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Yadav M, Maurya AK, Behera K, Chiu FC, Rhee KY. Physical properties of cellulose nanocrystal/magnesium oxide/chitosan transparent composite films for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130560. [PMID: 38431019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Hitherto unreported hybrid nanofillers (CNC:MgO) reinforced chitosan (CTS) based composite (CNC:MgO)/CTS films were synthesized using a solution-casting blend technique and synergistic effect of hybrid nanofiller in terms of properties enhancement were investigated. Optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to characterize the films. The hybrid nanofiller considerably changed the transparency and color of the CTS films. The tensile strengths of (3 wt%) CNC/CTS, (3 wt%) MgO/CTS, (1:1)(CNC:MgO)/CTS, (1:2)(CNC:MgO)/CTS and (2:1)(CNC:MgO)/CTS films were 27.49 %, 35.60 %, 91.62 %, 38.22 %, and 29.32 % higher than pristine CTS films respectively, while the water vapor permeation were 28.21 %, 30.77 %, 34.62 %, 38.46 %, and 37.44 % lower than pristine CTS film, respectively. Moreover, the CTS composite films exhibited an improvement in overall water barrier properties after incorporating hybrid nanofillers. Our observations suggest that chitosan-based hybrid nanofiller composite films are a good replacement for plastic-based packaging materials within the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, U.P. 222003, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, U.P. 222003, India
| | - Kartik Behera
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chyou Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - K Y Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 446-701 Yongin, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Colijn I, van der Kooij HM, Schroën K. From fundamental insights to rational (bio)polymer nanocomposite design - Connecting the nanometer to meter scale. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103076. [PMID: 38301315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle addition has the potential to make bioplastic use mainstream, as the resultant nanocomposite shows improved mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties. It is well established that the architecture and dynamics of the nanoparticle-polymer interphasial region, ∼ 1.5-9 nm from the nanoparticle surface, are crucial for nanocomposite characteristics. Yet, how these molecular phenomena translate to the bulk is still largely unknown. A multi-disciplinary and multi-scale vision is required to capture the full picture and improve materials far beyond what is currently possible. In this review, a first step in bridging the apparent gap between fundamental insights toward observed material properties is made. At the molecular scale, the polymer chain density and dynamics at the nanoparticle surface are governed by a complex interplay between enthalpy and entropy. The resultant interphasial properties can only be propagated to the macroscopic scale effectively when the nanoparticles are well-distributed. This makes the dispersion state a key parameter for which thermodynamic and kinetic insights can be used to prevent nanoparticle aggregation. These insights are linked to material properties relevant to packaging. The outlook section elaborates on the remaining challenges and the steps required to further understand and better design nanocomposite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Colijn
- Wageningen University and Research, Food Process Engineering Group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanne M van der Kooij
- Wageningen University and Research, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Group, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Karin Schroën
- Wageningen University and Research, Food Process Engineering Group, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Probing into the nucleation and reinforcing effects of poly (vinyl acetate) grafted cellulose nanocrystals in melt-processed poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123421. [PMID: 36731697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blending poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to fabricate nanocomposites is a valuable strategy to improve the properties of PLA without sacrificing its biodegradability. However, the nucleation and reinforcing mechanisms of CNCs for semi-crystalline PLA matrix are still elusive in melt-processed PLA/CNC nanocomposites. Herein, poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) chains were grafted onto the surface of CNCs via an efficient radical polymerization in an aqueous medium, making CNCs suitable for conventional melting processing techniques. It is found that the dispersion state of CNCs in the PLA matrix and the interface interaction between PLA and CNCs can be tailored by varying the PVAc grafting density. Further studies show that well-dispersed CNCs play a positive role in reinforcing PLA. But unexpectedly, the nucleation effect is suppressed even though the homogeneous dispersion of CNCs is achieved with higher PVAc grafting density because the rich PVAc chains at the interface dilute the PLA chains, thus hindering the nucleation and spherulite growth of PLA. This research sheds light on the nucleation and reinforcing mechanisms of polymer grafted CNCs, and will provide theoretical guidance for the industrialization of high-performance bio-based nanocomposites.
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Plasticized Mechanical Recycled PLA Films Reinforced with Microbial Cellulose Particles Obtained from Kombucha Fermented in Yerba Mate Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020285. [PMID: 36679165 PMCID: PMC9864610 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, yerba mate waste (YMW) was used to produce a kombucha beverage, and the obtained microbial cellulose produced as a byproduct (KMW) was used to reinforce a mechanically recycled poly(lactic acid) (r-PLA) matrix. Microbial cellulosic particles were also produced in pristine yerba mate for comparison (KMN). To simulate the revalorization of the industrial PLA products rejected during the production line, PLA was subjected to three extrusion cycles, and the resultant pellets (r3-PLA) were then plasticized with 15 wt.% of acetyl tributyl citrate ester (ATBC) to obtain optically transparent and flexible films by the solvent casting method. The plasticized r3-PLA-ATBC matrix was then loaded with KMW and KMN in 1 and 3 wt.%. The use of plasticizer allowed a good dispersion of microbial cellulose particles into the r3-PLA matrix, allowing us to obtain flexible and transparent films which showed good structural and mechanical performance. Additionally, the obtained films showed antioxidant properties, as was proven by release analyses conducted in direct contact with a fatty food simulant. The results suggest the potential interest of these recycled and biobased materials, which are obtained from the revalorization of food waste, for their industrial application in food packaging and agricultural films.
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APTES-Modified Nanocellulose as the Formaldehyde Scavenger for UF Adhesive-Bonded Particleboard and Strawboard. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225037. [PMID: 36433163 PMCID: PMC9698025 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work examines the possibility of applying non-modified nanocellulose and nanocellulose functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a formaldehyde scavenger for commonly used urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. The effect of silanization was determined with the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and elemental analysis. Moreover, the ability of cellulosic nanoparticles to absorb the formaldehyde from an aqueous solution was investigated. After homogenization, cured UF adhesives were examined with the use of FTIR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and the perforator method to determine the content of formaldehyde. Manufactured boards made of rape straw particles and wood particles were tested in terms of their physico-mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission. Studies have shown that the applied method of silanization was effective. Furthermore, in the case of non-modified nanocellulose, no sign of formaldehyde scavenging ability was found. However, the functionalization of cellulosic nanoparticles with APTES containing an amino group led to the significant reduction of formaldehyde content in both the aqueous solution and the UF adhesive. The mechanical properties of both strawboards and particleboards were improved due to the nanocellulose reinforcement; however, no effect of silanization was found. Nevertheless, functionalization with APTES contributed to a decrease in formaldehyde emission from boards, which was not found in the case of the introduction of non-modified cellulosic nanoparticles.
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Kwak H, Kim H, Park S, Lee M, Jang M, Park SB, Hwang SY, Kim HJ, Jeon H, Koo JM, Park J, Oh DX. Biodegradable, Water-Resistant, Anti-Fizzing, Polyester Nanocellulose Composite Paper Straws. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205554. [PMID: 36403230 PMCID: PMC9811439 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Among plastic items, single-use straws are particularly detrimental to marine ecosystems because such straws, including those made of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), are sharp and extremely slowly degradable in the ocean. While paper straws are promising alternatives, they exhibit hydration-induced swelling even when coated with a non-degradable plastic coating and promote effervescence (fizzing) in soft drinks owing to their surface heterogeneities. In this study, upgraded paper straw is coated with poly(butylene succinate) cellulose nanocrystal (PBS/CNC) composites. CNC increases adhesion to paper owing to their similar chemical structures, optimizes crystalline PBS spherulites through effective nucleation, and reinforces the matrix through its anisotropic and rigid features. The straws are not only anti-fizzing when used with soft drinks owing to their homogeneous and seamless surface coatings, but also highly water-resistant and tough owing to their watertight surfaces. All degradable components effectively decompose under aerobic composting and in the marine environment. This technology contributes to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojung Kwak
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Kim
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Seul‐A Park
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Department of Plant and Environmental New ResourcesKyung Hee UniversityYongin17104Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Department of Organic Materials EngineeringChungnam National UniversityDaejeon34134Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringSogang UniversitySeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X. Oh
- Research Center for Bio‐based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
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7
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Muthusamy VP, Krishnakumar V. Tensile performance of NCC and lignin reinforcements in PAN matrix. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Li Z, Zhu G, Lin N. Dispersibility Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymeric-Based Composites. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4439-4468. [PMID: 36195577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are hydrophilic nanoparticles extracted from biomass with properties and functions different from cellulose and are being developed for property-oriented applications such as high stiffness, abundant active groups, and biocompatibility. It has broad application prospects in the field of composite materials, while the dispersibility of the CNC in polymers is the key to its application performance. Many reviews have discussed in-depth the modification strategies to improve the dispersibility of the CNC and summarized all characterization for the CNC, but there are no reviews on the in-depth exploration of dispersion characterization. This review is a comprehensive summary of the characterization of CNC dispersion in the matrix in terms of direct observation, indirect evaluation, and quantified evaluation, summarizing how and why different characterization tools reveal dispersibility. In addition, "decision tree" flowcharts are presented to provide the reader with a reference for selecting the appropriate characterization method for a specific composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ge Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
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9
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Wang H, Liu X, Liu J, Wu M, Huang Y. Facile dispersion strategy to prepare polylactic acid/reed straw nanofiber composites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:278-287. [PMID: 36030979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of dispersing nanocellulose in hydrophobic polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) still obstacles the further application of cellulose nanocomposites. An environment-friendly and facile wet-shearing pretreatment strategy without using any organic solvent was developed in this work. Silane modified lignocellulose nanofiber (SLCNF) was pre-dispersed into PLA by wet-shearing pretreatment, followed by extrusion process and the SLCNF could be dispersed extremely well in PLA matrices. SLCNF formed a crosslinked network and had an improved compatibility, which improved the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA composites. The tensile strength, elongation at break and thermal deformation temperature of the composites were increased by 12.6 %, 32.4 % and 9.1 °C, respectively. Moreover, SLCNF promoted the crystallization of PLA as a heterogeneous nucleating agent and the crystallinity was increased by about 40 %. This study provides an effective way to disperse nanocellulose in polymer matrix with high efficiency to enhance polymer-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xuran Liu
- College of Material Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China.
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Cao X, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhang Z. A γ-butyrolactone-derived poly(vinyl ester) with pendant groups recyclability and controlled release of poly(vinyl alcohol): Synthesis, recyclability, and physical properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Magaña I, Georgouvelas D, Handa R, Neira Velázquez MG, López González HR, Enríquez Medrano FJ, Díaz de León R, Valencia L. Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2810. [PMID: 34451347 PMCID: PMC8401937 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a process to prepare fully bio-based elastomer nanocomposites based on polyfarnesene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). To improve the compatibility of cellulose with the hydrophobic matrix of polyfarnesene, the surface of CNC was modified via plasma-induced polymerization, at different powers of the plasma generator, using a trans-β-farnesene monomer in the plasma reactor. The characteristic features of plasma surface-modified CNC have been corroborated by spectroscopic (XPS) and microscopic (AFM) analyses. Moreover, the cellulose nanocrystals modified at 150 W have been selected to reinforce polyfarnesene-based nanocomposites, synthesized via an in-situ coordination polymerization using a neodymium-based catalytic system. The effect of the different loading content of nanocrystals on the polymerization behavior, as well as on the rheological aspects, was evaluated. The increase in the storage modulus with the incorporation of superficially modified nanocrystals was demonstrated by rheological measurements and these materials exhibited better properties than those containing pristine cellulose nanocrystals. Moreover, we elucidate that the viscoelastic moduli of the elastomer nanocomposites are aligned with power-law model systems with characteristic relaxation time scales similar to commercial nanocomposites, also implying tunable mechanical properties. In this foreground, our findings have important implications in the development of fully bio-based nanocomposites in close competition with the commercial stock, thereby producing alternatives in favor of sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Magaña
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Georgouvelas
- Division of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Frescativägen 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Rishab Handa
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - María Guadalupe Neira Velázquez
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Héctor Ricardo López González
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Francisco Javier Enríquez Medrano
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Ramón Díaz de León
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Luis Valencia
- Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, Birgen Jarksgatan 57 C, 11356 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bangar SP, Whiteside WS. Nano-cellulose reinforced starch bio composite films- A review on green composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:849-860. [PMID: 34237362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastic-based food packaging is generating a serious environmental problem by accumulating large amounts of plastic in the surroundings. Ecological and health concerns are driving research efforts for developing biodegradable films. There are few alternatives that could reduce the environmental impact; one of them is to substitute petroleum-based plastic with starch-based film. Starch has remarkable properties, including biodegradability, sustainability, abundancy, and capable of being modified or blended with other polymers. However, low mechanical strength and low water resistance restrict its application in food packaging. Nanocellulose isolated from lignocellulosic fibers has attracted tremendous interest in the field of science due to high crystallinity and mechanical strength, unique morphology along with abundancy, renewability, and biodegradability. Therefore, nano cellulose as a reinforcer proved to be a good option for fabricating biocomposites for food packaging. The current review will give a critical snapshot of the potential application of nanocellulose in food packaging and discuss new challenges and opportunities for starch biocomposites enriched with nano cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, USA.
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13
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Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Forti ES, Schueneman GT, Moon RJ, Youngblood JP. Recent Developments in Cellulose Nanomaterial Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000718. [PMID: 32696496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of materials that have recently garnered attention in fields as varied as structural materials, biomaterials, rheology modifiers, construction, paper enhancement, and others. As the principal structural reinforcement of biomass giving wood its mechanical properties, CNM is strong and stiff, but also nontoxic, biodegradable, and sustainable with a very large (Gton yr-1 ) source. Unfortunately, due to the relatively young nature of the field and inherent incompatibility of CNM with most man-made materials in use today, research has tended to be more basic-science oriented rather than commercially applicable, so there are few CNM-enabled products on the market today. Herein, efforts are presented for preparing and forming cellulose nanomaterial nanocomposites. The focus is on recent efforts attempting to mitigate common impediments to practical commercialization but is also placed in context with traditional efforts. The work is presented in terms of the progress made, and still to be made, on solving the most pressing challenges-getting properties that are competitive with currently used materials, removing organic solvent, solving the inherent incompatibility between CNM and polymers of interest, and incorporation into commonly used industrial processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Sami M El Awad Azrak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Endrina S Forti
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Gregory T Schueneman
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
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Zhang W, Zhang G, Lu XA, Wang J, Wu D. Cellulosic nanofibers filled poly(β-hydroxybutyrate): Relations between viscoelasticity of composites and aspect ratios of nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118093. [PMID: 33966850 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion states are vital for fibrous nanocelluloses to be used as reinforcements for polymers, which is highly dependent on geometry of nanocelluloses. Three types of nanocelluloses with various fiber aspect ratios were used to prepare target composite samples with poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) in this work. Viscoelasticity/elastoplasticity were used as probes to detect the flexibility-morphology relations of nanocelluloses in polymer. Cellulose nanocrystals (aspect ratio = 8) were rigid in polymer, retaining their rod-like shape, whereas bacterial celluloses (aspect ratio = 600) fully flexible, forming closely networked structure, and cellulose nanofibers (aspect ratio = 70) semi-flexible, dispersing as loosely flocculated clusters. Owing to these differences, the viscoelastic flow and elastoplastic deformation of three kinds of composites differed from one another. The strain-scaling and hysteresis work-scaling behaviors were then used to establish relaxation scale-structure correlations of target samples. This work provides interesting information around regulating the dispersion of nanocelluloses in polymer composites by tailoring aspect ratios of nanocelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China
| | - Xiang-An Lu
- Guangling Collage, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jinsen Photoelectric Material Co. Ltd., Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - Defeng Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratories of Environmental Engineering & Materials, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China.
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15
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Li K, Clarkson CM, Wang L, Liu Y, Lamm M, Pang Z, Zhou Y, Qian J, Tajvidi M, Gardner DJ, Tekinalp H, Hu L, Li T, Ragauskas AJ, Youngblood JP, Ozcan S. Alignment of Cellulose Nanofibers: Harnessing Nanoscale Properties to Macroscale Benefits. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3646-3673. [PMID: 33599500 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nature, cellulose nanofibers form hierarchical structures across multiple length scales to achieve high-performance properties and different functionalities. Cellulose nanofibers, which are separated from plants or synthesized biologically, are being extensively investigated and processed into different materials owing to their good properties. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers is reported to significantly influence the performance of cellulose nanofiber-based materials. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers can bridge the nanoscale and macroscale, bringing enhanced nanoscale properties to high-performance macroscale materials. However, compared with extensive reviews on the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals, reviews focusing on cellulose nanofibers are seldom reported, possibly because of the challenge of aligning cellulose nanofibers. In this review, the alignment of cellulose nanofibers, including cellulose nanofibrils and bacterial cellulose, is extensively discussed from different aspects of the driving force, evaluation, strategies, properties, and applications. Future perspectives on challenges and opportunities in cellulose nanofiber alignment are also briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Meghan Lamm
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yubing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ji Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Douglas J Gardner
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Halil Tekinalp
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- UTK-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
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Oliver-Ortega H, Geng S, Espinach FX, Oksman K, Vilaseca F. Bacterial Cellulose Network from Kombucha Fermentation Impregnated with Emulsion-Polymerized Poly(methyl methacrylate) to Form Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040664. [PMID: 33672280 PMCID: PMC7927133 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bio-based residues is one of the key indicators towards sustainable development goals. In this work, bacterial cellulose, a residue from the fermentation of kombucha tea, was tested as a reinforcing nanofiber network in an emulsion-polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The use of the nanofiber network is facilitating the formation of nanocomposites with well-dispersed nanofibers without using organic solvents or expensive methodologies. Moreover, the bacterial cellulose network structure can serve as a template for the emulsion polymerization of PMMA. The morphology, size, crystallinity, water uptake, and mechanical properties of the kombucha bacterial cellulose (KBC) network were studied. The results showed that KBC nanofibril diameters were ranging between 20–40 nm and the KBC was highly crystalline, >90%. The 3D network was lightweight and porous material, having a density of only 0.014 g/cm3. Furthermore, the compressed KBC network had very good mechanical properties, the E-modulus was 8 GPa, and the tensile strength was 172 MPa. The prepared nanocomposites with a KBC concentration of 8 wt.% were translucent with uniform structure confirmed with scanning electron microscopy study, and furthermore, the KBC network was homogeneously impregnated with the PMMA matrix. The mechanical testing of the nanocomposite showed high stiffness compared to the neat PMMA. A simple simulation of the tensile strength was used to understand the limited strain and strength given by the bacterial cellulose network. The excellent properties of the final material demonstrate the capability of a residue of kombucha fermentation as an excellent nanofiber template for use in polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliver-Ortega
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, EPS. Ed. PI. C/ Maria Aurelia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Shiyu Geng
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE 97187 Luleå, Sweden;
| | - Francesc Xavier Espinach
- Design, Development and Product Innovation, Department Organization, Business Management and Product Design, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurelia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE 97187 Luleå, Sweden;
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (MIE), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabiola Vilaseca
- Engineering Materials, Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 41296 Göteborg, Sweden;
- BIMATEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, EPS. Ed. PI. C/ Maria Aurelia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Sun L, Zhang X, Liu H, Liu K, Du H, Kumar A, Sharma G, Si C. Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Modification of Nanocellulose. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201210191041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of renewable nanomaterial, nanocellulose displays excellent performances
and exhibits wide application potentials. In general, nanocellulose has strong hydrophilicity
due to the presence of abundant hydroxyl groups or the hydrophilic functional groups
introduced during the preparation process. Although these hydrophilic groups benefit the
nanocellulose with great application potential that is used in aqueous media (e.g., rheology
modifier, hydrogels), they do hinder the performance of nanocellulose used as reinforcing
agents for hydrophobic polymers and reduce the stability of the self-assembled nanostructure
(e.g., nanopaper, aerogel) in a high-humidity environment. Thus, this review aims to summarize
recent advances in the hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose, mainly in three aspects:
physical adsorption, surface chemical modification (e.g., silylation, alkanoylation, esterification),
and polymer graft copolymerization. In addition, the current limitations and future prospects of hydrophobic
modification of nanocellulose are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huayu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haishun Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chuanling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Jasmani L, Rusli R, Khadiran T, Jalil R, Adnan S. Application of Nanotechnology in Wood-Based Products Industry: A Review. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:207. [PMID: 33146807 PMCID: PMC7642047 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wood-based industry is one of the main drivers of economic growth in Malaysia. Forest being the source of various lignocellulosic materials has many untapped potentials that could be exploited to produce sustainable and biodegradable nanosized material that possesses very interesting features for use in wood-based industry itself or across many different application fields. Wood-based products sector could also utilise various readily available nanomaterials to enhance the performance of existing products or to create new value added products from the forest. This review highlights recent developments in nanotechnology application in the wood-based products industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifah Jasmani
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rafeadah Rusli
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tumirah Khadiran
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Jalil
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sharmiza Adnan
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia
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19
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Li H, Zhou J, Zhao J, Li Y, Lu K. Synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals-armored fluorinated polyacrylate latexes via Pickering emulsion polymerization and their film properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 192:111071. [PMID: 32361375 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals-armored fluorinated polyacrylate latex particles with the core-shell spherical shape were prepared by a facile and efficient strategy based on Pickering emulsion polymerization using the modified cellulose nanocrystals, poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)-g-cellulose nanocrystal-g-poly(2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate) (PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g-PHFBA) as a sole Pickering stabilizer. The TEM result indicated that PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g-PHFBA effectively anchored on the outside of latex particles and improved the performance of emulsions, demonstrating the important role of the PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g-PHFBA in the Pickering stabilization process. The influences of the type of Pickering stabilizers and the PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g-PHFBA amount on the emulsion polymerization were investigated. The size of latex particles could be adjusted by PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g- PHFBA amount. XPS result showed that the fluorine-containing groups tended to enrich at the air-film interface of latex film during the heat process, leading to the decrease of surface free energy. The water-oil repellent and mechanical properties of the film could be improved as the content of PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g-PHFBA increased. In addition, thermal analysis showed an enhancement of the thermal properties of latex film upon increasing the PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g-PHFBA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science and Technology), Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science and Technology), Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science and Technology), Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yannan Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Kun Lu
- School of Arts and Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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20
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Yadav M, Behera K, Chang YH, Chiu FC. Cellulose Nanocrystal Reinforced Chitosan Based UV Barrier Composite Films for Sustainable Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E202. [PMID: 31941093 PMCID: PMC7023618 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, green composite films based on cellulose nanocrystal/chitosan (CNC/CS) were fabricated by solution casting. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM characterizations were conducted to determine the structure and morphology of the prepared films. The addition of only 4 wt.% CNC in the CS film improved the tensile strength and Young's modulus by up to 39% and 78%, respectively. Depending on CNC content, the moisture absorption decreased by 34.1-24.2% and the water solubility decreased by 35.7-26.5% for the composite films compared with neat CS film. The water vapor permeation decreased from 3.83 × 10-11 to 2.41 × 10-11 gm-1 s-1Pa-1 in the CS-based films loaded with (0-8 wt.%) CNC. The water and UV barrier properties of the composite films showed better performance than those of neat CS film. Results suggested that CNC/CS nanocomposite films can be used as a sustainable packaging material in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemistry, Prof. Rajendra Singh Institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, V.B.S Purvanchal University Jaunpur, Siddikpur U.P. 222002, India
| | - Kartik Behera
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chyou Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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21
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Wang YY, Yu HY, Yang L, Abdalkarim SYH, Chen WL. Enhancing long-term biodegradability and UV-shielding performances of transparent polylactic acid nanocomposite films by adding cellulose nanocrystal-zinc oxide hybrids. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:893-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Patel DK, Dutta SD, Lim KT. Nanocellulose-based polymer hybrids and their emerging applications in biomedical engineering and water purification. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19143-19162. [PMID: 35516880 PMCID: PMC9065078 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, derived from cellulose hydrolysis, has unique optical and mechanical properties, high surface area, and good biocompatibility. It is frequently used as a reinforcing agent to improve the native properties of materials. The presence of functional groups in its surface enables the alteration of its behavior and its use under different conditions. Nanocellulose is typically used in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs and CNFs have a high aspect ratio with typical lengths of ∼100-250 nm and 0.1-2 μm, respectively; BNC is nanostructured cellulose produced by bacteria. Nanohybrid materials are a combination of organic or inorganic nanomaterials with macromolecules forming a single composite and typically exhibit superior optical, thermal, and mechanical properties to those of native polymers, owing to the greater interactions between the macromolecule matrix and the nanomaterials. Excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability make nanocellulose an ideal material for applications in biomedicine. Unlike native polymers, nanocellulose-based nanohybrids exhibit a sustained drug release ability, which can be further optimized by changing the content or chemical environment of the nanocellulose, as well as the external stimuli, such as the pH and electric fields. In this review, we describe the process of extraction of nanocellulose from different natural sources; its effects on the structural, morphological, and mechanical properties of polymers; and its various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Patel
- The Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
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23
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Yao H, Zhou J, Li H, Zhao J. Nanocrystalline cellulose/fluorinated polyacrylate latex via RAFT‐mediated surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization and its application as waterborne textile finishing agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Yao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Hong Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science and Technology
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science and Technology
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24
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Ferreira F, Dufresne A, Pinheiro I, Souza D, Gouveia R, Mei L, Lona L. How do cellulose nanocrystals affect the overall properties of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites: A comprehensive review. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Chen C, Bu X, Feng Q, Li D. Cellulose Nanofiber/Carbon Nanotube Conductive Nano-Network as a Reinforcement Template for Polydimethylsiloxane Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1000. [PMID: 30960925 PMCID: PMC6403898 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are nanoscale fibers that have shown reinforcing effects in polymer composites. It's worth noting that CNF and CNT could form a three-dimensional nano-network via mixing and vacuum filtration, which exhibit excellent mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. In this study, the developed CNF/CNT film was applied as a nano-network template and immersed into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) solutions. By controlling the immersed polydimethylsiloxane pre-polymer concentration, the PDMS/CNF/CNT nanocomposite with various PDMS contents were fabricated after a curing process. Morphological images showed that the CNF/CNT nano-network was well-preserved inside the PDMS, which resulted in significantly improved mechanical strength. While increasing the PDMS content (~71.3 wt %) gave rise to decreased tensile strength, the PDMS-30/CNF/CNT showed a fracture strain of 7.5%, which was around seven fold higher than the rigid CNF/CNT and still kept a desirable strength-Young's modulus and conductivity of 18.3 MPa, 805 MPa, and 0.8 S/cm, respectively. Therefore, with the enhanced mechanical properties and the electrical conductivity, the prepared PDMS/CNF/CNT composite films may offer promising and broad prospects in the field of flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiangting Bu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qian Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Dagang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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