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Almeida CMR, Merillas B, Pontinha ADR. Trends on Aerogel-Based Biosensors for Medical Applications: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1309. [PMID: 38279307 PMCID: PMC10816975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerogels are unique solid-state materials composed of interconnected 3D solid networks and a large number of air-filled pores. This structure leads to extended structural characteristics as well as physicochemical properties of the nanoscale building blocks to macroscale, and integrated typical features of aerogels, such as high porosity, large surface area, and low density, with specific properties of the various constituents. Due to their combination of excellent properties, aerogels attract much interest in various applications, ranging from medicine to construction. In recent decades, their potential was exploited in many aerogels' materials, either organic, inorganic or hybrid. Considerable research efforts in recent years have been devoted to the development of aerogel-based biosensors and encouraging accomplishments have been achieved. In this work, recent (2018-2023) and ground-breaking advances in the preparation, classification, and physicochemical properties of aerogels and their sensing applications are presented. Different types of biosensors in which aerogels play a fundamental role are being explored and are collected in this manuscript. Moreover, the current challenges and some perspectives for the development of high-performance aerogel-based biosensors are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio M. R. Almeida
- University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.R.A.); (B.M.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Merillas
- University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.R.A.); (B.M.)
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana Dora Rodrigues Pontinha
- University of Coimbra, ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- SeaPower, Associação Para o Desenvolvimento da Economia do Mar, Rua Das Acácias, N° 40A, Parque Industrial Da Figueira Da Foz, 3090-380 Figueira Da Foz, Portugal
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Fu L, Zheng Y, Li X, Liu X, Lin CT, Karimi-Maleh H. Strategies and Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives-Based Electrochemical Sensors in Cancer Diagnosis. Molecules 2023; 28:6719. [PMID: 37764496 PMCID: PMC10536827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene is an emerging nanomaterial increasingly being used in electrochemical biosensing applications owing to its high surface area, excellent conductivity, ease of functionalization, and superior electrocatalytic properties compared to other carbon-based electrodes and nanomaterials, enabling faster electron transfer kinetics and higher sensitivity. Graphene electrochemical biosensors may have the potential to enable the rapid, sensitive, and low-cost detection of cancer biomarkers. This paper reviews early-stage research and proof-of-concept studies on the development of graphene electrochemical biosensors for potential future cancer diagnostic applications. Various graphene synthesis methods are outlined along with common functionalization approaches using polymers, biomolecules, nanomaterials, and synthetic chemistry to facilitate the immobilization of recognition elements and improve performance. Major sensor configurations including graphene field-effect transistors, graphene modified electrodes and nanocomposites, and 3D graphene networks are highlighted along with their principles of operation, advantages, and biosensing capabilities. Strategies for the immobilization of biorecognition elements like antibodies, aptamers, peptides, and DNA/RNA probes onto graphene platforms to impart target specificity are summarized. The use of nanomaterial labels, hybrid nanocomposites with graphene, and chemical modification for signal enhancement are also discussed. Examples are provided to illustrate applications for the sensitive electrochemical detection of a broad range of cancer biomarkers including proteins, circulating tumor cells, DNA mutations, non-coding RNAs like miRNA, metabolites, and glycoproteins. Current challenges and future opportunities are elucidated to guide ongoing efforts towards transitioning graphene biosensors from promising research lab tools into mainstream clinical practice. Continued research addressing issues with reproducibility, stability, selectivity, integration, clinical validation, and regulatory approval could enable wider adoption. Overall, graphene electrochemical biosensors present powerful and versatile platforms for cancer diagnosis at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Yuhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Xiaozhu Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China;
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China;
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China;
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon
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Ferreira-Gonçalves T, Constantin C, Neagu M, Reis CP, Sabri F, Simón-Vázquez R. Safety and efficacy assessment of aerogels for biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112356. [PMID: 34710839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties of aerogels have made them an attractive class of materials for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and wound healing. Their low density, high porosity, and ability to regulate the pore structure makes aerogels ideal nano/micro-structures for loading of drugs and active biomolecules. As a result of this, the number of in vitro and in vivo studies on the therapeutic efficacy of these porous materials has increased substantially in recent years and continues to be an area of great interest. However, data about their in vivo performance and safety is limited. Studies have shown that polymer-based, silica-based and some hybrid aerogels are generally regarded as safe but given that studies on the acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity for the majority of aerogel types is missing, more work is still needed. This review presents a comprehensive summary of different biomedical applications of aerogels proposed to date as well as new and innovative applications of aerogels in other areas such as decontamination. We have also reviewed their biological effect on cells and living organisms with a focus on therapeutic efficacy and overall safety (in vivo and in vitro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Ferreira-Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa - Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania.
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest 020125, Romania.
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa - Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, IBEB, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Firouzeh Sabri
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Memphis, Memphis 38152, TN, United States.
| | - Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Spain.
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Xu Z, Peng M, Zhang Z, Zeng H, Shi R, Ma X, Wang L, Liao B. Graphene-Assisted Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Pancreatic Cancer Markers. Front Chem 2021; 9:733371. [PMID: 34490213 PMCID: PMC8416602 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.733371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal gastrointestinal malignancy. Most patients are already in the middle to advanced stages of pancreatic cancer at the time of diagnosis and cannot be treated completely. As a single-atom planar two-dimensional crystal, graphene's unusual electronic structure, specific electronic properties and excellent electron transport capacity make it uniquely advantageous in the field of electrochemical sensing. In this mini-review, we summarize the potential application of graphene in pancreatic cancer detection. K-Ras gene, CEA and MicroRNA are important in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minsi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuliang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haotian Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiyue Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bihong Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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Liu J, Quan L, Yu X, Wang L. Quantitative detection of procalcitonin using an electrochemical immunosensor based on MoO3/Au@rGO nanocomposites. Analyst 2019; 144:6968-6974. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of procalcitonin (PCT) is constructed layer-by-layer with a novel label based on MoO3/Au@rGO nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes
- National Laboratory of Mineral Materials
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- University of Geosciences
- Beijing
| | - Li Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes
- National Laboratory of Mineral Materials
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- University of Geosciences
- Beijing
| | - Xuelian Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes
- National Laboratory of Mineral Materials
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- University of Geosciences
- Beijing
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes
- National Laboratory of Mineral Materials
- School of Materials Science and Technology
- University of Geosciences
- Beijing
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