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Bhandary S, Beliš M, Shukla R, Bourda L, Kaczmarek AM, Van Hecke K. Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Photosynthesis of Supramolecular Organoboron Polymers with Dynamic Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8659-8667. [PMID: 38407928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The solid-state synthesis of single-crystalline organic polymers, having functional properties, remains an attractive and developing research area in polymer chemistry and materials science. However, light-triggered topochemical synthesis of crystalline polymers comprising an organoboron backbone has not yet been reported. Here, we describe an intriguing example of single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) rapid photosynthesis (occurs on a seconds-scale) of two structurally different linear organoboron polymers, driven by environmentally sustainable visible/sun light, obtained from the same monomer molecule. A newly designed Lewis acid-base type molecular B ← N organoboron adduct (consisting of an organoboron core and naphthylvinylpyridine ligands) crystallizes in two solid-state forms featuring the same chemical structure but different 3D structural topologies, namely, monomers 1 and 2. The solvate molecule-free crystals of 1 undergo topochemical photopolymerization via an unusual olefin-naphthyl ring [2 + 2] cyclization to yield the single crystalline [3]-ladderane polymer 1P growing along the B ← N linkages, accompanied by instantaneous and violent macroscopic mechanical motions or photosalient effects (such as bending-reshaping and jumping motions). In contrast, visible light-harvesting single crystals of 2 quantitatively polymerize to a B ← N bond-stabilized polymer 2P in a SCSC fashion owing to the rapid [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction among olefin double bonds. Such olefin bonds in the crystals of 2 are suitably preorganized for photoreaction due to the presence of solvate molecules in the crystal packing. Single crystals of 2 also show photodynamic jumping motions - in response to visible light but in a relatively slower fashion than the crystals of 1. In addition to SCSC topochemical polymerization and dynamic motions, both monomer crystals and their single-crystalline polymers feature green emissive and short-lived room-temperature phosphorescence properties upon excitation with visible-light wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-Building S3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Marek Beliš
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-Building S3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Chemistry (NCI Lab), GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Laurens Bourda
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-Building S3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Anna M Kaczmarek
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-Building S3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-Building S3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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2
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Isobe M, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Fabrication of Hyperbranched Photomechanical Crystals Composed of a Photochromic Diarylethene. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300428. [PMID: 37610166 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of hyperbranched hollow crystals of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene on a concave surface of the spherical glass substrate by sublimation and their practical photomechanical behaviors. The number of units of the branched structure of the hollow crystals composed of this compound is proportional to the substrate curvature of the substrate. Compared with the sublimation process of the same compound on the flat glass substrate, two kinds of the thin film domains are generated separately in the center and around the edge of the spherical glass substrate. Especially under the high relative humidity condition, the boundaries between these thin film domains move gradually around the edge through the center during as long as 6 h of sublimation time so that the hyperbranched hollow crystals are densely produced on the entire surface of the substrate. These hyperbranched hollow crystals can be prepared with the highly ordered molecular packing due to the very slow formation process of the crystalline walls of the hollow structures. Furthermore, the photo-induced bending behaviors in the few- and highly-branched hollow crystals have the practical roles in moving and bending the minute objects according to their characteristics of these branched shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Isobe
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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3
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Cook CJ, Perry CJ, Beran GJO. Organic Crystal Packing Is Key to Determining the Photomechanical Response. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6823-6831. [PMID: 37487003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic photomechanical crystals have great promise as molecular machines, but their development has been hindered by a lack of clear theoretical design principles. While much research has focused on the choice of the molecular photochrome, density functional theory calculations here demonstrate that crystal packing has a major impact on the work densities that can be produced by a photochrome. Examination of two diarylethene molecules reveals that the predicted work densities can vary by an order of magnitude across different experimentally known crystal structures of the same species. The highest work densities occur when molecules are aligned in parallel, thereby producing a highly anisotropic photomechanical response. These results suggest that a greater emphasis on polymorph screening and/or crystal engineering could improve the work densities achieved by photomechanical engines. Finally, an inherent thermodynamic asymmetry is identified that biases photomechanical engines to exhibit higher work densities in the forward stroke direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Cody J Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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4
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Huang L, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Tang X, Liang X, Zhang L, He Y, Li H. Molecular modification effects on the electrochromic and photochromic properties of diarylethene with intramolecular isomerization behavior. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114701. [PMID: 36948809 DOI: 10.1063/5.0141644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) is one of the most widely used functional units for electrochromic or photochromic materials. To better understand the molecular modification effects on the electrochromic and photochromic properties of DAE, two modification strategies, substitution with functional groups or heteroatoms, were investigated theoretically by density functional theory calculations. It is found that red-shifted absorption spectra caused by a decreased highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap and S0 → S1 transition energy during the ring-closing reaction become more significant by adding different functional substituents. In addition, for two isomers, the energy gap and S0 → S1 transition energy decreased by heteroatom substitution of S atoms with O or NH, while they increased by replacing two S atoms with CH2. For intramolecular isomerization, one-electron excitation is the most effective way to trigger the closed-ring (O → C) reaction, while the open-ring (C → O) reaction occurs most readily in the presence of one-electron reduction. Moreover, it is confirmed that substitution with strong electron donating groups (-OCH3/-NH2) or with one O/two CH2 heteroatoms leads to a more favorable closed-ring (O → C) reaction. Functionalized with strong electron-withdrawing groups (-NO2 and -COOH) or one/two NH heteroatom substitutions, the open-ring (C → O) reaction is easier. Our results confirmed that the photochromic and electrochromic properties of DAE can be tuned effectively by molecular modifications, which provides theoretical guidance for the design of new DAE-based photochromic/electrochromic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Huang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Yongze Zhao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Zehua Huang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Xinyuan Tang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Yan He
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Huifang Li
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
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5
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First-principle study on the electronic transport properties of 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (a diarylethene) as an optical molecular switch. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Louati M, Barrau S, Tahon JF, Brosseau A, Takao M, Takeshita M, Métivier R, Buntinx G, Aloise S. Is it possible to maintain photomechanical properties of crystalline diarylethenes after thermal amorphization? J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Tong F, Qu DH. Engineering Shapes and Sizes of Molecular Crystals to Achieve Versatile Photomechanical Behaviors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4793-4801. [PMID: 35404608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals, which can directly convert light energy to mechanical energy and do mechanical work at different scales, are promising for future photoactuators. However, one of the bottlenecks in this area is how to harness the crystal shapes and sizes to achieve desired photomechanical motions and behaviors for versatile functionalities. To date, numerous techniques and strategies have been explored and developed to overcome this obstacle. In this perspective, we will summarize the progress recently made on the crystal shape and size engineering platform. Then we briefly touch on possible applications of photomechanical molecular crystals by introducing some built photoresponsive implementations. Finally, we will identify some fundamental challenges and suggestions for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
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8
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Xu TY, Tong F, Xu H, Wang MQ, Tian H, Qu DH. Engineering Photomechanical Molecular Crystals to Achieve Extraordinary Expansion Based on Solid-State [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6278-6290. [PMID: 35289609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals are promising candidates for photoactuators and can potentially be implemented as smart materials in various fields. Here, we synthesized a new molecular crystal, (E)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)acrylaldehyde malononitrile ((E)-NAAM), that can undergo a solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction under visible light (≥400 nm) illumination. (E)-NAAM microcrystals containing symmetric twinned sealed cavities were prepared using a surfactant-mediated crystal seeded growth method. When exposed to light, the hollow microcrystals exhibited robust photomechanical motions, including bending and dramatic directional expansion of up to 43.1% elongation of the original crystal length before fragmentation due to the photosalient effect. The sealed cavities inside the microcrystals could store different aqueous dye solutions for approximately one month and release the solutions instantly upon light irradiation. A unique slow-fast-slow crystal elongation kinematic process was observed, suggesting significant molecular rearrangements during the illumination period, leading to an average anisotropic crystal elongation of 37.0% (±3.8%). The significant molecular structure and geometry changes accompanying the photocycloaddition reaction, which propels photochemistry to nearly 100% completion, also facilitate photomechanical crystal expansion. Our results provide a possible way to rationally design molecular structures and engineer crystal morphologies to promote more interesting photomechanical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
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9
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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10
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Abstract
Dynamic macroscopic behaviour of single crystals of coordination polymers when subjected to light, heat, and mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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11
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Lansakara TI, Tong F, Bardeen CJ, Tivanski AV. Mechanical Properties and Photomechanical Fatigue of Macro- and Nanodimensional Diarylethene Molecular Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6744-6749. [PMID: 32822202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The diarylethene derivative, 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene, undergoes a reversible photoisomerization between its ring-open and ring-closed forms in the solid-state and has applications as a photomechanical material. Mechanical properties of macrocrystals, nanowire single crystals, and amorphous films as a function of multiple sequential UV and visible light exposures have been quantified using atomic force microscopy nanoindentation. The isomerization reaction has no effect on the elastic modulus of each solid. But going from the macro- to the nanowire crystal results in a remarkable over 3-fold decrease in the elastic modulus. The macrocrystal and amorphous solids are highly resistant to photomechanical fatigue, while nanowire crystals show clear evidence of photomechanical fatigue attributed to a transition from crystal to amorphous forms. This study provides first experimental evidence of size-dependent photomechanical fatigue in photoreactive molecular crystalline solids and suggests crystal morphology and size must be considered for future photomechanical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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12
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Abstract
Photomechanical materials exhibit mechanical motion in response to light as an external stimulus. They have attracted much attention because they can convert light energy directly to mechanical energy, and their motions can be controlled without any physical contact. This review paper introduces the photomechanical motions of photoresponsive molecular crystals, especially bending and twisting behaviors, from the viewpoint of symmetry breaking. The bending (right–left symmetry breaking) and twisting (chiral symmetry breaking) of photomechanical crystals are based on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors like molecular orientation in the crystal and illumination conditions. The ability to design and control this symmetry breaking will be vital for generating new science and new technological applications for organic crystalline materials.
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13
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Mantero MC, Oggioni L, Pariani G, Ortica F, Tosi S, Canepa M, Bertarelli C, Tommasini M, Bianco A. High response photochromic films based on D-A diarylethenes and their application in holography. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26177-26187. [PMID: 35519783 PMCID: PMC9055363 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05535b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of photochromic dithienylethenes bearing amino and nitro groups are synthesised and embedded at high concentrations in a polymer matrix (Cellulose Acetate Butyrate, CAB) to produce films showing a large reversible modulation of the complex refractive index in the Vis-NIR spectral range, thanks to an interesting combination of remarkable response at the molecular level and very high load capability in the chosen matrix. The photochromic derivatives are characterized in solution and in CAB films by means of electronic and vibrational spectroscopy, complemented by DFT calculations. Both the real and imaginary part of the refractive index are determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The modulation of the refractive index in the near infrared is in the range 0.02–0.04. These are very large values for such kinds of systems and they are due to a favourable combination of very large solubility of the derivatives in CAB and a high polarisability change. As for the change in transparency in the visible, contrast values larger than 103 are easily achieved. Based on such films, holograms are written and reconstructed with a very high fidelity and efficiency. Photochromic diarylethenes with D–A structure are good candidates in holography thanks to their very large modulation of the complex refractive index.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Oggioni
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Bianchi 46 23807 Merate Italy
| | - Giorgio Pariani
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Bianchi 46 23807 Merate Italy
| | - Fausto Ortica
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 Perugia 06123 Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Perugia Via Pascoli Perugia 06123 Italy
| | - Silvano Tosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Maurizio Canepa
- OPTMATLAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy.,Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Pascoli 10 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Bianchi 46 23807 Merate Italy
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14
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Samanta R, Kitagawa D, Mondal A, Bhattacharya M, Annadhasan M, Mondal S, Chandrasekar R, Kobatake S, Reddy CM. Mechanical Actuation and Patterning of Rewritable Crystalline Monomer-Polymer Heterostructures via Topochemical Polymerization in a Dual-Responsive Photochromic Organic Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:16856-16863. [PMID: 32162514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dark-orange monomer single crystals of 1,1'-dioxo-1H-2,2'-biindene-3,3'-diyldidodecanoate (BIT-dodeca2) convert to a transparent single-crystalline polymer (PBIT-dodeca2) material via a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) polymerization reaction under sunlight, which then undergoes reverse thermal transformation into BIT-dodeca2 single crystals, leading to reversible photo-/thermochromism, coupled with mechanical actuation. We exploit the properties of this unique material to demonstrate the formation of monomer-polymer heterostructures in selected regions of single crystals with micrometer-scale precision using a laser. This is the first example of heterostructure patterning involving monomer-polymer domains in single crystals. We reveal that the speed of photomechanical bending induced by the polymerization reaction in this example is comparable to those of the well-known diarylethene derivatives, in which electrocyclic ring-closing-ring-opening reactions operate. Furthermore, we characterize the distinct mechanical properties of the monomer and polymer using a quantitative nanoindentation technique as well as demonstrate photopatterning on a monomer-coated paper for potential use in security devices. These crystals with several advantages, such as photomechanical bending (weight lifting) even when the crystal size is large, responsiveness to both UV and visible light, distinct solubilities (the polymer is insoluble, whereas the monomer is soluble in most organic solvents) and colors, provide unique opportunities for their use at different length scales of the sample (μm to mm) for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Samanta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal741246, India
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Amit Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal741246, India
| | - Manjima Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal741246, India
| | - Mari Annadhasan
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad (UoH), Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Saikat Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal741246, India
| | - Rajadurai Chandrasekar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad (UoH), Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal741246, India
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15
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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16
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Salzillo T, Brillante A. Commenting on the photoreactions of anthracene derivatives in the solid state. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00176j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical reactions of anthracene derivatives have been reviewed by means of a micro-Raman technique, monitoring at the same time and on the very same spot, the molecular (intramolecular vibrations) and the lattice (intermolecular vibrations) transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Salzillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università di Bologna and INSTM-UdR Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials
| | - Aldo Brillante
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università di Bologna and INSTM-UdR Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
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