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Gorachand B, Surendra Reddy G, Ramachary DB. Direct Organocatalytic Chemoselective Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Active 1,2,3-Triazoles and 4,5'-Bitriazoles. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:534-544. [PMID: 39371323 PMCID: PMC11450731 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyl-containing 1,4,5-trisubstituted- and 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles are well-known for their wide range of applications in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, but their high-yielding metal-free synthesis has always remained challenging, as no comprehensive protocol has been outlined to date. Owing to their structural and medicinal importance, herein, we synthesized various carbonyl-containing 1,4,5-trisubstituted- and 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles and unsymmetrical 4,5'-bitriazoles with high yields and chemo-/regioselectivity from the library of 2,4-diketoesters and azides in a sequential one-pot manner through the combination of organocatalytic enolization, in situ [3 + 2]-cycloaddition, and hydrolysis reactions. The commercial availability of the starting materials/catalysts, diverse substrate scope, performance in a one-pot manner, chemo-/regioselectivity of organo-click reaction, quick synthesis of unsymmetrical 4,5'-bitriazoles, a large number of synthetic applications, and numerous medicinal applications of carbonyl-containing 1,2,3-triazoles are the key attractions of this metal-free organo-click work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badaraita Gorachand
- Catalysis Laboratory, School
of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad500 046, India
| | - Gundam Surendra Reddy
- Catalysis Laboratory, School
of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad500 046, India
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2
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Wang H, He YY, Han J, Zhou ZQ, Hu XQ. Metal-Free Cyanation of gem-Difluoroalkenes via Azide-Mediated C-C Double Bond Fragmentation. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38787532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Activation and cleavage of C-C double bonds are long-standing challenges in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report an unprecedented azide-mediated C-C double bond fragmentation of gem-difluoroalkenes under mild and metal-free conditions, enabling the efficient synthesis of structurally diverse aromatic nitriles in moderate to good yields. This protocol is also amenable to the cyanation of gem-dichloro and dibromo alkenes. This reaction features simple operation and good functional group compatibility and can be implemented at a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Jiangsu Tetra New Material Technology Co., Ltd, Taixing 225400, China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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3
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Kumar S, Malakar CC, Singh V. Cu(II)‐Catalysed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction towards Synthesis of β‐Carboline C1‐Tethered 1,2,3‐Triazole Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar 144011 Punjab India
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology (NIT) Manipur Imphal 795004 India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar 144011 Punjab India
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401 Punjab India
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4
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Cui X, Zhang X, Wang W, Zhong X, Tan Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang X. Regitz Diazo Transfer Reaction for the Synthesis of 1,4,5-Trisubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles and Subsequent Regiospecific Construction of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles via C-C Bond Cleavage. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4071-4080. [PMID: 33620225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted dicarbonyl 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,4-disubstituted sole-carbonyl 1,2,3-triazoles via a C-C bond cleavage process. The Regitz diazo transfer and C-C bond cleavage were the key steps of this transformation, which provided diverse carbonyl-substituted structural 1,2,3-triazoles. This reaction featured with excellent regioselectivity, wide functional group tolerance, and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Yinfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Jianlan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Youbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
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5
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Opsomer T, Dehaen W. Metal-free syntheses of N-functionalized and NH-1,2,3-triazoles: an update on recent developments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1568-1590. [PMID: 33491711 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06654k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the latest developments in the metal-free synthesis of non-benzo-fused N-functionalized and NH-1,2,3-triazoles is provided in this feature article. Synthetic studies that appeared from 2016 until August 2020 are organized according to a wide-ranging classification, comprising oxidative and eliminative azide-dipolarophile cycloadditions, diazo transfer reactions and N-tosylhydrazone-mediated syntheses. The newly developed methods constitute a significant contribution to the field of 1,2,3-triazole synthesis in terms of structural variation via either the exploration of novel reactions, or the exploitation of existing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Opsomer
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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6
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Zhang X, Cui X, Wang W, Zeng T, Wang Y, Tan Y, Liu D, Wang X, Li Y. Base‐Promoted Regiospecific Synthesis of Fully Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles and 1,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Xue Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Yinfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Dongyan Liu
- Department Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100700 P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Youbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
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7
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Surendra Reddy G, Suresh Kumar A, Ramachary DB. Organocatalytic enone-azide [3 + 2]-cycloaddition: synthesis of functionally rich C/N-double vinyl 1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4470-4478. [PMID: 32490474 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
An enolate-mediated organocatalytic [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of enones with less reactive vinyl/alkyl/aryl azides is reported at room temperature for short reaction times. The metal-free amine-mediated catalytic conditions of this [3 + 2]-cycloaddition allowed us to synthesize a collection of C/N-double vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles and C-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles through functionalized enones as quality azidophiles with various azides. It is an efficient catalytic [3 + 2]-cycloaddition for the synthesis of biologically important fully decorated C/N-double vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles with excellent outcomes with reference to the reaction rate, selectivity, operation simplicity, substrate scope, yields, and synthetic applications as demonstrated in the paper. Herein, we illustrated the importance of enolate reactivity with azides compared to enamines by correlation with previous enamine-mediated click reactions in the reaction mechanism section.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Surendra Reddy
- Catalysis Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India.
| | - A Suresh Kumar
- Catalysis Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India.
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Gour J, Gatadi S, Akunuri R, Yaddanapudi MV, Nengroo MA, Datta D, Chopra S, Nanduri S. Catalyst-free facile synthesis of polycyclic indole/pyrrole substituted-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8153-8165. [PMID: 31460554 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01560d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general and catalyst-free access to the fused polycyclic N-heterocycles via an intramolecular azide-alkene cascade reaction under mild reaction conditions has been developed. The reaction is applicable to both indole and pyrrole substrates, and a variety of substituents are tolerated. The entire sequence can be carried out in a one-pot operation. This methodology provides a sustainable and efficient access to a variety of novel polycyclic indole/pyrrole substituted-1,2,3-triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gour
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
| | - Srikanth Gatadi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
| | - Ravikumar Akunuri
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
| | | | - Mushtaq Ahmad Nengroo
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
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9
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Baykal A, Zhang D, Knelles J, Alt IT, Plietker B. Nucleophilic Iron Complexes in Proton-Transfer Catalysis: An Iron-Catalyzed Dimroth Cyclocondensation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3003-3010. [PMID: 31310438 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic iron complex Bu4 N[Fe(CO)3 (NO)] (TBA[Fe]) is an active catalyst in C-H-amination but also in proton-transfer catalysis. Herein, we describe the successful use of this complex as a proton-transfer catalyst in the cyclocondensation reaction between azides and ketones to the corresponding 1,2,3-triazoles. Cross-experiments indicate that the proton-transfer catalysis is significantly faster than the nitrene-transfer catalysis, which would lead to the C-H amination product. An example of a successful sequential Dimroth triazole-indoline synthesis to the corresponding triazole-substituted indolines is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Baykal
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dihan Zhang
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jakob Knelles
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Isabel T Alt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernd Plietker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Li Y, Zhang Z. Mechanisms and Stereoselectivities of NHC-Catalyzed [3 + 4] Cycloaddition Reaction between Isatin-Derived Enal and N-(ortho
-Chloromethyl)aryl Amide. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Science and Technology Liaoning; 114051 Anshan P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Science and Technology Liaoning; 114051 Anshan P. R. China
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11
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Eisavi R, Karimi A. CoFe2O4/Cu(OH)2 magnetic nanocomposite: an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles from epoxides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29873-29887. [PMID: 35531545 PMCID: PMC9071911 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A magnetically separable CoFe2O4/Cu(OH)2 nanocomposite was prepared and characterized by various techniques such as FESEM, EDS, TEM, XRD, VSM and FT-IR. This novel composite was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the regioselective synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles from sodium azide, terminal alkynes and structurally different epoxides in water at 60 °C. The formation of the product proceeds in one pot through a mechanism that involves an in situ generated organic azide intermediate, followed by rapid ring closure with the alkyne component. The simple procedure, short reaction times, perfect regioselectivity, high product yields, and use of a benign solvent and nontoxic catalyst are among the considerable advantages of this protocol. Furthermore, the catalyst was easily separated using an external magnet and reused several times without any significant loss of catalytic activity or magnetic properties. Magnetically separable CoFe2O4/Cu(OH)2 nanocomposite was prepared and used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles from epoxides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Eisavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Payame Noor University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Asmar Karimi
- Department of Chemistry
- Payame Noor University
- Tehran
- Iran
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12
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Surendra Reddy G, Ramachary DB. Reaction engineering and photophysical studies of fully enriched C-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A library of fluorogenic C-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized in very good yields with excellent selectivity by using an organocatalytic formal [3 + 2]-cycloaddition. One of the coumarin-triazoles 4ba has shown excellent fluorescence properties (λem = 533 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Surendra Reddy
- Catalysis Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500 046
- India
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13
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Konwar M, Hazarika R, Ali AA, Chetia M, Khupse ND, Saikia PJ, Sarma D. Benedict's solution/ vitamin C: An alternative catalytic protocol for the synthesis of regioselective-1,4-disubstituted-1H
-1,2,3-triazoles at room temperature. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manashjyoti Konwar
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
| | - Roktopol Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
| | - Abdul A. Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
| | - Mitali Chetia
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
| | - Nageshwar D. Khupse
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology; Pashan Road Pune 411008 India
| | - Prakash J. Saikia
- Analytical Chemistry Division; CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology; Jorhat 785006 Assam India
| | - Diganta Sarma
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
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14
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Yuan H, Gao H, Liu K, Liu Z, Wang J, Li W. Cycloadduct formation of α,β-unsaturated esters with azides catalyzed by NHC systems. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9066-9070. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02469j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NHC-catalyzed cycloadduct formation of α,β-unsaturated esters with azides has been developed. This strategy could generate 1,2,3-triazoles and dihydropyrazoles with high yields and regioselectivities. The broad substrate scope and mechanistic survey of this process are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Zhantao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen
- China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
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