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da Silva RNF, de Azevedo Mello P, Penteado Holkem A, Silva LFO, Oliveira MLS, Nawaz A, Manoharadas S, Dotto GL. Recovery of Ce and La from phosphogypsum leachate by adsorption using grape wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118366-118376. [PMID: 37910355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The present research aimed to evaluate the use of grape stalk in the adsorption of lanthanum and cerium to identify the best operating conditions enabling the application of the bioadsorbent in REEs leached from phosphogypsum. The grape stalk was characterized and showed an amorphous structure with a heterogeneous and very porous surface. Also, it was possible to identify the groups corresponding to carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, aliphatic acids, and aromatic rings. The pH effect study showed that the adsorption process of La3+ and Ce3+ ions was favored at pH 5.0. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. In just 20 min, 80% saturation was reached, while equilibrium was reached after 120 min. The adsorption isotherms were appropriately adjusted to the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacities were obtained at 298 K, which were 35.22 mg g-1 for La3+ and 37.99 mg g-1 for Ce3+. Furthermore, the adsorption process was favorable, spontaneous, and exothermic. In the study's second phase, phosphogypsum was leached with a sulfuric acid solution. Then, the adsorption of REEs was carried out under the experimental conditions of pH after leaching and pH 5.0 (adjustment carried out with sodium hydroxide solution) at 298 K for 120 min and with adsorbent dosages of 1 and 5 g L-1. This process resulted in removal percentages above 95% for the most abundant REEs, such as neodymium, lanthanum, and cerium, at pH 5.0 and a dosage of 5 g L-1, demonstrating the effectiveness of the bioadsorbent used. These results indicate the potential of using grape residue as a promising bioadsorbent in recovering rare earth elements from phosphogypsum leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Nogueira Fontoura da Silva
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Paola de Azevedo Mello
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alice Penteado Holkem
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Asad Nawaz
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Salim Manoharadas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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de Farias ABV, da Costa TB, da Silva MGC, Vieira MGA. Cerium biosorption onto alginate/vermiculite-based particles functionalized with ionic imprinting: Kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and reuse studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124542. [PMID: 37086768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Cerium is an essential element for several applications in industry, therefore, recovering it from secondary sources is a promising strategy from an economic and environmental perspective. For this purpose, biosorption is a low-cost and effective alternative. The present work evaluated the recovery of Ce3+ from aqueous solutions using alginate/vermiculite-based particles (ALEV) functionalized by ionic imprinting. From the kinetic assays, it was verified that the uptake of Ce3+ followed the pseudo-second-order model and was mainly controlled by external diffusion. The Langmuir model better described the equilibrium data, and a maximum biosorption capacity of 0.671 mmol/g at 45 °C was attained. The evaluation of the thermodynamic quantities revealed that the process occurs spontaneously and endothermically. The particles reuse and Ce3+ recovery were achieved using 0.1 mol/L HCl or 1.0 mol/L CaCl2 solutions for up to four cycles of biosorption/desorption. The biosorbent was characterized before and posted Ce3+ biosorption to investigate the morphology, textural properties, crystallinity, thermal resistance, composition, and functional groups of the biosorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talles Barcelos da Costa
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, Brazil
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Advances of magnetic nanohydrometallurgy using superparamagnetic nanomaterials as rare earth ions adsorbents: A grand opportunity for sustainable rare earth recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Zhao Y, Liang T, Miao P, Chen T, Han X, Hu G, Gao J. Green Preparation of Aminated Magnetic PMMA Microspheres via EB Irradiation and Its Highly Efficient Uptake of Ce(III). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6553. [PMID: 36233885 PMCID: PMC9572679 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The modification of polymers can significantly improve the ability to remove rare earth ions from wastewater, but so far few studies have focused on the irradiation-induced grafting method. In this study, a novel magnetic chelating resin for Ce(III) uptake was first synthesized by suspension polymerization of PMMA@Fe3O4 microspheres followed by irradiation-induced grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and subsequent amination with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The FT-IR, SEM, TG and XRD characterization confirmed that we had successfully fabricated magnetic PMMA-PGMA-PEI microspheres with a well-defined structure and good thermal stability. The obtained adsorbent exhibited a satisfactory uptake capacity of 189.81 mg/g for Ce(III) at 318.15 K and an initial pH = 6.0. Additionally, the impact of the absorbed dose and GMA monomer concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial concentration were thoroughly examined. The pseudo-second order and Langmuir models were able to describe the kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption process well. In addition, the thermodynamic data indicated that the uptake process was spontaneous and endothermic. Altogether, this research enriched the Ce(III) trapping agent and provided a new method for the removal rare earth pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Gao
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (J.G.)
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5
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Abdollahi H, Maleki S, Sayahi H, Gharabaghi M, Darvanjooghi MHK, Magdouli S, Brar SK. Superadsorbent Fe 3O 4-coated carbon black nanocomposite for separation of light rare earth elements from aqueous solution: GMDH-based Neural Network and sensitivity analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125655. [PMID: 33862485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of nanocomposites adsorbents with different magnetite/carbon black ratios were synthesized by using the co-precipitation method and used for separation of LREEs (Ce, La, and Nd) from aqueous solution. The adsorption efficiency of nanocomposites is strongly dependent on both pH and the loading carbon on nanocomposite. The maximum adsorption capacity (370 mg/g) was reported by nanocomposite with 20% Fe3O4 and 80% carbon in pH 7 for LREE initial concentration of 250 ppm. Results revealed that the LREEs adsorption behavior of the optimal adsorbent fits well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Moreover, the average values of thermodynamic parameters suggest the endothermic and irreversible chemisorption mechanism. An empirical correlation was obtained by using GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling)-based Neural Network to predict the adsorption kinetics of LREEs as a function of ion's electronegativity, molecular weight, and initial concentration. The results showed that the correlation can predict the experimental data mostly lower than 12.5% and it can predict the results of other researches with similar conditions with up to 25% from the experimental values. Finally, the results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the adsorption of LREEs is more sensitive to ions electronegativity and molecular weight at equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abdollahi
- School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Maleki
- School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Hani Sayahi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran 1496813151, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gharabaghi
- School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | | | - Sara Magdouli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada; Centre Technologique des Tesidus Industriels en Abitibi Temiscamingue, 433 Boulevard du college, J9X0E1, Canada.
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Sarmadi N, Gharabaghi M, Tamadoni Saray M, Darestani M, Garman D, Koshy P, S Mofarah S, Sorrell CC. Highly Mesoporous Hybrid Transition Metal Oxide Nanowires for Enhanced Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements from Wastewater. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:175-184. [PMID: 33337147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Removal of rare earth elements (REEs) from industrial wastewater is a continual challenge. To date, several approaches to the synthesis of nanoadsorbants for this application have been reported, although these are characterized by insufficient adsorption capacity and limitations in cycling stability. The present work reports the fabrication and performance of hierarchical hybrid transition metal oxide (TMO) nanowires deposited on carbon fibers. An ordered assembly of hybrid TMO nanowires exhibits an outstanding adsorbance of 1000 mg·g-1 of REEs with 93% recyclability. This superior performance is attributed to the unique mesoporous architecture of the nanowires, which exhibits a high surface area of 122 cm3·g-1. Further, rapid adsorption/desorption of the REEs reveals minimal morphological alteration and hence high structural stability of these hybrid TMO nanowires after multiple cycles. The ready accessibility of the adsorption sites at crystallite boundaries and the surfaces as well as rapid adsorption of the REEs on the mesoporous nanostructure facilitate considerable adsorption capacity, improved structural stability, and extended cyclability, all of which suggest the potential for this material in REE extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Sarmadi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mahdi Gharabaghi
- School of Mining Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Tamadoni Saray
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Mariam Darestani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David Garman
- School of Freshwater Science, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sajjad S Mofarah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Charles C Sorrell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Asadollahzadeh M, Torkaman R, Torab-Mostaedi M. Extraction and Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Adsorption Approaches: Current Status and Future Trends. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2020.1792930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Asadollahzadeh
- Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Torkaman
- Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Torab-Mostaedi
- Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Costa TBD, Silva MGCD, Vieira MGA. Recovery of rare-earth metals from aqueous solutions by bio/adsorption using non-conventional materials: a review with recent studies and promising approaches in column applications. J RARE EARTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Kegl T, Košak A, Lobnik A, Novak Z, Kralj AK, Ban I. Adsorption of rare earth metals from wastewater by nanomaterials: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121632. [PMID: 31753662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements are widely used in chemical engineering, the nuclear industry, metallurgy, medicine, electronics, and computer technology because of their unique properties. To fulfil ever increasing demands for these elements, recycling of rare-earth-element-containing products as well as their recovery from wastewater is quite important. In order to recover rare earth elements from wastewater, their adsorption from low-concentration aqueous solutions, by using nanomaterials, is investigated due to technological simplicity and high efficiency. This paper is a review of the state-of-the-art adsorption technologies of rare earth elements from diluted aqueous solutions by using various nanomaterials. Furthermore, desorption and reusability of rare earth metals and nanomaterials are discussed. On the basis of this review it can be concluded that laboratory testing indicates promising adsorption capacities, which depend significantly on nanomaterial type and adsorption conditions. The adsorption process, which mostly follows the Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Temkin isotherms, is typically endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, pseudo-second order, pseudo-first order, and intra-particle diffusion models are the best models to describe the kinetics of adsorption. The dominant adsorption mechanisms are surface complexation and ion exchange. More investigation, however, will be required in order to synthesize appropriate, environmentally friendly, and efficient nanomaterials for adsorption of rare earth elements from real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kegl
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Aljoša Košak
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska 7, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Lobnik
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska 7, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Novak
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Anita Kovač Kralj
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Irena Ban
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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10
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Barcelos GS, Veloso RW, de Mello JWV, Gasparon M. Immobilization of Eu and Ho from synthetic acid mine drainage by precipitation with Fe and Al (hydr)oxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18813-18822. [PMID: 29713978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Use of lime to mitigate acid mine drainage is, in general, accompanied by precipitation of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) (hydr)oxides which may increase the removal of trace elements from water. This work aimed to evaluate the precipitation of Fe/Al (hydr)oxides to remove rare earth elements (REE) from contaminated water and the stability of precipitates. Two sets of 60-day syntheses were carried out using different Fe/Al/REE molar ratios, for europium (Eu) and holmium (Ho). The pH was periodically adjusted to 9.0, and the stability of the resulting precipitates was evaluated by water-soluble and BCR extractable phases, namely (1) acid soluble, extracted by 0.11 mol L-1 acetic acid; (2) reducible, extracted with 0.5 mol L-1 hydroxylamine hydrochloride; and (3) oxidisable, extracted with 8.8 mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide efficiencies of the water treatments for both Eu and Ho that were higher than 99.9% irrespective to the Fe/Al/REE molar ratios. Water-soluble phases of Eu and Ho were lower than 0.01% of the total contents in the precipitates. Recoveries from precipitates by Bureau Communautaire de Référence (BCR) sequential extractions increased with increasing concentrations of Eu and Ho. Acetic acid extracted higher amounts of REE, but Eu recovery was superior to Ho. Lepidocrocite was formed as Eu concentration increased which decreased its stability in the precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisely S Barcelos
- Soil Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Vicosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland (UQ), St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Renato Welmer Veloso
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia (IFRO), Jaru, RO, 76890-000, Brazil
| | - Jaime W V de Mello
- Soil Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Vicosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT-Acqua) - CNPq, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Massimo Gasparon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland (UQ), St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Siebels M, Mai L, Schmolke L, Schütte K, Barthel J, Yue J, Thomas J, Smarsly BM, Devi A, Fischer RA, Janiak C. Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1881-1894. [PMID: 30013882 PMCID: PMC6036975 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of rare-earth tris(N,N'-diisopropyl-2-methylamidinato)metal(III) complexes [RE{MeC(N(iPr)2)}3] (RE(amd)3; RE = Pr(III), Gd(III), Er(III)) and tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)europium(III) (Eu(dpm)3) induced by microwave heating in the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIm][NTf2]) and in propylene carbonate (PC) yield oxide-free rare-earth metal nanoparticles (RE-NPs) in [BMIm][NTf2] and PC for RE = Pr, Gd and Er or rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles (REF3-NPs) in the fluoride-donating IL [BMIm][BF4] for RE = Pr, Eu, Gd and Er. The crystalline phases and the absence of significant oxide impurities in RE-NPs and REF3-NPs were verified by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The size distributions of the nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) to an average diameter of (11 ± 6) to (38 ± 17) nm for the REF3-NPs from [BMIm][BF4]. The RE-NPs from [BMIm][NTf2] or PC showed diameters of (1.5 ± 0.5) to (5 ± 1) nm. The characterization was completed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Siebels
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany. Fax: +49-211-81-12287; Tel: +49-211-81-12286
| | - Lukas Mai
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura Schmolke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany. Fax: +49-211-81-12287; Tel: +49-211-81-12286
| | - Kai Schütte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany. Fax: +49-211-81-12287; Tel: +49-211-81-12286
| | - Juri Barthel
- Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie RWTH-Aachen, Ernst Ruska-Centrum für Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie mit Elektronen, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Junpei Yue
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jörg Thomas
- Department Structure and Nano-/Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Smarsly
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany. Fax: +49-211-81-12287; Tel: +49-211-81-12286
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