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McAdam AD, Batchelor LK, Romano-deGea J, Vasilyev D, Dyson PJ. Thermoresponsive carboplatin-releasing prodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 254:112505. [PMID: 38377623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs, while potent, are associated with numerous and severe side effects. Hyperthermia therapy is an effective adjuvant in anticancer treatment, however, clinically used platinum drugs have not been optimised for combination with hyperthermia. The derivatisation of existing anticancer drugs with appropriately chosen thermoresponsive moieties results in drugs being activated only at the heated site. Perfluorinated chains of varying lengths were installed on carboplatin, a clinically approved drug, leading to the successful synthesis of a series of mono- and di- substituted platinum(IV) carboplatin prodrugs. Some of these complexes display relevant thermosensitivity on ovarian cancer cell lines, i.e., being inactive at 37 °C while having comparable activity to carboplatin under mild hyperthermia (42 °C). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry indicated that carboplatin is likely the active platinum(II) anticancer agent upon reduction and cyclic voltammetry revealed that the length of the fluorinated alkyl chain has a strong influence on the rate of carboplatin formation, regulating the subsequent cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aemilia D McAdam
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucinda K Batchelor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Romano-deGea
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Vasilyev
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Ru J, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Ren C, Zhang J. Technologies of targeting histone deacetylase in drug discovery: Current progress and emerging prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115800. [PMID: 37708798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the hydrolysis of acetyl-l-lysine side chains in histones and non-histones, which are key to epigenetic regulation in humans. Targeting HDACs has emerged as a promising strategy for treating various types of cancer, including myeloma and hematologic malignancies. At present, numerous small molecule inhibitors targeting HDACs are actively being investigated in clinical trials. Despite their potential efficacy in cancer treatment, HDAC inhibitors suffer from multi-directional selectivity and preclinical resistance issues. Hence, developing novel inhibitors based on cutting-edge medicinal chemistry techniques is essential to overcome these limitations and improve clinical outcomes. This manuscript presents an extensive overview of the properties and biological functions of HDACs in cancer, provides an overview of the current state of development and limitations of clinical HDAC inhibitors, and analyzes a range of innovative medicinal chemistry techniques that are applied. These techniques include selective inhibitors, dual-target inhibitors, proteolysis targeting chimeras, and protein-protein interaction inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiao Ru
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China
| | - Zijia Li
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, USA
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China.
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Tien Anh D, Hai Nam N, Kircher B, Baecker D. The Impact of Fluorination on the Design of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041973. [PMID: 36838960 PMCID: PMC9965134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as promising targets in the treatment of cancer. The approach is to inhibit HDACs with drugs known as HDAC inhibitors (HDACis). Such HDACis are broadly classified according to their chemical structure, e.g., hydroxamic acids, benzamides, thiols, short-chain fatty acids, and cyclic peptides. Fluorination plays an important role in the medicinal-chemical design of new active representatives. As a result of the introduction of fluorine into the chemical structure, parameters such as potency or selectivity towards isoforms of HDACs can be increased. However, the impact of fluorination cannot always be clearly deduced. Nevertheless, a change in lipophilicity and, hence, solubility, as well as permeability, can influence the potency. The selectivity towards certain HDACs isoforms can be explained by special interactions of fluorinated compounds with the structure of the slightly different enzymes. Another aspect is that for a more detailed investigation of newly synthesized fluorine-containing active compounds, fluorination is often used for the purpose of labeling. Aside from the isotope 19F, which can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the positron emission tomography of 18F plays a major role. However, to our best knowledge, a survey of the general effects of fluorination on HDACis development is lacking in the literature to date. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the introduction of fluorine in the course of chemical synthesis and the impact on biological activity, using selected examples of recently developed fluorinated HDACis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Tien Anh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Immunobiology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (D.B.)
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Metal Complexes in Target-Specific Anticancer Therapy: Recent Trends and Challenges. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9261683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell differentiation in or on the part of the body. The most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs are developed to target rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, but they also damage healthy epithelial cells. This has serious consequences for normal cells and become responsible for the development of various disorders. Several strategies for delivering the cytotoxic drugs to cancerous sites that limit systemic toxicity and other adverse effects have recently been evolved. Among them, biomolecule-conjugated metal complexes-based cancer targeting strategies have shown tremendous advantages in cancer therapy. This review focuses on several chemoselective biomolecules-bound metal complexes as prospective cancer therapy-targeted agents. In this review, we presented the details of the various extra- and intracellular targeting mechanisms in cancer therapy. We also addressed the current clinical issues and recent therapeutic strategies in targeted cancer therapy that may pave a way for the future direction of metal complexes-based targeted cancer therapy.
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Meyer S, Häfliger J, Gilmour R. Expanding organofluorine chemical space: the design of chiral fluorinated isosteres enabled by I(i)/I(iii) catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10686-10695. [PMID: 34476053 PMCID: PMC8372324 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02880d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short aliphatic groups are prevalent in bioactive small molecules and play an essential role in regulating physicochemistry and molecular recognition phenomena. Delineating their biological origins and significance have resulted in landmark developments in synthetic organic chemistry: Arigoni's venerable synthesis of the chiral methyl group is a personal favourite. Whilst radioisotopes allow the steric footprint of the native group to be preserved, this strategy was never intended for therapeutic chemotype development. In contrast, leveraging H → F bioisosterism provides scope to complement the chiral, radioactive bioisostere portfolio and to reach unexplored areas of chiral chemical space for small molecule drug discovery. Accelerated by advances in I(i)/I(iii) catalysis, the current arsenal of achiral 2D and 3D drug discovery modules is rapidly expanding to include chiral units with unprecedented topologies and van der Waals volumes. This Perspective surveys key developments in the design and synthesis of short multivicinal fluoroalkanes under the auspices of main group catalysis paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Meyer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Joel Häfliger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
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Exploring novel capping framework: high substituent pyridine-hydroxamic acid derivatives as potential antiproliferative agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:291-310. [PMID: 34297326 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a vital role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression due to their overexpression in several cancer forms. Therefore, these enzymes are considered as a potential anticancer drug target. Different synthetic and natural structures have been studied as HDACs inhibitors; based on available structural design information, the capping group is important for the biological activity due to the different interactions in the active site entrance. The present study aimed to analyze high substituted pyridine as a capping group, which included carrying out the synthesis, antiproliferative activity analysis, and docking studies of these novel compounds. METHODS To achieve the synthesis of these derivatives, four reaction steps were performed, generating desired products 15a-k. Their effects on cell proliferation and gene expression of p21, cyclin D1, and p53 were determined using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) method and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The HDAC1, HDAC6, and HDAC8 isoforms were used for performing docking experiments with our 15a-k products. RESULT The products 15a-k were obtained in overall yields of 40-71%. Compounds 15j and 15k showed the highest antiproliferative activity in the breast (BT-474 and MDA-MB-231) and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines at a concentration of 10 µM. These compounds increased p21 mRNA levels and decreased cyclin D1 and p53 gene expression. The docking study showed an increment in the strength, and in the number of interactions performed by the capping moiety of the tested molecules compared with SAHA; interactions displayed are mainly van der Waals, π-stacking, and hydrogen bond. CONCLUSION The synthesized compounds 2-thiophene (15j) and 2-furan (15k) pyridine displayed cell growth inhibition, regulation of genes related to cell cycle progression in highly metastatic cancer cell lines. The molecular coupling analysis performed with HDAC1, HDAC6 and HDAC8 showed an increment in the number of interactions performed by the capping moiety and consequently in the strength of the capping group interaction.
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Richardson P. Applications of fluorine to the construction of bioisosteric elements for the purposes of novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1261-1286. [PMID: 34074189 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1933427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction There continues to be an exponential rise in the number of small molecule drugs that contain either a fluorine atom or a fluorinated fragment. While the unique properties of fluorine enable the precise modulation of a molecule's physicochemical properties, strategic bioisosteric replacement of fragments with fluorinated moieties represents an area of significant growth.Areas covered This review discusses the strategic employment of fluorine substitution in the design and development of bioisosteres in medicinal chemistry. In addition, the classic exploitation of trifluoroethylamine group as an amide bioisostere is discussed. In each of the case studies presented, emphasis is placed on the context-dependent influence of the fluorinated fragment on the overall properties/binding of the compound of interest.Expert opinion Whereas utilization of bioisosteric replacements to modify molecular structures is commonplace within drug discovery, the overarching lesson to be learned is that the chances of success with this strategy significantly increase as the knowledge of the structure/environment of the biological target grows. Coupled to this, breakthroughs and learnings achieved using bioisosteres within a specific program are context-based, and though may be helpful in guiding future intuition, will not necessarily be directly translated to future programs. Another important point is to bear in mind what implications a structural change based on a bioisosteric replacement will have on the candidate molecule. Finally, the development of new methods and reagents for the controlled regioselective introduction of fluorine and fluorinated moieties into biologically relevant compounds particularly in drug discovery remains a contemporary challenge in organic chemistry.
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Chattopadhyay SK, Ghosh S, Sarkar S, Bhadra K. α,ß-Didehydrosuberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (DDSAHA) as precursor and possible analogue of the anticancer drug SAHA. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2524-2533. [PMID: 31728166 PMCID: PMC6839567 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternate synthetic route to the important anticancer drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) from its α,ß-didehydro derivative is described. The didehydro derivative is obtained through a cross metathesis reaction between a suitable terminal alkene and N-benzyloxyacrylamide. Some of the didehydro derivatives of SAHA were preliminarily evaluated for anticancer activity towards HeLa cells. The administration of the analogues caused a significant decrease in the proliferation of HeLa cells. Furthermore, one of the analogues showed a maximum cytotoxicity with a minimum GI50 value of 2.5 µg/mL and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as some apoptotic features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sarita Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Kakali Bhadra
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
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Erdeljac N, Bussmann K, Schöler A, Hansen FK, Gilmour R. Fluorinated Analogues of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat (Zolinza): Validation of a Chiral Hybrid Bioisostere, BITE. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1336-1340. [PMID: 31531206 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A chiral, hybrid bioisostere of the CF3 and Et groups (BITE) was installed in a series of vorinostat (Zolinza) analogues, and their histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory behavior was studied relative to that of their nonfluorinated counterparts. Several of these compounds containing the 1,2-difluoroethylene unit showed in vitro potency greater than that of the clinically approved drug itself against HDAC1. This trend was found to be general with the BITE-modified HDAC inhibitors performing significantly better than the ethyl derivatives. Installed by the direct, catalytic vicinal difluorination of terminal alkenes using an I(I)/I(III) manifold, this underexplored chiral bioisostere shows potential in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Erdeljac
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, WWU Münster, Correnstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bussmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, WWU Münster, Correnstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, WWU Münster, Correnstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Jiang Z, You Q, Zhang X. Medicinal chemistry of metal chelating fragments in metalloenzyme active sites: A perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:172-197. [PMID: 30684796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metal-containing enzymes (metalloenzymes) have been considered as drug targets related to diseases such as cancers, diabetes, anemia, AIDS, malaria, bacterial infection, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibitors of the metalloenzymes have been developed independently, most of which are mimics of substrates of the corresponding enzymes. However, little attention has been paid to the interactions between inhibitors and active site metal ions. This review is focused on different metal binding fragments and their chelating properties in the metal-containing active binding pockets of metalloenzymes. We have enumerated over one hundred of inhibitors targeting various metalloenzymes and identified over ten kinds of fragments with different binding patterns. Furthermore, we have investigated the inhibitors that are undergoing clinical evaluation in order to help looking for more potential scaffolds bearing metal binding fragments. This review will provide deep insights for the rational design of novel inhibitors targeting the metal-containing binding sites of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Jiang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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