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Zhao X, Dong Z, Zhang C, Gupta H, Wu Z, Hua W, Zhang J, Huang P, Dong Y, Zhang Y. A step towards 6D WAXD tensor tomography. IUCRJ 2024; 11:502-509. [PMID: 38727172 PMCID: PMC11220869 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
X-ray scattering/diffraction tensor tomography techniques are promising methods to acquire the 3D texture information of heterogeneous biological tissues at micrometre resolution. However, the methods suffer from a long overall acquisition time due to multi-dimensional scanning across real and reciprocal space. Here, a new approach is introduced to obtain 3D reciprocal information of each illuminated scanning volume using mathematic modeling, which is equivalent to a physical scanning procedure for collecting the full reciprocal information required for voxel reconstruction. The virtual reciprocal scanning scheme was validated by a simulated 6D wide-angle X-ray diffraction tomography experiment. The theoretical validation of the method represents an important technological advancement for 6D diffraction tensor tomography and a crucial step towards pervasive applications in the characterization of heterogeneous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhao
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100049People’s Republic of China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan523803, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100049People’s Republic of China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan523803, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100049People’s Republic of China
| | - Himadri Gupta
- School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUnited Kingdom
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Hua
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201204People’s Republic of China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan523803, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100049People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049People’s Republic of China
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2
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Sun M, Dong Z, Wu L, Yao H, Niu W, Xu D, Chen P, Gupta HS, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Chen C, Zhao L. Fast extraction of three-dimensional nanofiber orientation from WAXD patterns using machine learning. IUCRJ 2023; 10:297-308. [PMID: 36961758 PMCID: PMC10161767 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252300204x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural disclosure of biological materials can help our understanding of design disciplines in nature and inspire research for artificial materials. Synchrotron microfocus X-ray diffraction is one of the main techniques for characterizing hierarchically structured biological materials, especially the 3D orientation distribution of their interpenetrating nanofiber networks. However, extraction of 3D fiber orientation from X-ray patterns is still carried out by iterative parametric fitting, with disadvantages of time consumption and demand for expertise and initial parameter estimates. When faced with high-throughput experiments, existing analysis methods cannot meet the real time analysis challenges. In this work, using the assumption that the X-ray illuminated volume is dominated by two groups of nanofibers in a gradient biological composite, a machine-learning based method is proposed for fast and automatic fiber orientation metrics prediction from synchrotron X-ray micro-focused diffraction data. The simulated data were corrupted in the training procedure to guarantee the prediction ability of the trained machine-learning algorithm in real-world experimental data predictions. Label transformation was used to resolve the jump discontinuity problem when predicting angle parameters. The proposed method shows promise for application in the automatic data-processing pipeline for fast analysis of the vast data generated from multiscale diffraction-based tomography characterization of textured biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Sun
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Wu
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haodong Yao
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Niu
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Deting Xu
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Zhang
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Xi L, Zhang Y, Gupta H, Terrill N, Wang P, Zhao T, Fang D. A multiscale study of structural and compositional changes in a natural nanocomposite: Osteoporotic bone with chronic endogenous steroid excess. Bone 2021; 143:115666. [PMID: 33007528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (or steroid) induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the leading form of secondary osteoporosis, affecting up to 50% of patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Bone quantity (bone mass) changes in GIOP patients alone are inadequate to explain the increased fracture risk, and bone material changes (bone quality) at multiple levels have been implicated in the reduced mechanics. Quantitative analysis of specific material-level changes is limited. Here, we combined multiscale experimental techniques (scanning small/wide-angle X-ray scattering/diffraction, backscattered electron imaging, and X-ray radiography) to investigate these changes in a mouse model (Crh-120/+) with chronic endogenous steroid production. Nanoscale degree of orientation, the size distribution of mineral nanocrystals in the bone matrix, the spatial map of mineralization on the femoral cortex, and the microporosity showed significant changes between GIOP and the control, especially in the endosteal cortex. Our work can provide insight into the altered structure-property relationship leading to lowered mechanical properties in GIOP. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: As a natural nanocomposite with a hierarchical structure, bone undergoes a staggered load transfer mechanism at the nanoscale. Disease and age-related deterioration of bone mechanics are caused by changes in bone structure at multiple length scales. Although clinical tools such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to assess the reduction of bone quantity in these cases, little is known about how altered bone quality in diseased bone can increase fracture risk. It is clear that high-resolution diagnostic techniques need to be developed to narrow the gap between the onset and diagnosis of fracture-related changes. Here, by combining several scanning probe methods on a mouse model (Crh-120/+) of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP), we developed quantitative and spatially resolved maps of ultrastructural changes in collagen fibrils and mineral nanocrystals, mineralization distribution (microscale), and morphology (macroscale) across femoral osteoporotic bone. Our results indicate that the altered bone remodelling in GIOP leads to 1) heterogeneous bone structure and mineralization, 2) reduced degree of orientation of collagen fibrils and mineral nanocrystals, and 3) reduced length and increased thickness of mineral nanocrystals, which contribute to mechanical abnormalities. The combined multiscale experimental approach presented here will be used to understand musculoskeletal degeneration in aging and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xi
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institution of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Himadri Gupta
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Nick Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Tian Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Garrevoet J, Wang Y, Roeh JT, Terrill NJ, Falkenberg G, Dong Y, Gupta HS. Molecular to Macroscale Energy Absorption Mechanisms in Biological Body Armour Illuminated by Scanning X-ray Diffraction with In Situ Compression. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16535-16546. [PMID: 33034451 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Determining multiscale, concurrent strain, and deformation mechanisms in hierarchical biological materials is a crucial engineering goal, to understand structural optimization strategies in Nature. However, experimentally characterizing complex strain and displacement fields within a 3D hierarchical composite, in a multiscale full-field manner, is challenging. Here, we determined the in situ strains at the macro-, meso-, and molecular-levels in stomatopod cuticle simultaneously, by exploiting the anisotropy of the 3D fiber diffraction coupled with sample rotation. The results demonstrate the method, using the mineralized 3D α-chitin fiber networks as strain sensors, can capture submicrometer deformation of a single lamella (mesoscale), can extract strain information on multiple constituents concurrently, and shows that α-chitin fiber networks deform elastically while the surrounding matrix deforms plastically before systematic failure under compression. Further, the results demonstrate a molecular-level prestrain gradient in chitin fibers, resulting from different mineralization degrees in the exo- and endo cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, E1 4NS London, U.K
| | - Jan Torben Roeh
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE Harwell, U.K
| | | | - Yuhui Dong
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, E1 4NS London, U.K
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5
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Matrix-induced pre-strain and mineralization-dependent interfibrillar shear transfer enable 3D fibrillar deformation in a biogenic armour. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:18-28. [PMID: 31563691 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle of stomatopod is an example of a natural mineralized biomaterial, consisting of chitin, amorphous calcium carbonate and protein components with a multiscale hierarchical structure, and forms a protective shell with high impact resistance. At the ultrastructural level, cuticle mechanical functionality is enabled by the nanoscale architecture, wherein chitin fibrils are in intimate association with enveloping mineral and proteins. However, the interactions between these ultrastructural building blocks, and their coupled response to applied load, remain unclear. Here, we elucidate these interactions via synchrotron microbeam wide-angle X-ray diffraction combined with in situ tensile loading, to quantify the chitin crystallite structure of native cuticle - and after demineralization and deproteinization - as well as time-resolved changes in chitin fibril strain on macroscopic loading. We demonstrate chitin crystallite stabilization by mineral, seen via a compressive pre-strain of approximately 0.10% (chitin/protein fibre pre-stress of ∼20 MPa), which is lost on demineralization. Clear reductions of stiffness at the fibrillar-level following matrix digestion are linked to the change in the protein/matrix mechanical properties. Furthermore, both demineralization and deproteinization alter the 3D-pattern of deformation of the fibrillar network, with a non-symmetrical angular fibril strain induced by the chemical modifications, associated with loss of the load-transferring interfibrillar matrix. Our results demonstrate and quantify the critical role of interactions at the nanoscale (between chitin-protein and chitin-mineral) in enabling the molecular conformation and outstanding mechanical properties of cuticle, which will inform future design of hierarchical bioinspired composites. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Chitinous biomaterials (e.g. arthropod cuticle) are widespread in nature and attracting attention for bioinspired design due to high impact resistance coupled with light weight. However, how the nanoscale interactions of the molecular building blocks - alpha-chitin, protein and calcium carbonate mineral - lead to these material properties is not clear. Here we used X-ray scattering to determine the cooperative interactions between chitin fibrils, protein matrix and biominerals, during tissue loading. We find that the chitin crystallite structure is stabilized by mineral nanoparticles, the protein phase prestresses chitin fibrils, and that chemical modification of the interfibrillar matrix significantly disrupts 2D mechanics of the microfibrillar chitin plywood network. These results will aid rational design of advanced chitin-based biomaterials with high impact resistance.
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Inamdar SR, Barbieri E, Terrill NJ, Knight MM, Gupta HS. Proteoglycan degradation mimics static compression by altering the natural gradients in fibrillar organisation in cartilage. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:437-450. [PMID: 31374336 PMCID: PMC6838783 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural and associated biomechanical gradients within biological tissues are important for tissue functionality and preventing damaging interfacial stress concentrations. Articular cartilage possesses an inhomogeneous structure throughout its thickness, driving the associated variation in the biomechanical strain profile within the tissue under physiological compressive loading. However, little is known experimentally about the nanostructural mechanical role of the collagen fibrils and how this varies with depth. Utilising a high-brilliance synchrotron X-ray source, we have measured the depth-wise nanostructural parameters of the collagen network in terms of the periodic fibrillar banding (D-period) and associated parameters. We show that there is a depth dependent variation in D-period reflecting the pre-strain and concurrent with changes in the level of intrafibrillar order. Further, prolonged static compression leads to fibrillar changes mirroring those caused by removal of extrafibrillar proteoglycans (as may occur in aging or disease). We suggest that fibrillar D-period is a sensitive indicator of localised changes to the mechanical environment at the nanoscale in soft connective tissues. Statement of Significance Collagen plays a significant role in both the structural and mechanical integrity of articular cartilage, allowing the tissue to withstand highly repetitive loading. However, the fibrillar mechanics of the collagen network in cartilage are not clear. Here we find that cartilage has a spatial gradient in the nanostructural collagen fibril pre-strain, with an increase in the fibrillar pre-strain with depth. Further, the fibrillar gradient changes similarly under compression when compared to an enzymatically degraded tissue which mimics age-related changes. Given that the fibrils potentially have a finite capacity to mechanically respond and alter their configuration, these findings are significant in understanding how collagen may alter in structure and gradient in diseased cartilage, and in informing the design of cartilage replacements.
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Huang W, Restrepo D, Jung JY, Su FY, Liu Z, Ritchie RO, McKittrick J, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901561. [PMID: 31268207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light-weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage tolerance of such biological materials are conferred through hierarchical assembly of their multiscale (i.e., atomic- to macroscale) architectures and components. Herein, the toughening mechanisms of different organisms at multilength scales are identified and summarized: macromolecular deformation, chemical bond breakage, and biomineral crystal imperfections at the atomic scale; biopolymer fibril reconfiguration/deformation and biomineral nanoparticle/nanoplatelet/nanorod translation, and crack reorientation at the nanoscale; crack deflection and twisting by characteristic features such as tubules and lamellae at the microscale; and structure and morphology optimization at the macroscale. In addition, the actual loading conditions of the natural organisms are different, leading to energy dissipation occurring at different time scales. These toughening mechanisms are further illustrated by comparing the experimental results with computational modeling. Modeling methods at different length and time scales are reviewed. Examples of biomimetic designs that realize the multiscale toughening mechanisms in engineering materials are introduced. Indeed, there is still plenty of room mimicking the strong and tough biological designs at the multilength and time scale in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - David Restrepo
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Y Su
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Fatigue and Fracture Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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