a flat geometry that morphs into a 3D self-standing lifting robot is designed and printed, setting new records for weight-normalized load lifted and actuation stress when compared to other 3D printed actuators. Furthermore, this ink palette is employed to create and print planar lattice structures that transform into various self-supporting complex 3D shapes. Finally these inks are integrated into a 4D printed electrically controlled multigait crawling robotic lattice structure that can carry 144 times its own weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier M Morales Ferrer
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ramón E Sánchez Cruz
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sophie Caplan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wim M van Rees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J William Boley
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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13
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Mahmood A, Perveen F, Chen S, Akram T, Irfan A. Polymer Composites in 3D/4D Printing: Materials, Advances, and Prospects. Molecules 2024; 29:319. [PMID: 38257232 PMCID: PMC10818632 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing, has revolutionized the manufacturing landscape by enabling the intricate layer-by-layer construction of three-dimensional objects. In contrast to traditional methods relying on molds and tools, AM provides the flexibility to fabricate diverse components directly from digital models without the need for physical alterations to machinery. Four-dimensional printing is a revolutionary extension of 3D printing that introduces the dimension of time, enabling dynamic transformations in printed structures over predetermined periods. This comprehensive review focuses on polymeric materials in 3D printing, exploring their versatile processing capabilities, environmental adaptability, and applications across thermoplastics, thermosetting materials, elastomers, polymer composites, shape memory polymers (SMPs), including liquid crystal elastomer (LCE), and self-healing polymers for 4D printing. This review also examines recent advancements in microvascular and encapsulation self-healing mechanisms, explores the potential of supramolecular polymers, and highlights the latest progress in hybrid printing using polymer-metal and polymer-ceramic composites. Finally, this paper offers insights into potential challenges faced in the additive manufacturing of polymer composites and suggests avenues for future research in this dynamic and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyaz Mahmood
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China
- School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
- Dongguan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shenggui Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
- School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
- Dongguan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tayyaba Akram
- Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Peng W, Mu H, Liang X, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Xie T. Digital Laser Direct Writing of Internal Stress in Shape Memory Polymer for Anticounterfeiting and 4D Printing. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1698-1704. [PMID: 38039381 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a type of smart shape-shifting material that can respond to various stimuli. Their shape recovery pathway is determined by the internal stress stored in the temporary shapes. Thus, manipulating the internal stress is key to the potential applications of SMPs. This is commonly achieved by the types of deformation forces applied during the programming stage. In contrast, we present here a digital laser direct writing method to selectively induce thermal relaxation of internal stress stored in the two-dimensional (2D) shape of a thermoplastic SMP. The internal stress field, while invisible under natural light, can be visualized under polarized light. Consequently, the digital stress pattern can be used for anticounterfeiting. In addition, further uniform heating induces the release of the programmed internal stress within the 2D film. This triggers its transformation into a three-dimensional (3D) shape, enabling 4D printing. The simplicity and versatility of our approach in manipulating internal stress and shape-shifting make it attractive for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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15
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Gao T, Bico J, Roman B. Pneumatic cells toward absolute Gaussian morphing. Science 2023; 381:862-867. [PMID: 37616347 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
On a flat map of the Earth, continents are inevitably distorted. Reciprocally, curving a plate simultaneously in two directions requires a modification of in-plane distances, as Gauss stated in his seminal theorem. Although emerging architectured materials with programmed in-plane distortions are capable of such shape morphing, an additional control of local bending is required to precisely set the final shape of the resulting three-dimensional surface. Inspired by bulliform cells in leaves of monocotyledon plants, we show how the internal structure of flat panels can be designed to program bending and in-plane distortions simultaneously when pressurized, leading to a targeted shell shape. These surfaces with controlled stiffness and fast actuation are manufactured using consumer-grade materials and open a route to large-scale shape-morphing robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - José Bico
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Roman
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
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16
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Sahin ES, Cheng T, Wood D, Tahouni Y, Poppinga S, Thielen M, Speck T, Menges A. Cross-Sectional 4D-Printing: Upscaling Self-Shaping Structures with Differentiated Material Properties Inspired by the Large-Flowered Butterwort ( Pinguicula grandiflora). Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:233. [PMID: 37366828 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrusion-based 4D-printing, which is an emerging field within additive manufacturing, has enabled the technical transfer of bioinspired self-shaping mechanisms by emulating the functional morphology of motile plant structures (e.g., leaves, petals, capsules). However, restricted by the layer-by-layer extrusion process, much of the resulting works are simplified abstractions of the pinecone scale's bilayer structure. This paper presents a new method of 4D-printing by rotating the printed axis of the bilayers, which enables the design and fabrication of self-shaping monomaterial systems in cross sections. This research introduces a computational workflow for programming, simulating, and 4D-printing differentiated cross sections with multilayered mechanical properties. Taking inspiration from the large-flowered butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora), which shows the formation of depressions on its trap leaves upon contact with prey, we investigate the depression formation of bioinspired 4D-printed test structures by varying each depth layer. Cross-sectional 4D-printing expands the design space of bioinspired bilayer mechanisms beyond the XY plane, allows more control in tuning their self-shaping properties, and paves the way toward large-scale 4D-printed structures with high-resolution programmability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Sila Sahin
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tiffany Cheng
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dylan Wood
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yasaman Tahouni
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
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17
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Niu Y, Chen X, Song J. Solar-Radiation-Dependent Anisotropic Thermal Management Device with Net Zero Energy from 4D Printing Shape Memory Polymer-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103805. [PMID: 37241438 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reports have pointed out that nearly 50% of the global total energy demand for buildings is used for daily heating and cooling. Therefore, it is very important to develop various high-performance thermal management techniques with low energy consumption. In this work, we present an intelligent shape memory polymers (SMPs)-based device with programmable anisotropic thermal conductivity fabricated by a 4D printing technique to assist in thermal management with net zero energy. Highly thermal conductive BN nanosheets were textured in a poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix by 3D printing, and the printed composites lamina exhibited significant anisotropic thermal conductivity. The direction of heat flow in devices could be switched programmably, accompanying the light-activated deformation controlled by grayscale of composite, which was demonstrated by the "windows" arrays composed of in-plate thermal conductivity facets and SMPs-based hinge joints, achieving the programmable movement of opening and closing under different light conditions. Based on solar radiation-dependent SMPs coupled with the adjustment of heat flow along anisotropic thermal conductivity, the 4D printed device has been proved in concept for potential applications in thermal management in a building envelop for dynamic climate adaptation, taking place automatically based on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yanhui Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuejian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials, Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101300, China
| | - Jianrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials, Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101300, China
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18
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Agyapong JN, Van Durme B, Van Vlierberghe S, Henderson JH. Surface Functionalization of 4D Printed Substrates Using Polymeric and Metallic Wrinkles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092117. [PMID: 37177262 PMCID: PMC10181229 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Wrinkle topographies have been studied as simple, versatile, and in some cases biomimetic surface functionalization strategies. To fabricate surface wrinkles, one material phenomenon employed is the mechanical-instability-driven wrinkling of thin films, which occurs when a deforming substrate produces sufficient compressive strain to buckle a surface thin film. Although thin-film wrinkling has been studied on shape-changing functional materials, including shape-memory polymers (SMPs), work to date has been primarily limited to simple geometries, such as flat, uniaxially-contracting substrates. Thus, there is a need for a strategy that would allow deformation of complex substrates or 3D parts to generate wrinkles on surfaces throughout that complex substrate or part. Here, 4D printing of SMPs is combined with polymeric and metallic thin films to develop and study an approach for fiber-level topographic functionalization suitable for use in printing of arbitrarily complex shape-changing substrates or parts. The effect of nozzle temperature, substrate architecture, and film thickness on wrinkles has been characterized, as well as wrinkle topography on nuclear alignment using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescent imaging. As nozzle temperature increased, wrinkle wavelength increased while strain trapping and nuclear alignment decreased. Moreover, with increasing film thickness, the wavelength increased as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson N Agyapong
- The Bioinspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Bo Van Durme
- The Bioinspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - James H Henderson
- The Bioinspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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19
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Wu W, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Ren L, Chen F, Fuh JYH, Zheng A, Li X, Zhao J, Li G. Metallic 4D Printing of Laser Stimulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206486. [PMID: 36683254 PMCID: PMC10131821 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
4D printing of metallic shape-morphing systems can be applied in many fields, including aerospace, smart manufacturing, naval equipment, and biomedical engineering. The existing forming materials for metallic 4D printing are still very limited except shape memory alloys. Herein, a 4D printing method to endow non-shape-memory metallic materials with active properties is presented, which could overcome the shape-forming limitation of traditional material processing technologies. The thermal stress spatial control of 316L stainless steel forming parts is achieved by programming the processing parameters during a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. The printed parts can realize the shape changing of selected areas during or after forming process owing to stress release generated. It is demonstrated that complex metallic shape-morphing structures can be manufactured by this method. The principles of printing parameters programmed and thermal stress pre-set are also applicable to other thermoforming materials and additive manufacturing processes, which can expand not only the materials used for 4D printing but also the applications of 4D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Wu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunJilin130025P. R. China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunJilin130025P. R. China
| | - Qingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education)Jilin UniversityChangchun130025P. R. China
| | - Luquan Ren
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunJilin130025P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education)Jilin UniversityChangchun130025P. R. China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117576Singapore
| | - Jerry Ying Hsi Fuh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117576Singapore
| | - Aodu Zheng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunJilin130025P. R. China
- Chongqing Research InstituteJilin University618 Liangjiang Avenue, Longxing Town, Yubei DistrictChongqing401122P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunJilin130025P. R. China
- Chongqing Research InstituteJilin University618 Liangjiang Avenue, Longxing Town, Yubei DistrictChongqing401122P. R. China
| | - Ji Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationNortheastern UniversityShenyangLiaoning110004P. R. China
| | - Guiwei Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunJilin130025P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education)Jilin UniversityChangchun130025P. R. China
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20
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Jiang B, Jiao H, Guo X, Chen G, Guo J, Wu W, Jin Y, Cao G, Liang Z. Lignin-Based Materials for Additive Manufacturing: Chemistry, Processing, Structures, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206055. [PMID: 36658694 PMCID: PMC10037990 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of lignin, the most abundant aromatic biomass component, is at the forefront of sustainable engineering, energy, and environment research, where its abundance and low-cost features enable widespread application. Constructing lignin into material parts with controlled and desired macro- and microstructures and properties via additive manufacturing has been recognized as a promising technology and paves the way to the practical application of lignin. Considering the rapid development and significant progress recently achieved in this field, a comprehensive and critical review and outlook on three-dimensional (3D) printing of lignin is highly desirable. This article fulfils this demand with an overview on the structure of lignin and presents the state-of-the-art of 3D printing of pristine lignin and lignin-based composites, and highlights the key challenges. It is attempted to deliver better fundamental understanding of the impacts of morphology, microstructure, physical, chemical, and biological modifications, and composition/hybrids on the rheological behavior of lignin/polymer blends, as well as, on the mechanical, physical, and chemical performance of the 3D printed lignin-based materials. The main points toward future developments involve hybrid manufacturing, in situ polymerization, and surface tension or energy driven molecular segregation are also elaborated and discussed to promote the high-value utilization of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Huan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Gegu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic ChemistryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest ResourcesInternational Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Guozhong Cao
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195‐2120USA
| | - Zhiqiang Liang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesJoint International Research Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
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21
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Zou B, Liang Z, Zhong D, Cui Z, Xiao K, Shao S, Ju J. Magneto-Thermomechanically Reprogrammable Mechanical Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207349. [PMID: 36385420 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Future active metamaterials for reconfigurable structural applications require fast, untethered, reversible, and reprogrammable (multimodal) transformability with shape locking. Magnetic control has a superior advantage for fast and remotely controlled deployment; however, a significant drawback is needed to maintain the magnetic force to hold the transformation, limiting its use in structural applications. The shape-locking property of shape-memory polymers (SMPs) can resolve this issue. However, the intrinsic irreversibility of SMPs may limit their reconfigurability as active metamaterials. Moreover, to date, reprogrammable methods have required high power with laser and arc welding proving to be energy-inefficient control methods. In this work, a magneto-thermomechanical tool is constructed and demonstrated, which enables a single material system to transform with untethered, reversible, low-powered reprogrammable deformations, and shape locking via the application of magneto-thermomechanically triggered prestress on the SMP and structural instability with asymmetric magnetic torque. The mutual assistance of two physics concepts-magnetic control combined with the thermomechanical behavior of SMPs is demonstrated, without requiring new materials synthesis and high-power energy for reprogramming. This approach can open a new path of active metamaterials, flexible yet stiff soft robots, multimodal morphing structures, and mechanical computing devices where it can be designed in reversible and reprogrammable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihui Zou
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zihe Liang
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dijia Zhong
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuang Shao
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jaehyung Ju
- UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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22
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Díaz-Payno PJ, Kalogeropoulou M, Muntz I, Kingma E, Kops N, D'Este M, Koenderink GH, Fratila-Apachitei LE, van Osch GJVM, Zadpoor AA. Swelling-Dependent Shape-Based Transformation of a Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Laden 4D Bioprinted Construct for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201891. [PMID: 36308047 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting is usually implemented on flat surfaces, posing serious limitations in the fabrication of multilayered curved constructs. 4D bioprinting, combining 3D bioprinting with time-dependent stimuli-induced transformation, enables the fabrication of shape-changing constructs. Here, a 4D biofabrication method is reported for cartilage engineering based on the differential swelling of a smart multi-material system made from two hydrogel-based materials: hyaluronan and alginate. Two ink formulations are used: tyramine-functionalized hyaluronan (HAT, high-swelling) and alginate with HAT (AHAT, low-swelling). Both inks have similar elastic, shear-thinning, and printability behavior. The inks are 3D printed into a bilayered scaffold before triggering the shape-change by using liquid immersion as stimulus. In time (4D), the differential swelling between the two zones leads to the scaffold's self-bending. Different designs are made to tune the radius of curvature and shape. A bioprinted formulation of AHAT and human bone marrow cells demonstrates high cell viability. After 28 days in chondrogenic medium, the curvature is clearly present while cartilage-like matrix production is visible on histology. A proof-of-concept of the recently emerged technology of 4D bioprinting with a specific application for the design of curved structures potentially mimicking the curvature and multilayer cellular nature of native cartilage is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Díaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Maria Kalogeropoulou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands
| | - Iain Muntz
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands
| | - Esther Kingma
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands
| | - Nicole Kops
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Matteo D'Este
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CD, Netherlands
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Rahmatabadi D, Aberoumand M, Soltanmohammadi K, Soleyman E, Ghasemi I, Baniassadi M, Abrinia K, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M, Baghani M. A New Strategy for Achieving Shape Memory Effects in 4D Printed Two-Layer Composite Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245446. [PMID: 36559813 PMCID: PMC9787995 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new strategy and design for achieving a shape memory effect (SME) and 4D printed two-layer composite structures is unveiled, thanks to fused deposition modeling (FDM) biomaterial printing of commercial filaments, which do not have an SME. We used ABS and PCL as two well-known thermoplastics, and TPU as elastomer filaments that were printed in a two-layer structure. The thermoplastic layer plays the role of constraint for the elastomeric layer. A rubber-to-glass transition of the thermoplastic layer acts as a switching phenomenon that provides the capability of stabilizing the temporary shape, as well as storing the deformation stress for the subsequent recovery of the permanent shape by phase changing the thermoplastic layer in the opposite direction. The results show that ABS-TPU had fixity and recovery ratios above 90%. The PCL-TPU composite structure also demonstrated complete recovery, but its fixity was 77.42%. The difference in the SME of the two composite structures is related to the transition for each thermoplastic and programming temperature. Additionally, in the early cycles, the shape-memory performance decreased, and in the fourth and fifth cycles, it almost stabilized. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs illustrated superior interfacial bonding and part integrity in the case of multi-material 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Rahmatabadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | | | | | - Elyas Soleyman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Ismaeil Ghasemi
- Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14975, Iran
| | - Majid Baniassadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Karen Abrinia
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Mostafa Baghani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.B.)
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Design, fabrication and application of self-spiraling pattern-driven 4D-printed actuator. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18874. [PMID: 36344729 PMCID: PMC9640617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-spiraling actuators are widely found in nature and have high research and actuator-application value in self-lock and self-assembly. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a new generation additive manufacturing of smart materials and has shown great potential for the fabrication of multi-functional and customized structures. The microarchitecture design of a bilayer actuator could bring flexible and diversified self-spiraling behaviors and more possibilities for practical application by combing 4D printing. This work investigates the stimuli effects of fiber patterns and fabrication parameters on self-spiraling behaviors of the bilayer actuator via both experimental and theoretical methods. This work may potentially provide pattern design guidance for 4D-printed self-spiraling actuators to meet different application requirements.
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25
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Rojas S, Riley KS, Arrieta AF. Multistable bioinspired origami with reprogrammable self-folding. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220426. [PMCID: PMC9554512 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Origami has emerged as a design paradigm to realize morphing structures with rich kinematic and mechanical properties. Biological examples augment the potential design space by suggesting intriguing routes for achieving self-folding from architected materials. We introduce a class of multistable self-folding origami adaptable after fabrication inspired by the earwig wing. This is achieved by designing bilayer creases that display anisotropic shrinkage in response to external stimulation, enabling a mechanism for prestrain adaptation. We establish a bilayer model for stretchable straight and trapezoidal (β) creases to generate bistable origami structures. We adapt the topology of the structure’s energy landscapes by tuning the fold prestrain level as a function of the stimulation time. The proposed method and model allows for converting flat sheets with arranged facets and prestrained mountain-valley creases into self-folding multistable structures. Introducing multistability from self-folding avoids ambiguous folding branches present in the rich configuration space at the flat state. The obtained crease prestrain programming is leveraged to manufacture a biomimetic earwig wing featuring the complex crease pattern, structural stability and rapid closure of the biological counterpart. The presented method provides a route for encoding prestrain in self-folding origami, the multistability of which is adaptable after fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Rojas
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Katherine S. Riley
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andres F. Arrieta
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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26
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Xue Z, Jin T, Xu S, Bai K, He Q, Zhang F, Cheng X, Ji Z, Pang W, Shen Z, Song H, Shuai Y, Zhang Y. Assembly of complex 3D structures and electronics on curved surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6922. [PMID: 35947653 PMCID: PMC9365271 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices with engineered three-dimensional (3D) architectures are indispensable for frictional-force sensing, wide-field optical imaging, and flow velocity measurement. Recent advances in mechanically guided assembly established deterministic routes to 3D structures in high-performance materials, through controlled rolling/folding/buckling deformations. The resulting 3D structures are, however, mostly formed on planar substrates and cannot be transferred directly onto another curved substrate. Here, we introduce an ordered assembly strategy to allow transformation of 2D thin films into sophisticated 3D structures on diverse curved surfaces. The strategy leverages predefined mechanical loadings that deform curved elastomer substrates into flat/cylindrical configurations, followed by an additional uniaxial/biaxial prestretch to drive buckling-guided assembly. Release of predefined loadings results in an ordered assembly that can be accurately captured by mechanics modeling, as illustrated by dozens of complex 3D structures assembled on curved substrates. Demonstrated applications include tunable dipole antennas, flow sensors inside a tube, and integrated electronic systems capable of conformal integration with the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ke Bai
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qi He
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ziyao Ji
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Honglie Song
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Shuai
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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27
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Mirzaali MJ, Moosabeiki V, Rajaai SM, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials-Design Principles and Their Implementation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15155457. [PMID: 35955393 PMCID: PMC9369548 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing) is an advanced manufacturing technique that has enabled progress in the design and fabrication of customised or patient-specific (meta-)biomaterials and biomedical devices (e.g., implants, prosthetics, and orthotics) with complex internal microstructures and tuneable properties. In the past few decades, several design guidelines have been proposed for creating porous lattice structures, particularly for biomedical applications. Meanwhile, the capabilities of AM to fabricate a wide range of biomaterials, including metals and their alloys, polymers, and ceramics, have been exploited, offering unprecedented benefits to medical professionals and patients alike. In this review article, we provide an overview of the design principles that have been developed and used for the AM of biomaterials as well as those dealing with three major categories of biomaterials, i.e., metals (and their alloys), polymers, and ceramics. The design strategies can be categorised as: library-based design, topology optimisation, bio-inspired design, and meta-biomaterials. Recent developments related to the biomedical applications and fabrication methods of AM aimed at enhancing the quality of final 3D-printed biomaterials and improving their physical, mechanical, and biological characteristics are also highlighted. Finally, examples of 3D-printed biomaterials with tuned properties and functionalities are presented.
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28
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Colorado-Cervantes I, Varano V, Teresi L. Stress-free morphing by means of compatible distortions. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:015003. [PMID: 35974526 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the morphing of three-dimensional objects within the framework of nonlinear elasticity with large distortions. A distortion field induces a target metric, and the configuration which is effectively realized by a material body is the one that minimizes the distance, measured through the elastic energy, between the target metric and the actual one. Morphing through distortions might have a paramount feature: the resulting configurations might be stress-free; if this is the case, the distortions field is called compatible. We maintain that the morphing through compatible distortions is a key strategy exploited by many soft biological materials, which can exhibit very large shape-change in response to distortions controlled by stimuli such as chemicals or temperature changes, while keeping their stress state almost null. Thus, the study of compatible distortions, and of the related shape-changes, is quite important. Here, we show a blueprint for stress-free morphing based on the notions of metric tensor and of Riemann curvature which can be used to design large morphing of three-dimensional objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Colorado-Cervantes
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84 - 00146 - Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Varano
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84 - 00146 - Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Teresi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84 - 00146 - Rome, Italy
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29
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Yuan C, Lu T, Wang T. Mechanics-based design strategies for 4D printing: A review. FORCES IN MECHANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2022.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Wang Y, Cui H, Esworthy T, Mei D, Wang Y, Zhang LG. Emerging 4D Printing Strategies for Next-Generation Tissue Regeneration and Medical Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109198. [PMID: 34951494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time-dependent physical change within tissue scaffolds or replicate the dynamic biological behaviors of native tissues for smart tissue regeneration and the fabrication of medical devices. The fabricated stimulus-responsive structures can offer dynamic, reprogrammable deformation or actuation to mimic complex physical, biochemical, and mechanical processes of native tissues. Although there is notable progress made in the development of the 4D printing approach for various biomedical applications, its more broad-scale adoption for clinical use and tissue engineering purposes is complicated by a notable limitation of printable smart materials and the simplistic nature of achievable responses possible with current sources of stimulation. In this review, the recent progress made in the field of 4D printing by discussing the various printing mechanisms that are achieved with great emphasis on smart ink mechanisms of 4D actuation, construct structural design, and printing technologies, is highlighted. Recent 4D printing studies which focus on the applications of tissue/organ regeneration and medical devices are then summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of 4D printing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Deqing Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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31
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Chi H, Lin Z, Chen Y, Zheng R, Qiu H, Hu X, Bai H. Three-Dimensional Printing and Recycling of Multifunctional Composite Material Based on Commercial Epoxy Resin and Graphene Nanoplatelet. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13758-13767. [PMID: 35286084 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of commercial thermosetting epoxy resin is of great significance for the rapid and low-cost construction of high-strength objects with complex structures. Meanwhile, recycling these commercial epoxy resins is essential for environmental protection and sustainable development. This paper reports direct ink writing 3D printing of a multifunctional composite material based on commercial bisphenol A epoxy resin and a 3D printing compatible technique to recycle the printed composite material. Graphene nanoplatelet is designed as an efficient functional thixotropic additive that turns the liquid epoxy resin prepolymer shear-thinning and suitable for direct ink printing. Composite materials with high resolution and high mechanical strength are printed with epoxy resin/graphene nanoplatelet inks, and they also show high thermal and electrical conductivity and fast thermo-induced shape memory response. The printed objects can be recycled by comminuting them into micropowders, which are then used as a thixotropic agent to prepare recycled DIW ink. The physical properties of the materials printed with recycled inks maintain unchanged for successive four recycling cycles. The graphene nanoplatelets at the surface of recycled comminuted powder are found to modulate the surface energy of the powder, thus making the powder able to serve as a thixotropic agent for the recycled inks. The method here provides a new solution to process commercial epoxy resin and opens a new direction to the more sustainable use of thermosetting plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chi
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zewen Lin
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Renhao Zheng
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hong Qiu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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32
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Effect of Printing Process Parameters on the Shape Transformation Capability of 3D Printed Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010117. [PMID: 35012139 PMCID: PMC8747351 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our research was to investigate and optimise the main 3D printing process parameters that directly or indirectly affect the shape transformation capability and to determine the optimal transformation conditions to achieve predicted extent, and accurate and reproducible transformations of 3D printed, shape-changing two-material structures based on PLA and TPU. The shape-changing structures were printed using the FDM technology. The influence of each printing parameter that affects the final printability of shape-changing structures is presented and studied. After optimising the 3D printing process parameters, the extent, accuracy and reproducibility of the shape transformation performance for four-layer structures were analysed. The shape transformation was performed in hot water at different activation temperatures. Through a careful selection of 3D printing process parameters and transformation conditions, the predicted extent, accuracy and good reproducibility of shape transformation for 3D printed structures were achieved. The accurate deposition of filaments in the layers was achieved by adjusting the printing speed, flow rate and cooling conditions of extruded filaments. The shape transformation capability of 3D printed structures with a defined shape and defined active segment dimensions was influenced by the relaxation of compressive and tensile residual stresses in deposited filaments in the printed layers of the active material and different activation temperatures of the transformation.
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33
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living systems. These properties make them particularly promising for different applications, including soft electronics, surgery, drug delivery, artificial organs, or prosthesis. The additional degree of freedom for soft actuatoric devices can be provided through the use of intelligent materials, which are able to change their structure, macroscopic properties, and shape under the influence of external signals. The use of such intelligent materials allows a substantial reduction of a device's size, which enables a number of applications that cannot be realized by externally powered systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of intelligent synthetic and living/natural materials used for the fabrication of soft robotic devices. We discuss basic physical/chemical properties of the main kinds of materials (elastomers, gels, shape memory polymers and gels, liquid crystalline elastomers, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers, gels and hydrogels, other swelling polymers, materials with volume change during melting/crystallization, materials with tunable mechanical properties, and living and naturally derived materials), how they are related to actuation and soft robotic application, and effects of micro/macro structures on shape transformation, fabrication methods, and we highlight selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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34
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Malekmohammadi S, Sedghi Aminabad N, Sabzi A, Zarebkohan A, Razavi M, Vosough M, Bodaghi M, Maleki H. Smart and Biomimetic 3D and 4D Printed Composite Hydrogels: Opportunities for Different Biomedical Applications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1537. [PMID: 34829766 PMCID: PMC8615087 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels have drawn tremendous attention for their varied applications, mainly in the biomedical field. These hydrogels are derived from different natural and synthetic polymers but are also composite with various organic and nano-organic fillers. The basic functions of smart hydrogels rely on their ability to change behavior; functions include mechanical, swelling, shaping, hydrophilicity, and bioactivity in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, magnetic field, electromagnetic radiation, and biological molecules. Depending on the final applications, smart hydrogels can be processed in different geometries and modalities to meet the complicated situations in biological media, namely, injectable hydrogels (following the sol-gel transition), colloidal nano and microgels, and three dimensional (3D) printed gel constructs. In recent decades smart hydrogels have opened a new horizon for scientists to fabricate biomimetic customized biomaterials for tissue engineering, cancer therapy, wound dressing, soft robotic actuators, and controlled release of bioactive substances/drugs. Remarkably, 4D bioprinting, a newly emerged technology/concept, aims to rationally design 3D patterned biological matrices from synthesized hydrogel-based inks with the ability to change structure under stimuli. This technology has enlarged the applicability of engineered smart hydrogels and hydrogel composites in biomedical fields. This paper aims to review stimuli-responsive hydrogels according to the kinds of external changes and t recent applications in biomedical and 4D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Malekmohammadi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran;
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran;
| | - Negar Sedghi Aminabad
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166653431, Iran; (N.S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Amin Sabzi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166653431, Iran; (N.S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran;
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166653431, Iran; (N.S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA;
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Hajar Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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35
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Ju H, Park H, Kim N, Lim J, Jung D, Lee J. A Locally Actuatable Soft Robotic Film for Actively Reconfiguring Shapes of Flexible Electronics. Soft Robot 2021; 9:767-775. [PMID: 34694906 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actively reconfigurable flexible electronics enabled by robotic technologies would provide opportunities to extensively broaden the application areas of flexible electronics compared with their passively flexible counterparts. Diverse reconfigurable shapes can be enabled by localized control of the film-type electronics while keeping a thin form factor for flexible electronics. The flexible electronics are usually designed to be thin to lower mechanical stress or strain when bending. In this article, we present a locally actuatable film designed to control actuating regions, bending directions, and curvatures by the electrical inputs. The film is in a thin form factor with multichannels realized by the proposed method of crimping electrical wires over shape memory alloy wires. The industry standard process should be convenient in terms of scaling up, increasing channels, or adding reconfigurable shapes for new applications. We demonstrate shape-changeable displays, self-rollable photovoltaics, and light art to prove the feasibility of the concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunpyo Ju
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongoh Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namyun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonggeun Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwuk Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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36
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Liu C, Tan Y, He C, Ji S, Xu H. Unconstrained 3D Shape Programming with Light-Induced Stress Gradient. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105194. [PMID: 34476852 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Programming 2D sheets to form 3D shapes is significant for flexible electronics, soft robots, and biomedical devices. Stress regulation is one of the most used methods, during which external force is usually needed to keep the stress, leading to complex processing setups. Here, by introducing dynamic diselenide bonds into shape-memory materials, unconstrained shape programming with light is achieved. The material could hold and release internal stress by themselves through the shape-memory effect, simplifying programming setups. The fixed stress could be relaxed by light to form stress gradients, leading to out-of-plane deformations through asymmetric contractions. Benefiting from the variability of light irradiation, complex 3D configurations can be obtained conveniently from 2D polymer sheets. Besides, remotely controlled "4D assembly" and actuation, including object transportation and self-lifting, can be achieved by sequential deformation. Taking advantage of the high spatial resolution of light, this material can also produce 3D microscopic patterns. The light-induced stress gradients significantly simplify 3D shape programming procedures with improved resolution and complexity and have great potential in soft robots, smart actuators, and anti-counterfeiting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yizheng Tan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chaowei He
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaobo Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Mustapha K, Metwalli KM. A review of fused deposition modelling for 3D printing of smart polymeric materials and composites. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tahouni Y, Krüger F, Poppinga S, Wood D, Pfaff M, Rühe J, Speck T, Menges A. Programming sequential motion steps in 4D-printed hygromorphs by architected mesostructure and differential hygro-responsiveness. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:055002. [PMID: 34144536 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac0c8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Through their anisotropic cellular mesostructure and differential swelling and shrinking properties, hygroscopic plant structures move in response to changes in the environment without consuming metabolic energy. When the movement is choreographed in sequential time steps, either in individual structures or with a coordinated interplay of various structural elements, complex functionalities such as dispersal and protection of seeds are achieved. Inspired by the multi-phase motion in plant structures, this paper presents a method to physically program the timescale and the sequences of shape-change in 4D-printed hygromorphic structures. Using the FDM 3D-printing method, we have developed multi-layered, multi-material functional bilayers that combine highly hygroscopic active layers (printed with hygroscopic bio-composite materials) with hydrophobic restrictive and blocking layers (printed with PLA and TPC materials). The timescale of motion is programmed through the design of the mesostructured layers and 3D-printing process parameters, including thickness (number of printed active layers), porosity (filling ratio of the active layer), and water permeability (filling ratio of the blocking layer). Through a series of experiments, it is shown that the timescale of motion can be extended by increasing the thickness of the active layer, decreasing the porosity of the active layer, or increasing the filling ratio of the hydrophobic restrictive and blocking layers. Similarly, a lower thickness of the active layer and lower filling ratio of all layers result in a faster motion. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate several prototypes that exhibit sequential motion, including an aperture with overlapping elements where each completes its movement sequentially to avoid collision, and a self-locking mechanism where defined areas of the structure are choreographed to achieve a multi-step self-shaping and locking function. The presented method extends the programmability and the functional capabilities of hygromorphic 4D-printing, allowing for novel applications across fields such as robotics, smart actuators, and adaptive architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Tahouni
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Clusters of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Friederike Krüger
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dylan Wood
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Clusters of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfaff
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Clusters of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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40
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Layout design and application of 4D-printing bio-inspired structures with programmable actuators. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tao Y, Lee YC, Liu H, Zhang X, Cui J, Mondoa C, Babaei M, Santillan J, Wang G, Luo D, Liu D, Yang H, Do Y, Sun L, Wang W, Zhang T, Yao L. Morphing pasta and beyond. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf4098. [PMID: 33952522 PMCID: PMC8099191 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphing structures are often engineered with stresses introduced into a flat sheet by leveraging structural anisotropy or compositional heterogeneity. Here, we identify a simple and universal diffusion-based mechanism to enable a transient morphing effect in structures with parametric surface grooves, which can be realized with a single material and fabricated using low-cost manufacturing methods (e.g., stamping, molding, and casting). We demonstrate from quantitative experiments and multiphysics simulations that parametric surface grooving can induce temporary asynchronous swelling or deswelling and can transform flat objects into designed, three-dimensional shapes. By tuning the grooving pattern, we can achieve both zero (e.g., helices) and nonzero (e.g., saddles) Gaussian curvature geometries. This mechanism allows us to demonstrate approaches that could improve the efficiency of certain food manufacturing processes and facilitate the sustainable packaging of food, for instance, by creating morphing pasta that can be flat-packed to reduce the air space in the packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Artistic Design and Creation, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chin Lee
- Computational Design, School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haolin Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jianxun Cui
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catherine Mondoa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mahnoush Babaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jasio Santillan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guanyun Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danli Luo
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Humphrey Yang
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Youngwook Do
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lingyun Sun
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Lining Yao
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Irreversible and Repeatable Shape Transformation of Additively Manufactured Annular Composite Structures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061383. [PMID: 33809184 PMCID: PMC8001721 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a unique application of additive manufacturing (AM) which enables additional shape transformations over time. Although 4D printing is an interesting and attractive phenomenon, it still faces several challenges before it can be used for practical applications: (i) the manufacturing cost should be competitive, and (ii) the shape transformations must have high dimensional accuracy and repeatability. In this study, an irreversible and repeatable thermoresponsive shape transformation method was developed using a material extrusion type AM process and a plain thermoplastic polymer (ABS) without a shape-memory function. Various types of annular discs were additively manufactured using printing paths programmed along a circular direction, and additional heat treatment was conducted as a thermal stimulus. The programmed circumferential anisotropy led to a unique 2D-to-3D shape transformation in response to the thermal stimulus. To obtain more predictable and repeatable shape transformation, the thermal stimulus was applied while using a geometric constraint. The relevant dimensional accuracy and repeatability of the constrained and unconstrained thermal deformations were compared. The proposed shape transformation method was further applied to AM and to the in situ assembly of a composite frame–membrane structure, where a functional membrane was integrated into a curved 3D frame without any additional assembly procedure.
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Saleh Alghamdi S, John S, Roy Choudhury N, Dutta NK. Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Materials: Progress, Promise and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:753. [PMID: 33670934 PMCID: PMC7957542 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of additive manufacturing (AM) has moved well beyond prototyping and has been established as a highly versatile manufacturing method with demonstrated potential to completely transform traditional manufacturing in the future. In this paper, a comprehensive review and critical analyses of the recent advances and achievements in the field of different AM processes for polymers, their composites and nanocomposites, elastomers and multi materials, shape memory polymers and thermo-responsive materials are presented. Moreover, their applications in different fields such as bio-medical, electronics, textiles, and aerospace industries are also discussed. We conclude the article with an account of further research needs and future perspectives of AM process with polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Saleh Alghamdi
- School of Engineering, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Sabu John
- School of Engineering, Manufacturing, Materials and Mechatronics, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Namita Roy Choudhury
- School of Engineering, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Naba K Dutta
- School of Engineering, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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Optimization Shape-Memory Situations of a Stimulus Responsive Composite Material. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050697. [PMID: 33669041 PMCID: PMC7956782 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In these times of Industrial 4.0 and Health 4.0, people currently want to enhance the ability of science and technology, to focus on patient aspects. However, with intelligent, green energy and biomedicine these days, traditional three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been unable to meet our needs, so 4D printing has now arisen. In this research, a shape-memory composite material with 3D printing technology was used for 4D printing technology. The authors used fused deposition modeling (FDM) to print a polylactic acid (PLA) strip onto the surface of paper to create a shape-memory composite material, and a stimulus (heat) was used to deform and recover the shape of this material. The deformation angle and recovery angle of the material were studied with various processing parameters (heating temperature, heating time, pitch, and printing speed). This research discusses optimal processing related to shape-memory situations of stimulus-responsive composite materials. The optimal deformation angle (maximum) of the stimulus-responsive composite material was found with a thermal stimulus for an optimal heating temperature of 190 °C, a heating time of 20 s, a pitch of 1.5 mm, and a printing speed of 80 mm/s. The optimal recovery angle (minimum) of this material was found with a thermal stimulus for an optimal heating temperature of 170 °C, a heating time of 90 s, a pitch of 2.0 mm, and a printing speed of 80 mm/s. The most important factor affecting both the deformation and recovery angle of the stimulus-responsive composite material was the heating temperature.
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Chen F, Zhang M, Liu Z, Bhandari B. 4D deformation based on double-layer structure of the pumpkin/paper. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2020.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chakraborty PK, Azadmanjiri J, Pavithra CLP, Wang X, Masood SH, Dey SR, Wang J. Advancements in Therapeutics via 3D Printed Multifunctional Architectures from Dispersed 2D Nanomaterial Inks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004900. [PMID: 33185035 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2D nanomaterials (2DNMs) possess fascinating properties and are found in multifarious devices and applications including energy storage devices, new generation of battery technologies, sensor devices, and more recently in biomedical applications. Their use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, photothermal therapy, neural regeneration, and drug delivery has opened new horizons in treatment of age-old ailments. It is also a rapidly developing area of advanced research. A new approach of integrating 3D printing (3DP), a layer-by-layer deposition technique for building structures, along with 2DNM multifunctional inks, has gained considerable attention in recent times, especially in biomedical applications. With the ever-growing demand in healthcare industry for novel, efficient, and rapid technologies for therapeutic treatment methods, 3DP structures of 2DNMs provide vast scope for evolution of a new generation of biomedical devices. Recent advances in 3DP structures of dispersed 2DNM inks with established high-performance biomedical properties are focused on. The advantages of their 3D structures, the sustainable formulation methods of such inks, and their feasible printing methods are also covered. Subsequently, it deals with the therapeutic applications of some already researched 3DP structures of 2DNMs and concludes with highlighting the challenges as well as the future directions of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam K Chakraborty
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia
| | - Jalal Azadmanjiri
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Chokkakula L P Pavithra
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Centre for 3D Printing Materials and Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Syed H Masood
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia
| | - Suhash Ranjan Dey
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - James Wang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia
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Kuang X, Roach DJ, Hamel CM, Yu K, Qi HJ. Materials, design, and fabrication of shape programmable polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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48
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Jiang Z, Diggle B, Tan ML, Viktorova J, Bennett CW, Connal LA. Extrusion 3D Printing of Polymeric Materials with Advanced Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001379. [PMID: 32999820 PMCID: PMC7507554 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a rapidly growing technology that has an enormous potential to impact a wide range of industries such as engineering, art, education, medicine, and aerospace. The flexibility in design provided by this technique offers many opportunities for manufacturing sophisticated 3D devices. The most widely utilized method is an extrusion-based solid-freeform fabrication approach, which is an extremely attractive additive manufacturing technology in both academic and industrial research communities. This method is versatile, with the ability to print a range of dimensions, multimaterial, and multifunctional 3D structures. It is also a very affordable technique in prototyping. However, the lack of variety in printable polymers with advanced material properties becomes the main bottleneck in further development of this technology. Herein, a comprehensive review is provided, focusing on material design strategies to achieve or enhance the 3D printability of a range of polymers including thermoplastics, thermosets, hydrogels, and other polymers by extrusion techniques. Moreover, diverse advanced properties exhibited by such printed polymers, such as mechanical strength, conductance, self-healing, as well as other integrated properties are highlighted. Lastly, the stimuli responsiveness of the 3D printed polymeric materials including shape morphing, degradability, and color changing is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Broden Diggle
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ming Li Tan
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Jekaterina Viktorova
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | | | - Luke A. Connal
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
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Mehrpouya M, Gisario A, Azizi A, Barletta M. Investigation on shape recovery of
3D
printed honeycomb sandwich structure. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Mehrpouya
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management HZ University of Applied Sciences Middelburg The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Gisario
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Ali Azizi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
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Hu F, Wang W, Cheng J, Bao Y. Origami spring-inspired metamaterials and robots: An attempt at fully programmable robotics. Sci Prog 2020; 103:36850420946162. [PMID: 32840456 PMCID: PMC10358708 DOI: 10.1177/0036850420946162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in three-dimensional printing technologies provide one way not only to speed up freeform fabrication but also to exert programmable control over mechanical properties. Besides, origami-inspired structures, origami-inspired metamaterials, and even origami-inspired robotics primarily demonstrate the promising potential for innovative inspirations of engineering solutions. The motivation of this work is to explore a fully programmable robotic perspective with a fusion of programmable metamaterials, programmable mechanics, and programmable fabrication. First, we proposed an illustrative roadmap for transforming an origami model into a fully programmable robotic system. Then, we introduced an origami spring model and revealed its shape-shifting geometry and intrinsic metamaterial mechanisms, especially the rarely switchable behavior from transverse compression to longitudinal stretchability, and the curvilinear deployment. Furthermore, we addressed the fabrication challenges of three-dimensional printable origami sheets considering three-dimensional printability, foldability with high elasticity, and good damage tolerance. Finally, we developed a fully soft manipulator in terms of the highly reversible compressibility of origami spring metamaterials. And we also devised a peristaltic crawling robot with undulatory movements induced by inclination deployment effect of origami spring metamaterials. Conceivably, the proposed fully programmable robotic system was demonstrated starting from programmable metamaterials, programmable mechanics, and programmable fabrication to programmable robotic behaviors. The contribution of this work also suggested that robotic morphing could be tunable by hierarchical programming from modeling and fabrication to actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwen Hu
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Cheng
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchang Bao
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
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