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Li G, Wu W, Yu X, Zhang R, Sun R, Cao L, Zhu P. Effects of Block Copolymer Terminal Groups on Toughening Epoxy-Based Composites: Microstructures and Toughening Mechanisms. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2112. [PMID: 38004969 PMCID: PMC10672739 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the considerable research attention paid to block copolymer (BCP)-toughened epoxy resins, the effects of their terminal groups on their phase structure are not thoroughly understood. This study fills this gap by closely examining the effects of amino and carboxyl groups on the fracture toughness of epoxy resins at different temperatures. Through the combination of scanning electron microscopy and digital image correlation (DIC), it was found that the amino-terminated BCP was capable of forming a stress-distributing network in pure epoxy resin, resulting in better toughening effects at room temperature. In a 60 wt.% silica-filled epoxy composite system, the addition of a carboxyl-terminated BCP showed little toughening effect due to the weaker filler/matrix interface caused by the random dispersion of the microphase of BCPs and distributed silica. The fracture toughness of the epoxy system at high temperatures was not affected by the terminal groups, regardless of the addition of silica. Their dynamic mechanical properties and thermal expansion coefficients are also reported in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- System Packaging and Integration Research Center, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuecheng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Rong Sun
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Liqiang Cao
- System Packaging and Integration Research Center, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Sadeghi B, Cavaliere PD. Reviewing the Integrated Design Approach for Augmenting Strength and Toughness at Macro- and Micro-Scale in High-Performance Advanced Composites. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5745. [PMID: 37687438 PMCID: PMC10488890 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In response to the growing demand for high-strength and high-toughness materials in industries such as aerospace and automotive, there is a need for metal matrix composites (MMCs) that can simultaneously increase strength and toughness. The mechanical properties of MMCs depend not only on the content of reinforcing elements, but also on the architecture of the composite (shape, size, and spatial distribution). This paper focuses on the design configurations of MMCs, which include both the configurations resulting from the reinforcements and the inherent heterogeneity of the matrix itself. Such high-performance MMCs exhibit excellent mechanical properties, such as high strength, plasticity, and fracture toughness. These properties, which are not present in conventional homogeneous materials, are mainly due to the synergistic effects resulting from the interactions between the internal components, including stress-strain gradients, geometrically necessary dislocations, and unique interfacial behavior. Among them, aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) are of particular importance due to their potential for weight reduction and performance enhancement in aerospace, electronics, and electric vehicles. However, the challenge lies in the inverse relationship between strength and toughness, which hinders the widespread use and large-scale development of MMCs. Composite material design plays a critical role in simultaneously improving strength and toughness. This review examines the advantages of toughness, toughness mechanisms, toughness distribution properties, and structural parameters in the development of composite structures. The development of synthetic composites with homogeneous structural designs inspired by biological composites such as bone offers insights into achieving exceptional strength and toughness in lightweight structures. In addition, understanding fracture behavior and toughness mechanisms in heterogeneous nanostructures is critical to advancing the field of metal matrix composites. The future development direction of architectural composites and the design of the reinforcement and toughness of metal matrix composites based on energy dissipation theory are also proposed. In conclusion, the design of composite architectures holds enormous potential for the development of composites with excellent strength and toughness to meet the requirements of lightweight structures in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Sadeghi
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Mabrouk A, Farhat Z. Novel Ni-P-Tribaloy Composite Protective Coating. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16113949. [PMID: 37297084 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas pipelines are subject to various forms of damage and degradation during their operation. Electroless Nickel (Ni-P) coatings are widely employed as protective coatings due to their ease of application and unique properties, including high wear and corrosion resistance. However, they are not ideal for protecting pipelines due to their brittleness and low toughness. Composite coatings of higher toughness can be developed through the co-deposition of second-phase particles into the Ni-P matrix. Tribaloy (CoMoCrSi) alloy possesses excellent mechanical and tribological properties making it a potential candidate for a high-toughness composite coating. In this study, Ni-P-Tribaloy composite coating consisting of 15.7 vol.% Tribaloy was successfully deposited on low-carbon steel substrates. Both the monolithic and the composite coatings were studied to evaluate the effect of the addition of Tribaloy particles. The micro-hardness of the composite coating was measured to be 6.00 GPa, 12% greater than that of the monolithic coating. Hertzian-type indentation testing was carried out to investigate the coating's fracture toughness and toughening mechanisms. The 15.7 vol.% Tribaloy coating exhibited remarkably less severe cracking and higher toughness. The following toughening mechanisms were observed: micro-cracking, crack bridging, crack arrest, and crack deflection. The addition of the Tribaloy particles was also estimated to quadruple the fracture toughness. Scratch testing was performed to evaluate the sliding wear resistance under a constant load and a varying number of passes. The Ni-P-Tribaloy coating exhibited more ductile behavior and higher toughness, as the dominant wear mechanism was identified as material removal, as opposed to brittle fracture in the Ni-P coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mabrouk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada
| | - Zoheir Farhat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada
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Zhang H, Mi P, Hao L, Zhou H, Yan W, Zhao K, Xu B, Sun M. Evolution of Toughening Mechanisms in PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel during Aging Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16103630. [PMID: 37241257 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PH13-8Mo stainless steel has been widely used in aerospace, petroleum and marine construction, obtaining continuous investigation attention in recent years. Based on the response of a hierarchical martensite matrix and possible reversed austenite, a systematic investigation of the evolution of the toughening mechanisms in PH13-8Mo stainless steel as a function of aging temperature was carried out. It showed there was a desirable combination of high yield strength (~1.3 GPa) and V-notched impact toughness (~220 J) after aging between 540 and 550 °C. With the increase of aging temperature, the martensite matrix was recovered in terms of the refined sub-grains and higher ratio of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). It should be noted there was a reversion of martensite to form austenite films subjected to aging above 540 °C; meanwhile, the NiAl precipitates maintained a well-coherent orientation with the matrix. Based on the post mortem analysis, there were three stages of the changing main toughening mechanisms: Stage I: low-temperature aging at around 510 °C, where the HAGBs contributed to the toughness by retarding the advance of cracks; Stage II: intermediate-temperature aging at around 540 °C, where the recovered laths embedded by soft austenite facilitated the improvement of toughness by synergistically increasing the advance path and blunting the crack tips; and Stage III: without the coarsening of NiAl precipitates around 560 °C, more inter-lath reversed austenite led to the optimum toughness, relying on "soft barrier" and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Mi
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Luhan Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haichong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Hou X, Liu Y, Chen J, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Zhao X, Sun J, Wang X, Li J, Mei S. Experimental Study on the Tridacna squamosa Shell: Distinctive Structure and Mechanical Behavior. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:399-408. [PMID: 36576178 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tridacna squamosa, Lamarck, 1819 (Bivalvia Cardiida Cardiidae, known as the fluted giant clam) is one of the largest-sized bivalve shells, which is equipped with a strong and tough bioceramic shell to effectively protect itself from the attack of predators. To better understand the mechanical defense mechanism, the relationship between the microstructure, composition, and mechanical properties of the Tridacna squamosa shell was investigated. We find that the Tridacna squamosa shell is composed of aragonite CaCO3 and a small portion of organic matter, which are well-arranged, assembling a multiscale, inhomogeneous, and anisotropic structure. Three levels of microstructure units are identified, including the smallest aragonite rods, medium sheets, and block-like lamellae. Such multiscale structures are the main contributor to creating abundant fracture surfaces much larger than the case for single mineral components, leading to multiple toughening mechanisms observed in Vickers indentation experiments, such as pulled-out of mineral platelet and crack deflection. The material inhomogeneity in the cross-sectional direction indicates that the material is stronger at the inner layer than that at the outer layer, which also facilitates an effective defense against the predator attack. This study may provide insights into the design of biomaterials with the desired mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan572000, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore138632, Singapore
| | - Jiangzhi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan572000, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan572000, China
| | - Yuegao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan572000, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya572000, China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan572000, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jianbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of materials science, Hainan University, Haikou570228, China
| | - Shenghua Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Study under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan572000, China
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Dong Z, Chen S, Gupta HS, Zhao X, Yang Y, Chang G, Xue J, Zhang Y, Luo S, Dong Y, Zhang Y. In situ determination of the extreme damage resistance behavior in stomatopod dactyl club. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:775-786. [PMID: 35511010 PMCID: PMC9070693 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The structure and mechanical properties of the stomatopod dactyl club have been studied extensively for its extreme impact tolerance, but a systematic in situ investigation on the multiscale mechanical responses under high-speed impact has not been reported. Here the full dynamic deformation and crack evolution process within projectile-impacted dactyl using combined fast 2D X-ray imaging and high-resolution ex situ tomography are revealed. The results show that hydration states can lead to significantly different toughening mechanisms inside dactyl under dynamic loading. A previously unreported 3D interlocking structural design in the impact surface and impact region is reported using nano X-ray tomography. Experimental results and dynamic finite-element modeling suggest this unique structure plays an important role in resisting catastrophic structural damage and hindering crack propagation. This work is a contribution to understanding the key toughening strategies of biological materials and provides valuable information for biomimetic manufacturing of impact-resistant materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Himadri S. Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Spallation Neutron Source Science Centre, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangcai Chang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengnian Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence e-mail: , ,
| | - Yuhui Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence e-mail: , ,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence e-mail: , ,
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Zhang X, Xiang J, Hong Y, Shen L. Recent Advances in Design Strategies of Tough Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200075. [PMID: 35436378 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a fascinating class of materials popular in numerous fields, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, soft robotics, and sensors, attributed to their 3D network porous structure containing a significant amount of water. However, traditional hydrogels exhibit poor mechanical strength, limiting their practical applications. Thus, many researchers have focused on the development of mechanically enhanced hydrogels. This review describes the design considerations for constructing tough hydrogels and some of the latest strategies in recent years. These tough hydrogels have an up-and-coming prospect and bring great hope to the fields of biomedicine and others. Nonetheless, it is still no small challenge to realize hydrogel materials that are tough, multifunctional, intelligent, and zero-defect. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200, Road Cailun, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jinxi Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200, Road Cailun, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanlong Hong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Health Services, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, 1200, Road Cailun, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Lee S, Ghaffarian H, Kim W, Lee T, Han SM, Ryu S, Oh SH. A Study on Dislocation Mechanisms of Toughening in Cu-Graphene Nanolayered Composite. Nano Lett 2022; 22:188-195. [PMID: 34941273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of graphene interfaces in strengthening and toughening of the Cu-graphene nanocomposite by a combination of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) deformation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In situ TEM directly showed that dislocation plasticity is strongly confined within single Cu grains by the graphene interfaces and grain boundaries. The weak Cu-graphene interfacial bonding induces stress decoupling, which results in independent plastic deformation of each Cu layer. As confirmed by the MD simulation, the localized deformation made by such constrained dislocation plasticity results in the nucleation and growth of voids at the graphene interface, which acts as a precursor for crack. The graphene interfaces also effectively block crack propagation promoted by easy delamination of Cu layers dissipating the elastic strain energy. The toughening mechanisms revealed by the present study will provide valuable insights into the optimization of the mechanical properties of metal-graphene nanolayered composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Lee
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- nstitute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Hadi Ghaffarian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Kabakci GC, Aslan O, Bayraktar E. Toughening Mechanism Analysis of Recycled Rubber-Based Composites Reinforced with Glass Bubbles, Glass Fibers and Alumina Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4215. [PMID: 34883718 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling of materials attracts considerable attention around the world due to environmental and economic concerns. Recycled rubber is one of the most commonly used recyclable materials in a number of industries, including automotive and aeronautic because of their low weight and cost efficiency. In this research, devulcanized recycled rubber-based composites are designed with glass bubble microsphere, short glass fiber, aluminum chip and fine gamma alumina fiber (γ-Al2O3) reinforcements. After the determination of the reinforcements with matrix, bending strength and fracture characteristics of the composite are investigated by three-point bending (3PB) tests. Halpin-Tsai homogenization model is adapted to the rubber-based composites to estimate the moduli of the composites. Furthermore, the relevant toughening mechanisms for the most suitable reinforcements are analyzed and stress intensity factor, KIc and critical energy release rate, GIc in mode I are determined by 3PB test with single edge notch specimens. In addition, 3PB tests are simulated by finite element analysis and the results are compared with the experimental results. Microstructural and fracture surfaces analysis are carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical test results show that the reinforcement with glass bubbles, aluminum oxide ceramic fibers and aluminum chips generally increase the fracture toughness of the composites.
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Zhuo Y, Xia Z, Qi Y, Sumigawa T, Wu J, Šesták P, Lu Y, Håkonsen V, Li T, Wang F, Chen W, Xiao S, Long R, Kitamura T, Li L, He J, Zhang Z. Simultaneously Toughening and Stiffening Elastomers with Octuple Hydrogen Bonding. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008523. [PMID: 33938044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current synthetic elastomers suffer from the well-known trade-off between toughness and stiffness. By a combination of multiscale experiments and atomistic simulations, a transparent unfilled elastomer with simultaneously enhanced toughness and stiffness is demonstrated. The designed elastomer comprises homogeneous networks with ultrastrong, reversible, and sacrificial octuple hydrogen bonding (HB), which evenly distribute the stress to each polymer chain during loading, thus enhancing stretchability and delaying fracture. Strong HBs and corresponding nanodomains enhance the stiffness by restricting the network mobility, and at the same time improve the toughness by dissipating energy during the transformation between different configurations. In addition, the stiffness mismatch between the hard HB domain and the soft poly(dimethylsiloxane)-rich phase promotes crack deflection and branching, which can further dissipate energy and alleviate local stress. These cooperative mechanisms endow the elastomer with both high fracture toughness (17016 J m-2 ) and high Young's modulus (14.7 MPa), circumventing the trade-off between toughness and stiffness. This work is expected to impact many fields of engineering requiring elastomers with unprecedented mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhuo
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Zhijie Xia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Takashi Sumigawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 6158540, Japan
| | - Jianyang Wu
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Department of Physics, Jiujiang Research Institute, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Petr Šesták
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 123, Brno, CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Yinan Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Verner Håkonsen
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Tong Li
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Feng Wang
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Senbo Xiao
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Rong Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Takayuki Kitamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 6158540, Japan
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jianying He
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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Pohl PM, Kümmel F, Schunk C, Serrano-Munoz I, Markötter H, Göken M, Höppel HW. About the Role of Interfaces on the Fatigue Crack Propagation in Laminated Metallic Composites. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:2564. [PMID: 34069283 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of gradients in hardness and elastic properties at interfaces of dissimilar materials in laminated metallic composites (LMCs) on fatigue crack propagation is investigated experimentally for three different LMC systems: Al/Al-LMCs with dissimilar yield stress and Al/Steel-LMCs as well as Al/Ti/Steel-LMCs with dissimilar yield stress and Young’s modulus, respectively. The damage tolerant fatigue behavior in Al/Al-LMCs with an alternating layer structure is enhanced significantly compared to constituent monolithic materials. The prevalent toughening mechanisms at the interfaces are identified by microscopical methods and synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. For the soft/hard transition, crack deflection mechanisms at the vicinity of the interface are observed, whereas crack bifurcation mechanisms can be seen for the hard/soft transition. The crack propagation in Al/Steel-LMCs was studied conducting in-situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) experiments in the respective low cycle fatigue (LCF) and high cycle fatigue (HCF) regimes of the laminate. The enhanced resistance against crack propagation in the LCF regime is attributed to the prevalent stress redistribution, crack deflection, and crack bridging mechanisms. The fatigue properties of different Al/Ti/Steel-LMC systems show the potential of LMCs in terms of an appropriate selection of constituents in combination with an optimized architecture. The results are also discussed under the aspect of tailored lightweight applications subjected to cyclic loading.
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Tertuliano OA, Edwards BW, Meza LR, Deshpande VS, Greer JR. Nanofibril-mediated fracture resistance of bone. Bioinspir Biomim 2021; 16:035001. [PMID: 33470971 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abdd9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural hard composites like human bone possess a combination of strength and toughness that exceeds that of their constituents and of many engineered composites. This augmentation is attributed to their complex hierarchical structure, spanning multiple length scales; in bone, characteristic dimensions range from nanoscale fibrils to microscale lamellae to mesoscale osteons and macroscale organs. The mechanical properties of bone have been studied, with the understanding that the isolated microstructure at micro- and nano-scales gives rise to superior strength compared to that of whole tissue, and the tissue possesses an amplified toughness relative to that of its nanoscale constituents. Nanoscale toughening mechanisms of bone are not adequately understood at sample dimensions that allow for isolating salient microstructural features, because of the challenge of performing fracture experiments on small-sized samples. We developed anin situthree-point bend experimental methodology that probes site-specific fracture behavior of micron-sized specimens of hard material. Using this, we quantify crack initiation and growth toughness of human trabecular bone with sharp fatigue pre-cracks and blunt notches. Our findings indicate that bone with fatigue cracks is two times tougher than that with blunt cracks.In situdata-correlated electron microscopy videos reveal this behavior arises from crack-bridging by nanoscale fibril structure. The results reveal a transition between fibril-bridging (∼1μm) and crack deflection/twist (∼500μm) as a function of length-scale, and quantitatively demonstrate hierarchy-induced toughening in a complex material. This versatile approach enables quantifying the relationship between toughness and microstructure in various complex material systems and provides direct insight for designing biomimetic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottman A Tertuliano
- Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Bryce W Edwards
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
| | - Lucas R Meza
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, United States of America
| | - Vikram S Deshpande
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
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Irez AB, Bayraktar E, Miskioglu I. Fracture Toughness Analysis of Epoxy-Recycled Rubber-Based Composite Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets for Structural Applications in Automotive and Aeronautics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020448. [PMID: 32074973 PMCID: PMC7077629 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a new design of lightweight and cost-efficient composite materials for the aeronautic industry utilizing recycled fresh scrap rubber, epoxy resin, and graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs). After manufacturing the composites, their bending strength and fracture characteristics were investigated by three-point bending (3PB) tests. Halpin–Tsai homogenization adapted to composites containing GnPs was used to estimate the moduli of the composites, and satisfactory agreement with the 3PB test results was observed. In addition, 3PB tests were simulated by finite element method incorporating the Halpin–Tsai homogenization, and the resulting stress–strain curves were compared with the experimental results. Mechanical test results showed that the reinforcement with GnPs generally increased the modulus of elasticity as well as the fracture toughness of these novel composites. Toughening mechanisms were evaluated by SEM fractography. The typical toughening mechanisms observed were crack deflection and cavity formation. Considering the advantageous effects of GnPs on these novel composites and cost efficiency gained by the use of recycled rubber, these composites have the potential to be used to manufacture various components in the automotive and aeronautic industries as well as smart building materials in civil engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeddin Burak Irez
- LMT—Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie, Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 94235 Cachan, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, SUPMECA-Paris, 93400 Saint Ouen, France;
| | - Ibrahim Miskioglu
- ME-EM Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;
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Huang W, Restrepo D, Jung JY, Su FY, Liu Z, Ritchie RO, McKittrick J, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901561. [PMID: 31268207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light-weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage tolerance of such biological materials are conferred through hierarchical assembly of their multiscale (i.e., atomic- to macroscale) architectures and components. Herein, the toughening mechanisms of different organisms at multilength scales are identified and summarized: macromolecular deformation, chemical bond breakage, and biomineral crystal imperfections at the atomic scale; biopolymer fibril reconfiguration/deformation and biomineral nanoparticle/nanoplatelet/nanorod translation, and crack reorientation at the nanoscale; crack deflection and twisting by characteristic features such as tubules and lamellae at the microscale; and structure and morphology optimization at the macroscale. In addition, the actual loading conditions of the natural organisms are different, leading to energy dissipation occurring at different time scales. These toughening mechanisms are further illustrated by comparing the experimental results with computational modeling. Modeling methods at different length and time scales are reviewed. Examples of biomimetic designs that realize the multiscale toughening mechanisms in engineering materials are introduced. Indeed, there is still plenty of room mimicking the strong and tough biological designs at the multilength and time scale in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - David Restrepo
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Y Su
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Fatigue and Fracture Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Irez AB, Zambelis G, Bayraktar E. A New Design of Recycled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber Modified Epoxy Based Composites Reinforced with Alumina Fiber: Fracture Behavior and Damage Analyses. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E2729. [PMID: 31454916 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a new design of lightweight and cost-efficient composite materials for the automotive industry using recycled fresh scrap rubbers (EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubbers), epoxy resin and alumina (Al2O3) fibers (AF). Three-point bending tests were conducted to investigate fundamental mechanical characteristics and then experimentally obtained moduli were compared with a modified Halpin–Tsai model. In addition, tests were carried out to study the fracture characteristics of the composites. Then, a practical numerical study was carried out to observe the evolution of the strain energy release rate along the crack front. Mechanical test results showed that the reinforcement with AF improved the fracture toughness of these novel composites for low rubber contents. Besides, increasing recycled EPDM rubber content degraded the mechanical resistance and strain at break of the composites. Moreover, numerical studies indicated that energy release rate showed some variations along the specimen thickness. Toughening mechanisms were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractography. Typical toughening mechanisms observed were fiber bridging and shear yielding. By considering the advantageous effects of AF on the novel composites and cost efficiency under favor of recycled rubbers, these composites are promising candidates to manufacture the various components in automotive industry.
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De Luca F, Sernicola G, Shaffer MSP, Bismarck A. "Brick-and-Mortar" Nanostructured Interphase for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:7352-7361. [PMID: 29437376 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fiber-matrix interface plays a critical role in determining composite mechanical properties. While a strong interface tends to provide high strength, a weak interface enables extensive debonding, leading to a high degree of energy absorption. Balancing these conflicting requirements by engineering composite interfaces to improve strength and toughness simultaneously still remains a great challenge. Here, a nanostructured fiber coating was realized to manifest the critical characteristics of natural nacre, at a reduced length scale, consistent with the surface curvature of fibers. The new interphase contains a high proportion (∼90 wt %) of well-aligned inorganic platelets embedded in a polymer; the window of suitable platelet dimensions is very narrow, with an optimized platelet width and thickness of about 130 and 13 nm, respectively. An anisotropic, nanostructured coating was uniformly and conformally deposited onto a large number of 9 μm diameter glass fibers, simultaneously, using self-limiting layer-by-layer assembly (LbL); this parallel approach demonstrates a promising strategy to exploit LbL methods at scale. The resulting nanocomposite interphase, primarily loaded in shear, provides new mechanisms for stress dissipation and plastic deformation. The energy released by fiber breakage in tension appear to spread and dissipate within the nanostructured interphase, accompanied by stable fiber slippage, while the interfacial strength was improved up to 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois De Luca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alexander Bismarck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Material Chemistry & Research, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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Chan K, Lee YD, Nicolella DP, Furman BR, Wellinghoff S, Rawls H. Improving fracture toughness of dental nanocomposites by interface engineering and micromechanics. Eng Fract Mech 2007; 74:1857-1871. [PMID: 18670579 PMCID: PMC2000829 DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The fracture toughness of dental nanocomposites fabricated by various methods of mixing, silanization, and loadings of nanoparticles had been characterized using fatigue-precracked compact-tension specimens. The fracture mechanisms near the crack tip were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The near-tip fracture processes in the nanocomposties were identified to involve several sequences of fracture events, including: (1) particle bridging, (2) debonding at the poles of particle/matrix interface, and (3) crack deflection around the particles. Analytical and finite-element methods were utilized to model the observed sequences of fracture events to identify the source of fracture toughness in the dental nanocomposites. Theoretical results indicated that silanization and nanoparticle loadings improved the fracture toughness of dental nanocomposites by a factor of 2 to 3 through a combination of enhanced interface toughness by silanization, crack deflection, as well as crack bridging. A further increase in the fracture toughness of the nanocomposites can be achieved by increasing the fracture toughness of the matrix, nano-filled particles, or the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.S. Chan
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - Y-D Lee
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - D. P. Nicolella
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - B. R. Furman
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
| | - S. Wellinghoff
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - H.R. Rawls
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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